Dr.

Pham Minh Tuan

Fundamentals

Joints can be removable or non-removable,

are used to connect two or more parts
together or to transmit force and torque.
 Feather key

The key is under in-plane shear and crush in shaft or hub.

F 2T
Shear stress: τ=
c = ≤ [ τc ]
b⋅l b⋅d⋅l
2T
Contact length of key: l ≥
b ⋅ d ⋅ [ τc ]
F 2T
Crushing stress: σ=
d = ≤ [ σd ]
t2 ⋅ l d ⋅ t2 ⋅ l
2T
Contact length of key: l ≥
d ⋅ t 2 ⋅ [ σd ]
Select higher contact length among two conditions.
 Feather key
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
• Allowable crushing stress (for C45 steel):
 [σd] = 50 ÷ 70 MPa : continuous full-load operation
 [σd] = 130 ÷ 180 MPa : normal operation
 [σd] = 70 ÷ 100 MPa : static loading with cast-iron hub

• Allowable shear stress (for steels and cast irons):

 [τc] = 120 MPa : static loading
 [τc] = 90 MPa : low-impact loading
 [τc] = 50 MPa : hard-impact loading
Threaded joint
Fundamentals:
• Removable joint
• Triangular cross-section thread with
single start is used for fastening.

Characteristics:
• Simple structure
• High durability
• Easy assembly
• Low-cost
• Low fatigue life
Thread parameters
Major/Nominal diameter: d
Minor diameter: d1
Mean/pitch diameter: d2
Pitch: p
Number of start: Z1
(Z1 = 1 for fastening thread)

Lead: pz pz = Z1p

pz
Helix/lead angle: γ tan γ =
πd 2
Materials and grades of bolt

σb σch
 Allowable stresses
[s]: safety factor
σch
Tensile stress: [ σk ] = [s] = 1,5 ÷ 4 : Carbon steels with static loading
[s ] [s] = 2,5 ÷ 5 : Steel alloys with static loading
[s] = 6,5 ÷ 10 : Carbon steels with dynamic loading
[s] = 5 ÷ 7,5 : Steel alloys with dynamic loading
Shear stress:
[ τ]= 0,4σch ; static loading
[=τ] ( 0,2 ÷ 0,3) σch ; dynamic loading

Crushing stress:
[σd ] = 0,8σch ; for steels
[σd ]= ( 0,4 ÷ 0,5) σb ; for cast irons
 Screw theory
Friction torque on thread surface (Nmm):
Vd 2 tan ( γ + ρ′)
Tr =
2
V: Tightening force (N)
ρ': equivalent friction angle (rad)
ρ′ =arctan f ′
f': equivalent coefficient of friction
f' = 1,15f : for fastening thread
f : coefficient of friction between materials of
external and internal threads
Single bolt joint
LOOSE JOINT WITH AXIAL FORCE

Failure mode: tensile damage at thread root.

F
Design criterion: σ=
k ≤ [ σk ]
πd12
4
4F
Minor diameter of thread: d1 ≥
π [ σk ]
 Single bolt joint
PRELOADED JOINT WITHOUT
AXIAL FORCE

Failure mode: tensile damage at thread root.

Design criterion: σ td = σ2k + 3τ2x ≈ 1,3σk ≤ [ σk ]

F
Tensile stress:=
σk ≤ [ σk ]
πd12 4
Tr Tr 8Vd 2 tan ( γ + ρ′)
Torsion stress: τx= = =
W0 πd1 16
3
πd13
4 ⋅ 1,3 ⋅ F
Minor diameter of thread: d1 ≥
π [ σk ]
 Single bolt joint
JOINT UNDER TRANSVERSE LOAD (WITH BOLT & HOLE CLEARANCE)

Failure mode: slippage of parts and tensile damage at thread root.

Design criteria: prevention of slippage and thread root damage.
Condition to prevent slippage: Fms = V ⋅ f ⋅ i ≥ F
i: number of contact surfaces between clamped parts.
k⋅F
Required tightening force: =
V ; =k 1,3 ÷ 1,5
i⋅f
Condition to prevent thread root damage: σ td = σ2k + 3τ2x ≤ [ σk ]

4 ⋅ 1,3 ⋅ V
Required thread root diameter: d1 ≥
π [ σk ]
 Single bolt joint
JOINT UNDER TRANSVERSE LOAD (WITHOUT BOLT & HOLE CLEARANCE)
Failure mode: shear and crushing of bolt shank.
Design criteria: τc ≤ [τc] and σd ≤ [σd]; where [σd] is the smaller value between 2 contact surfaces
F
=
Shear stress: τc ≤ [ τc ] ⇒ d 0 ≥ 4F
iπd 02 4 iπ [ τc ]
Crushing stress at F F
part 2 position: =
σd ≤ [ σd ] ⇒ d 0 ≥
h 2d0 h 2 [ σd ]
Crushing stress at F F
=
parts 1&3 position: σd ≤ [ σd ] ⇒ d 0 ≥
( h1 + h3 ) d0 ( h1 + h3 ) [σd ]
Select the largest d0 among calculated values.
 Single bolt joint
PRELOADED JOINT WITH AXIAL FORCE
Lm δ1 + δ2
Compliance of clamped parts: =
λm =
Em Am Em Am

Am =
π 2
4
( )
D1 − d 0 ; where D1 =
2
D0 +
δ1 + δ2
4
Lb L m + 0,5h nut
Compliance of bolt: =
λb =
EbAb EbAb
Ab: cross-sectional area of bolt Em, Eb : modulus of
λm elasticity of clamped parts
Factor of external load: χ = and bolt respectively
λb + λm
χ = 0,2 ÷ 0,3 for steel or cast-iron parts clamped by steel bolts
 Single bolt joint
PRELOADED JOINT WITH AXIAL FORCE
Failure mode: separation of parts and tensile damage at thread root.
Design criteria: prevention of part separation and thread root damage.
Clamping force on parts after tightening and applying axial force: V′= V − (1 − χ ) F ≥ 0
Required clamping force: V ≥ (1 − χ ) F or =
V k (1 − χ ) F
k = 1,3 ÷ 1,5 for static loading; k = 2,5 ÷ 4 for dynamic loading
k = 1,3 ÷ 2,5 for soft gasket; k = 2 ÷ 3,5 for formed metal gasket; k = 3 ÷ 5 for flat metal gasket
Axial force on bolt: Fb= V + χF or =
Fb 1,3V + χF (torque on thread is considered)
4 (1,3V + χF ) 4 ⋅ 1,3 ( V + χF )
Minor diameter of bolt: d1 ≥ or d1 ≥
π [ σk ] π [ σk ]
Tightened before loaded Tightened & loaded simultaneously
Bolt group
Calculation rules:
• Analysis forces on each bolt
• Calculate and select the bolt under
largest external load
• Apply the same type for other bolts
Bolt group
UNDER AXIAL FORCE THROUGH CENTER OF BOLT GROUP

F
Axial force on a bolt: Fi =
Z
Z: number of bolts in the group
Apply the calculation for
preloaded joint with axial force
 Bolt group
UNDER IN-PLANE TRANSVERSE FORCE THROUGH CENTER OF BOLT GROUP
F
Transverse force on a bolt: FFi =
Z
Apply the calculation for joint under
transverse force (with clearance)
Tightening force to prevent slippage:
k ⋅ FFi k⋅F
= V =
i⋅f i⋅f ⋅Z
Minor diameter of bolt to prevent thread root damage:
4 ⋅ 1,3 ⋅ V 4 ⋅ 1,3 ⋅ k ⋅ F
d1 ≥ =
π ⋅ [ σk ] π ⋅ [ σk ] ⋅ i ⋅ f ⋅ Z
 Bolt group
UNDER IN-PLANE MOMENT
Maximum force on the bolt locating at the
furthest distance from the group center:
M ⋅ rmax
FM max = n
∑i r 2

i =1
Apply the calculation for joint under
transverse force (with clearance)
k ⋅ FM max
Tightening force to prevent slippage: V =
i⋅f
4 ⋅ 1,3 ⋅ V
Minor diameter of bolt to prevent thread root damage: d1 ≥
π ⋅ [ σk ]
 Bolt group
UNDER ARBITRARY IN-PLANE TRANSVERSE FORCE
Shift the transverse force to the center of bolt group, then apply
the calculation bolt group under transverse force through the
center of bolt group and in-plane moment
Total force on the ith bolt:
Fi = 2
FFi + FMi
2
+ 2FFi FMi cos αi
Select the bolt having Fimax for calculation.
k ⋅ Fi max
Tightening force to prevent slippage: V =
i⋅f
Minor diameter of bolt to prevent thread
root damage: 4 ⋅ 1,3 ⋅ V
d1 ≥
π ⋅ [ σk ]
 Bolt group
UNDER ARBITRARY LOAD
Failure mode: separation and slippage of parts,
tensile damage at thread root.
Design criteria: prevention of slippage, separation
and thread root damage.
Stress on contact surface:
ZV (1 − χ ) FV (1 − χ ) M
σmax = σV − σ FV ± σ M = − ±
min A A Wu
A: cross-sectional area of contact surface
Wu: moment of inertia of contact surface
Bolt holes are ignored on contact surface
 Bolt group
UNDER ARBITRARY LOAD
To prevent the separation of parts:
ZV (1 − χ ) FV (1 − χ ) M
σmin = − − ≥0
A A Wu
Required tightening force to prevent the separation of parts:

V≥
(1 − χ)  MA  k (1 − χ )  MA 
 V+
F  or V =  FV + 
Z  Wu  Z  Wu 
To prevent the slippage of parts:
Fms f  ZV − (1 − χ ) FV  ≥ FH or =
= Fms f  ZV − (1 − χ )= FV  kFH
Required tightening force to kFH + f (1 − χ ) FV
prevent the slippage of parts: V = f ⋅Z
Select the largest tightening force (Vmax) among calculated values.
 Bolt group
UNDER ARBITRARY LOAD
Forces on bolts caused by the bending moment:
FM1 FM2 FMi FM1 ⋅ yi
= == ⇔ FMi =
y1 y2 yi y1
n
FM1 n 2
Total bending moment: χ= M ∑ FMi ⋅= yi ∑ yi
=i 1 = y1 i 1
χ ⋅ M ⋅ y max
Maximum force caused by M: FM max = n
∑ i
y 2

i =1
χFV
Maximum force acting on a bolt: Fb max = Vmax + + FM max
Z
 Bolt group
UNDER ARBITRARY LOAD
Minor diameter of bolt in case of tightened before loading:
 χFV 
4 ⋅  1,3 ⋅ Vmax + + FM max 
d1 ≥  Z 
π ⋅ [ σk ]

Minor diameter of bolt in case of tightened and loaded

simultaneously:
 χFV 
4 ⋅ 1,3 ⋅  Vmax + + FM max 
d1 ≥  Z 
π ⋅ [ σk ]
Example 1
An outlet port of a compressed air tank is closed by a plate and fastened by a
group of 14 bolts (Z = 14). The compressed air has a pressure p = 0,5 MPa.
Some other parameters are given as: D1 = 410 mm; D = 540 mm; h1 = 30 mm;
h2 = 4 mm.
Material of tank and plate is steel.
Material of the gasket is polyethylene.

Determine a suitable bolt type.

This is the case of bolt group under the axial force through the group center, can be
solved using the calculation of preloaded bolt joint with axial force.
πD12 π ⋅ 0,412
External axial force acting on the bolt group: F = p⋅ = 0,5 ⋅ 106 ⋅ =66000 ( N )
4 4
F 66000
External force on one bolt: F= i = = 4700 ( N )
Z 14
Select χ = 0,5 and k = 1,5.
Axial force on one bolt: =
Fb 1,3V + = χFi 1,3k (1 − χ ) Fi + =χFi 1,3k (1 − χ ) + χ  Fi
= 1,3 ⋅ 1,5 (1 − 0,5) + 0,5 4700 = 6932,5 ( N )
Select 4.6 grade bolt with σch = 240 MPa and [s] = 3.
Allowable tensile stress: [ σk ] =σch [s] =240 3 =80 ( MPa )
4 (1,3V + χF ) 4Fb 4 ⋅ 6932,5
Required thread minor diameter: d1 ≥ = = 10,5 ( mm )
=
π [ σk ] π [ σk ] π ⋅ 80
 Select M14 bolt.
Example 2
Select bolt for the following application.
Given data: F = 24000 N; c = 1000 mm;
a = 400 mm; b = 300 mm; δ = 20 mm.
Plates are made from cast iron, bolts
have 4.6 grade with σch = 240 Mpa.
Calculate for two cases: with & without
clearance between bolt and hole.
 The force is shifted to the center of bolt group
 2 external loads: F = 24000 (N) and M = Fc = 24000·1000 = 24·106 (Nmm).

F 24000
Transverse force on a bolt caused by F: FFi= = = 4000 ( N )
Z 6
Maximum force on the bolt caused by M:
M ⋅ rmax M ⋅ r1 24 ⋅ 106 2002 + 1502
= F= = = = 20339 ( N )
( )
FM max M1 n
4r1 + 2r2 4 200 + 150 + 2 (150 )
2 2 2 2 2
∑ ri 2

i =1
(FM1 = FM3 = FM4 = FM6)

Maximum transverse force on a bolt (bolts 1&3):

=
F1 2
FF1 + FM1
2
+ 2FF1FM1 cos
= α 40002 + 203392 + 2 ⋅ 4000 ⋅ 20339cos ( 53,13=
° ) 22963 ( N )

a 2  200 
=
α arctan  =  arctan  =  53,13°
b 2  150 
Case 1: Bolt joint without clearance between bolt & hole.
4F1 4 ⋅ 22963
Required bold major diameter: d 0 ≥ = = 17,45 ( mm )
iπ [ τc ] 1 ⋅ π ⋅ 96
where allowable shear stress: [ τc ] = 0,4σch = 0,4 ⋅ 240 = 96 ( MPa )
 Select M18 bolt.
F1 22963
Crushing stress in the plate: σ= = = 63,8 ( MPa )
d
δd 0 20 ⋅ 18 σd ≤ [σd]  Satisfactory.
Allowable crushing stress: [σd ] = 0,8σch = 0,8 ⋅ 240 = 192 ( MPa )
Case 2: Bolt joint with clearance between bolt & hole.
k ⋅ F 1,5 ⋅ 22963
Tightening force of bolt:= V = = 229630 ( N ) where k = 1,5 and f = 0,15.
i⋅f 1 ⋅ 0,15
4 ⋅ 1,3 ⋅ V 4 ⋅ 1,3 ⋅ 229630
Required bold minor diameter: d1 ≥ = = 48,74 ( mm )
π [ σk ] π ⋅ 160
where allowable tensile stress: [ σk ] = σch [s] = 240 1,5 = 160 ( MPa ) with [s] = 1,5.
 Select M56 bolt.
THE END