2- Metal forming mechanics and Metallurgy, William F. Hosford, Prentice Hall. 3- Handbook of Metal Forming, Kurt Lange, Mc Graw Hill. 4- Metal forming : processes and analysis., Betzalel Avatzur, Mc Graw Hill. 5-Elements of Metalworking Theory, G.W. Rowe, Edward Arnold. DEFINITION OF METAL FORMING • Metal Forming is the metalworking process by plastic ( permanent) change of the form of the workpiece without adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged.