Practical class 4

Reinforced concrete section subjected to shear

Design of shear reinforcement

Requirements:

VEd ≤ VRd,max

min(VEd , VEd,red)≤max( VRd,c, VRd,s)

where:
- VRd.max: maximum, shear resistance, capacity of the inclined compressed concrete struts,
related to the crushing strength of concrete
- VRd.c: capacity of RC cross-section, without designed shear reinforcement
- VRd.s: capacity of shear reinforcement

 0.18 
 k (100 ρ l f ck ) + 0.15σ cp  bw d
1/ 3

VRd, c = max  γ c 
(v + 0.15σ ) b d
 min cp w

fck is in N/mm2

{
k = min 1 + 200 / d ; 2 } where d is in mm
 Asl 
ρ l = min  ; 0,02
 bw d 
where Asl is the cross-sectional are of longitudinal reinforcement, that is continued by the distance
lbd+d beyond the examined cross-section, bw is the minimum web width in the tensioned zone

N 
σ cp = min  Ed ; 0.2 f cd  where NEd is the compressive force and Ac is the area of concrete cross-
 Ac 
section

v min = 0.035 k 3 / 2 f ck
1/ 2

Asw f ywd (cot α + cot θ )sin α

z
VRd, s =
s

cot α + cot θ
VRd,max = α cwbw zνf cd
1 + cot 2 θ

θ is the shear crack inclination, that has the following limits: 1 ≤ cotθ ≤ 2.5
α is the angle of shear reinforcement with the horizontal (90° for vertical links (stirrups) and 45° for
usual bent-up bars)

Asw and fywd are the cross-sectional area and design value of yield strength of shear reinforcement

αcw:
1.0 if no axial force (pretension) acts, NEd=0
1 if 0 0.25
1.25 if 0.25 σ 0.5f
2.5 1 if 0.5f

 f 
ν = 0.6 1 − ck 
 250 
z = 0,9 d

Reduction of shear force is possible within distance d measured from the edge of support (see figure
below) if:

- loads act on the opposite side compared to the support and

- only distributed loads act within 2d distance measured from the edge of support and
- longitudinal reinforcement is achored behind the support

maximum allowable distance between vertical links (stirrups):

ss,max=0,75d(1+cotα) ≤min {1.5b w ;300mm}
Problem 1.

Design the reinforcement of the cantilever below, if only vertical links (stirrups are applied).

FEd := 155kN

Concrete: C25/30
N f ck N
γc := 1.5 fck := 25 fcd := = 16.67⋅
2 1.5 2
mm mm

Steel: S500B
N f yk N
γs := 1.15 fyk := 500 fyd := fywd := fyd = 434.78⋅
2 1.15 2
mm mm
concrete cover: c := 30mm
Geometry: b := 250mm h := 350mm

Applied longitudinal reinforcement: 4ϕ20

ϕ := 20mm
2
ϕ π 3 2
Asl := 4⋅ = 1.26 × 10 ⋅ mm
4

Stirrups: ϕ10
ϕs := 10mm
2
ϕs ⋅ π
2
Asw := 2⋅ = 157.08⋅ mm (each stirrup has two bars)
4

ϕ
d := h − c − ϕs − = 300⋅ mm
2

Maximum shear force: VEd := FEd = 155⋅ kN (reduction cannpot be applied)

Shear resistance of concrete:

 200mm 
k := min  1 + , 2.0 = 1.82
 d 
:= = ⋅
 bw := b = 250⋅ mm

 Asl 
ρl := min  , 0.02 = 1.68⋅ %
 bw⋅ d 
3 1
2 2
νmin = 0.035⋅ k ⋅ fck νmin = 0.43

σcp := 0
no axial force acts

 1 
0.18 
⋅ k⋅ ( 100⋅ ρl⋅ f ck) + 0.15σcp ⋅ bw⋅ d
3
VRd.c =  VRd.c = 56.78⋅ kN
 γc 

VRd < VEd shear reinforcement is needed

Maximum capacity of compressed concrete:

αcw := 1 no axial force acts

z := 0.9d = 270⋅ mm

 
fck
ν := 0.6 ⋅  1 −  = 0.54
 250
N 
 2
 mm 
α := 90°

we assume that: cotθ := 1.3

cotθ + cot ( α)
VRd.max := αcw⋅ bw⋅ z⋅ ν⋅ fcd⋅ = 293.59⋅ kN
2
1 + ( cotθ)

VRd.max > VEd design of shear reinforcement is possible

note: if VRd.max < VEd then cross-section geometry has to be modified

Design of shear reinforcement (determination of ss):

z
VRd.s = ⋅ Asw ⋅ fywd ( cot ( α) + cotθ) ⋅ sin ( α)
s

VRd.s ≥ VEd

z⋅ Asw ⋅ f ywd⋅ ( cot ( α) + cotθ) ⋅ sin ( α)

ss.req := = 154.66⋅ mm ϕ10/150 is applied
VEd

sapp := 150mm
 z
VRd.s := ⋅A ⋅f ⋅ ( cot ( α) + cotθ) ⋅ sin ( α) = 159.81⋅ kN VRd.s > VEd
sapp sw ywd

Check of constructional rules:

Asw
shear reinforcement ratio: ρw := = 0.42⋅ %
sapp⋅ bw⋅ sin ( α)

min. requied shear reinforcement ratio:

 0.08⋅ fck 
ρw.min =   ρw.min = 0.08 ⋅ %
 fyk 
max. allowable shear reinforcement ratio:
1 αcw⋅ ν⋅ f cd 1
ρw.max := ⋅ ⋅ = 1.04 ⋅ %
2 1 − cos ( α) fyd

ρw.min < ρw < ρw.max

OK

maximum allowable distance between stirrups:

smax := min ( 0.75d , 300mm) = 225⋅ mm sapp < smax OK

Problem 2.

The cantilever of Problem 1. is pretensioned and the axial force that compresses it is N Ed. Design
the shear reinforcement of the beam.
NEd := 200kN
4 2
Ac := b⋅ h = 8.75 × 10 ⋅ mm
 NEd  N
σcp := min  , 0.2f cd = 2.29⋅
2
 Ac  mm

Shear resistance of concrete:

 200mm 
k := min  1 + , 2.0 = 1.82
 d 
bw := b = 250⋅ mm

 Asl 
ρl := min  , 0.02 = 1.68⋅ %
 bw⋅ d 
3 1
2 2
νmin = 0.035⋅ k ⋅ fck νmin = 0.43

6
σcp = 2.29 × 10 Pa

 1 
0.18 
⋅ k⋅ ( 100⋅ ρl⋅ f ck) + 0.15σcp ⋅ bw⋅ d
3
VRd.c =  VRd.c = 82.49⋅ kN
 γc 

VRd < VEd shear reinforcement is needed

 Maximum capacity of compressed concrete:
σcp
αcw := 1 + = 1.14
f cd

z := 0.9d = 270⋅ mm

 fck 
ν := 0.6 ⋅  1 −  = 0.54
 250
N 
 2
 mm 
α := 90°

we assume that: cotθ := 1.3

cotθ + cot ( α)
VRd.max := αcw⋅ bw⋅ z⋅ ν⋅ fcd⋅ = 333.85⋅ kN
2
1 + ( cotθ)

VRd.max > VEd design of shear reinforcement is possible

note: if VRd.max < VEd then cross-section geometry has to be modified

Design of shear reinforcement (determination of ss):

Same as Problem 1.

Problem 3.

Design the shear reinforcement of the beam below. Longitudinal reinforcement of the middle of
the span is elongated and anchored behind the support.

geometry:
leff := 7.8m

t := 300mm
h := 650mm
b := 400mm
c := 30mm

longitudinal reinforcement: 12ϕ20 (9+4 in two rows)

2
ϕ ⋅π 3 2
ϕ := 20mm Asl := 12⋅ = 3.77 × 10 mm
4
 2
stirrups: ϕs = 10 mm Asw = 157.08 mm

kN
loads: gk := 30 γg := 1.35
m
kN
qk := 40 γq := 1.5
m
kN
gEd := gk⋅ γg = 40.5
m

kN
qEd := qk⋅ γq = 60
m

Maximum shear force diagram:

Influence line of shear force, in case of a general cross-section and the most unfavourable load
distribution, that causes maximum shear force at the cross-section:

The maximum shear force diagram of the beam can be determined if the most unfavourable load
distribution is applied and maximum shear force is calculated in each cross-section of the beam.
As a safe approximation we only determine the maximum shear force at the support and at the
middle of the span and then we connect them by a straight line (real maximum shear force diagram
is a parabola).

Most unfavourable load distribution for the support and for the middle of the span:
 Shear forces:
(gEd + qEd)⋅ leff
at the support: VEd.A := = 391.95 kN
2

at the middle of the span:

(qEd)⋅ leff
VEd.K := = 58.5 kN
8

Real and approximate maximum shear force diagram:

The shear force diagram is symmetric, so only half of the beam will be examined and the determined
reinforcement will be copied.

Reduction of shear force:

Reduction of shear force is possible if:

- loads act on the opposite side to the support and
- only distributed loads act within 2×d distance measured from the edge of support and
- longitudinal reinforcement is achored behind the support

t
d := 588mm + d = 738 mm
2

VEd.A − VEd.K
VEd.red := VEd.K +
 t 
⋅ 0.5leff − − d
0.5leff  2 

VEd.red = 328.85 kN
Shear reinforcement close to the support:

Shear resistance of concrete:

 200mm 
k := min  1 + , 2.0 = 1.58
 d 
bw := b = 400⋅ mm

 Asl 
ρl := min  , 0.02 = 1.6⋅ %
 bw⋅ d 
3 1
2 2
νmin = 0.035⋅ k ⋅ fck νmin = 0.35

σcp := 0
no axial force acts

 1 
0.18 
⋅ k⋅ ( 100⋅ ρl⋅ f ck) + 0.15σcp ⋅ bw⋅ d
3
VRd.c =  VRd.c = 152.91⋅ kN
 γc 

VRd.c < VEd.red

shear reinforcement is needed

Maximum capacity of compressed concrete:

αcw := 1 no axial force acts

z := 0.9d = 529.2⋅ mm

 
fck
ν := 0.6 ⋅  1 −  = 0.54
 250
N 
 2
 mm 
α := 90°

we assume that: cotθ := 1.3

cotθ + cot ( α)
VRd.max := αcw⋅ bw⋅ z⋅ ν⋅ fcd⋅ = 920.69⋅ kN
2
1 + ( cotθ)

VRd.max > VEd.A design of shear reinforcement is possible

 Design of shear reinforcement (determination of ss):

z
VRd.s = ⋅ Asw ⋅ fywd ( cot ( α) + cotθ) ⋅ sin ( α)
s

VRd.s ≥ VEd

z⋅ Asw ⋅ f ywd⋅ ( cot ( α) + cotθ) ⋅ sin ( α)

ss.req := = 142.87⋅ mm ϕ10/140 is applied
VEd.red

sapp := 140mm

z
VRd.s.A := ⋅A ⋅f ⋅ ( cot ( α) + cotθ) ⋅ sin ( α) = 335.6⋅ kN VRd.s.A > VEd.red
sapp sw ywd

Check of constructional rules:

Asw
shear reinforcement ratio: ρw := = 0.28⋅ %
sapp⋅ bw⋅ sin ( α)

min. requied shear reinforcement ratio:

 0.08⋅ fck 
ρw.min =   ρw.min = 0.08 ⋅ %
 fyk 
max. allowable shear reinforcement ratio:
1 αcw⋅ ν⋅ f cd 1
ρw.max := ⋅ ⋅ = 1.04 ⋅ %
2 1 − cos ( α) fyd

ρw.min < ρw < ρw.max

OK

maximum allowable distance between stirrups:

smax := 0.75d = 441⋅ mm sapp < smax OK

Shear reinforcement at the middle of the span:

VRd.c = 152.91 kN > VEd.K = 58.5 kN

design of shear reinforcement is not needed, smax can be applied

smax := min ( 1.5⋅ b , 0.75d , 300mm) = 300⋅ mm

ϕ10/300 is applied at the middle of the span

z
VRd.s.K := ⋅A ⋅f ⋅ ( cot ( α) + cotθ) ⋅ sin ( α) = 156.62⋅ kN VRd.s.K > VEd.K
smax sw ywd

Shear reinforcement between the middle of the span and the support

Between the support and the middle cross-section ss=180 mm is chosen.

Resistance of ϕ10/180 stirrups.
ss.B := 180mm
 z
VRd.s.B := ⋅A ⋅f ⋅ ( cot ( α) + cotθ) ⋅ sin ( α) = 261.03⋅ kN
ss.B sw ywd

Shear envelope diagram:

For the envelope diagram stirrups have to be placed and VRd values have to be represented on
the diagram. The diagram is correct if |VEd|<|VRd| at each cross-section of the beam. We start to
place the stirrups from the middle of the span to make the reinforcement symmetric.