Typical types of loading

Compression
Tension
Normal loading

Shear loading

Torsion
Pure shear
Torsion is a variation of
pure shear
 Mechanical Properties of Materials

Standard tensile specimen

Tensile Test
 Normal stress and strain
Engineering Stress:
s= P/Ao
Where
s = Average normal stress at any point on
the cross section area
P= Internal resultant normal force
Ao= Original normal cross sectional area

Units:
SI units: Magnitude of stress is N/m2, called Pascal (Pa)
KPa =103 Pa MPa(N/mm2)=106 Pa GPa=109 Pa
U.S.Customary: stress is expressed in pounds per square inch
(psi), or kilopounds per square inch (ksi)
Engineering Strain:

= Li – Lo = DL
Li : Instantaneous length
Lo Lo
Lo: Original Length

Strain is dimensionless

= (Li - Lo) / Lo
 = (Li / Lo) - 1
Li = Lo ( 1+ )
 Shear Stress and Strain

Shear stress

t = F/Ao
Where
t avg=Average shear stress at the section
F=force parallel to the area
A= parallel area subjected to F
Shear Strain: The change in angle between two line segments that
were originally perpendicular

g =  / 2 - ’ (in radians)
The shear strain is positive when the right angle decreases (’ is
smaller than  / 2 )
Shear Strain: The change in angle between two line segments that
were originally perpendicular
d


y
’

g= tan  = d / y   in radians provided that  is very small

For  = 3o , tan 3o=0.0524 where 3o= (3 x Pi)/180 =0.0523 radians

Strain is always
dimensionless.
Torsion
Dx Un-deformed
g B
A
F Deformed

B’ c
Shear strain in shaft
L g= limit (BB’ / Dx)
Element of length Dx Dx -> 0

g B = r Df / Dx
A
DF
g = r df
B’ r
dx

Dx
F: Angle of twist r : radius 0< r <c
 t = T r /J tmax = T c /J
t = (r/c) tmax
Where :
tmax: Maximum shear stress in the shaft located at the outer surface.
T : Resultant internal torque
C: Outer radius of the shaft.
J: polar moment of inertia of the cross section area.
Solid shaft:
J = ( / 2) c4 = (/32) d4