13.

Column Design

Columns:

- Axially loaded columns: M=0

- Eccentric columns: M≠0

Short columns: Pu , M u

Long (slender) columns: Pu , M u ⋅ δns

13.1. Axially Loaded Columns

Safety provision

Pu ≤ ϕPn.max

where
Pu = required strength

ϕPn.max = design strength

ϕ = strength reduction factor

Pn = nominal strength

Pn.max = maximum (allowable) strength

For tied columns:

( )
ϕPn.max = 0.80⋅ ϕ⋅ ⎡0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag − Ast + Ast⋅ fy⎤
⎣ ⎦
with ϕ = 0.65

For spirally reinforced columns:

( )
ϕPn.max = 0.85⋅ ϕ⋅ ⎡0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag − Ast + Ast⋅ fy⎤
⎣ ⎦
with ϕ = 0.70

where
Ast = area of steel reinforcement

Page 76
 Ag = b c⋅ h c = area of gross section of column

Ac = Ag − Ast = area of concrete section

Column steel ratio:

Ast
ρg = = 1% .. 8%
Ag

Lateral ties

According ACI 7.10.5 the diameters of lateral tie are

For longitudinal bar D ≤ 32mm: Dv ≥ 10mm

For longitudinal bar D > 32mm: Dv ≥ 12mm

The spacing of tie

s ≤ 16D s ≤ 48Dv s ≤ bc

In practice

⎛ 1 .. 1 ⎞ D
Dv = ⎜ ⎟
⎝3 4⎠
s = 100mm .. 150mm .. 300mm

Page 77
Spirals

According ACI 7.10.4 the diameter of spiral: Dv ≥ 10mm

Clear spacing of spiral: 25mm ≤ s ≤ 75mm

Determination of concrete section

Pu

0.80⋅ ϕ
Ag =
(
0.85⋅ f'c⋅ 1 − ρg + fy ⋅ ρg )

Determination of steel area

Pu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag
0.80ϕ
Ast =
−0.85⋅ f'c + fy

Example 13.1

Tributary area B := 4m L := 8m

Materials f'c := 25MPa fy := 390MPa

Loads on slab
kN kN kN kN kN
DL := 50mm⋅ 22 + 100mm⋅ 25 + 0.40 + 1.00 = 5⋅
3 3 2 2 2
m m m m m
kN
LL := 2.00 (for classroom)
2
m

Reduction of live load

2
AT := B⋅ L = 32 m (tributary area)

KLL := 4 (for interior column)

2
AI := KLL⋅ AT = 128 ⋅ m (influence area)

4.572 kN
αLL := 0.25 + = 0.654 αLL⋅ LL = 1.308 ⋅
AI 2
m
2
m

Loads of wall

Void := 30mm⋅ 30mm⋅ 190 mm⋅ 4

Page 78
 Brickhollow.10 := ⎛ 120mm − Void⋅ ⎞ ⋅ 20 kN = 1.648 ⋅ kN
55
⎜ 2⎟ 3 2
⎝ 1m ⎠ m m

Loads on column

PD.slab := DL⋅ B⋅ L = 160 ⋅ kN

PL.slab := LL⋅ αLL⋅ B⋅ L = 41.863⋅ kN

kN
PB1 := 25cm⋅ ( 65cm − 100mm) ⋅ 25 ⋅ L = 27.5⋅ kN
3
m
kN
PB2 := 20cm⋅ ( 35cm − 100mm) ⋅ 25 ⋅ B = 5 ⋅ kN
3
m
Pwall.1 := Brickhollow.10 ⋅ ( 3.5m − 65cm) ⋅ ( L − 2m) = 28.174⋅ kN

Pwall.2 := Brickhollow.10 ⋅ ( 3.5m − 35cm) ⋅ B = 20.76 ⋅ kN

kN
Pcolumn := 35cm⋅ 45cm⋅ 25 ⋅ ( 3.5m − 65cm) = 11.222⋅ kN
3
m
(
PD := PD.slab + PB1 + PB2⋅ 2.5 + Pwall.1 + Pwall.2⋅ 2 + Pcolumn ⋅ 5 = 1404.577⋅ kN )
PL := PL.slab⋅ 5 = 209.316 ⋅ kN

Pu := 1.2⋅ PD + 1.6⋅ PL = 2020.397⋅ kN

Verification

PL PD + PL kN
= 12.97 ⋅ % = 10.087⋅
PD + PL B ⋅ L⋅ 5 2
m
Pcolumn⋅ 5
= 3.477 ⋅ %
PD + PL

Column section

ρg := 0.02 ϕ := 0.65
Pu

0.80⋅ ϕ 2
Ag := = 1357.338⋅ cm
(
0.85⋅ f'c⋅ 1 − ρg + fy ⋅ ρg )
35cm Ag
k := h c := = 417.75⋅ mm b c := k ⋅ h c = 324.916 ⋅ mm
45cm k

( )
h c := Ceil h c , 50mm = 450 ⋅ mm

Page 79
 ⎛⎜ b c ⎞⎟ ⎛ 350 ⎞
( )
b c := Ceil b c , 50mm = 350 ⋅ mm
⎜⎝ h c ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 450 ⎟⎠
= ⋅ mm

2
Ag := b c⋅ h c = 1575⋅ cm

Steel area
Pu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag 2
0.80ϕ 2 π⋅ ( 16mm) 2
Ast := = 14.604⋅ cm 12⋅ = 24.127⋅ cm
−0.85⋅ f'c + fy 4

450mm − 50mm⋅ 2 − 5 ⋅ 16mm 350mm − 50mm⋅ 2 − 3 ⋅ 16mm

= 67.5⋅ mm = 101 ⋅ mm
4 2

Lateral ties

D := 16mm Dv := 10mm

( )
s := min 16⋅ D , 48⋅ Dv , b c = 256 ⋅ mm

s := Floor( s , 50mm) = 250 ⋅ mm

13.2. Design of Short Columns

Safety provision

Pu ≤ ϕPn
M u ≤ ϕMn

Equilibrium in forces
∑X = 0
Page 80
 Pn = C + Cs − T

where
C = 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b

Cs = A's⋅ f's

T = As⋅ fs

Equilibrium in moments
∑M = 0
M n = Pn ⋅ e = C⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ + Cs⋅ ⎛⎜ − d'⎞⎟ + T⋅ ⎛⎜ d − ⎞⎟
h a h h
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

M n = 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ + A's⋅ f's⋅ ⎛⎜ − d'⎞⎟ + As⋅ fs⋅ ⎛⎜ d − ⎞⎟

h a h h
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

Conditions of strain compatibility

εs d−c
=
εu c
d−c d−c
εs = εu⋅ fs = Es⋅ ε s = Es⋅ ε u ⋅ ≤ fy
c c
ε's c − d'
=
εu c
c − d' c − d'
ε's = ε u ⋅ f's = Es⋅ ε's = Es⋅ ε u ⋅ ≤ fy
c c

Unknowns = 5: a , As , A's , fs , f's

Equations = 4:
∑X = 0 ∑M = 0 2 conditions of strain compatibility

Ast
Case of symmetrical column: As = A's =
2
Case of unsymmetrical column: fs = fy

A. Determination of Steel Area

Given: Pu , M u , b × h , f'c , fy

Ast
Find: As = A's =
2

Page 81
 Pu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b
ϕ
Functions AsN( a) =
f's( a) − fs( a)
Mu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟
h a

AsM( a) =
ϕ ⎝2 2⎠
f's⋅ ⎛⎜ − d'⎞⎟ + fs⋅ ⎛⎜ d − ⎞⎟
h h
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

Answer: As = AsN( a) = AsM ( a)

Example 13.2

Required strength Pu := 1200kN

M u := 30kN⋅ m

Concrete dimension b := 300mm

h := 300mm

Materials f'c := 25MPa

fy := 390MPa

Solution

d := h − ⎛⎜ 30mm + 10mm +
20mm ⎞
⎟ = 250 ⋅ mm
⎝ 2 ⎠
20mm
d' := 30mm + 10mm + = 50⋅ mm
2
⎡⎛ f'c − 27.6MPa ⎞ ⎤
β1 := 0.65 max ⎢⎜ 0.85 − 0.05⋅ ⎟ min 0.85⎥ = 0.85
⎣⎝ 6.9MPa ⎠ ⎦
5
Es := 2 ⋅ 10 MPa ε u := 0.003

a
c( a) :=
β1

d − c( a)
fs( a) := min⎛⎜ Es⋅ ε u ⋅ , fy⎞⎟ fs( 150mm) = 250 ⋅ MPa
⎝ c( a) ⎠
c( a) − d' ⎞
f's( a) := min⎛⎜ Es⋅ ε u ⋅ , fy⎟ f's( 100mm) = 345 ⋅ MPa
⎝ c( a) ⎠
d t := d

Page 82
 d t − c( a)
ϕ( a) := εt ← εu⋅ ϕ( 90mm) = 0.824
c( a)
⎡⎛ 1.45 + 250 ⋅ ε t ⎞ ⎤
0.65 max ⎢⎜ ⎟ min 0.9⎥
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦
Pu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b
ϕ( a)
AsN( a) :=
f's( a) − fs( a)

Mu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟
h a

AsM( a) :=
ϕ( a) ⎝2 2⎠
f's( a) ⋅ ⎛⎜ − d'⎞⎟ + fs( a) ⋅ ⎛⎜ d − ⎞⎟
h h
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

a1 := 257.9mm a2 := 258mm

−4
4.09× 10

−4
4.08× 10

A sN( a)
−4
4.07× 10
A sM( a)

−4
4.06× 10

−4
4.05× 10
0.2579 0.25795
a

a
a := 257.94mm = 0.86
h
2 2
AsN( a) = 4.071 ⋅ cm AsM( a) = 4.071 ⋅ cm

2
Ast := AsN( a) + AsM( a) = 8.141 ⋅ cm

2
π⋅ ( 14mm) 2
6⋅ = 9.236 ⋅ cm
4

2
Ag := b ⋅ h Ag = 900 ⋅ cm

Page 83
 h
Asteel( N) := Δa ←
N
i ← ORIGIN
for a ∈ Δa , Δa + Δa .. h
f ← f's( a) − fs( a)

( continue ) if f = 0
Pu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b
ϕ( a)
AsN ←
f
( continue ) if AsN ≤ 0

fd ← f's( a) ⋅ ⎛⎜ − d'⎞⎟ + fs( a) ⋅ ⎛⎜ d − ⎞⎟

h h
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
( continue ) if fd = 0
Mu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟
h a

AsM ←
ϕ( a) ⎝2 2⎠
fd
( continue ) if AsM ≤ 0

AsM − AsN
ΔA ←
AsN

⎛⎜ a ⎞⎟
⎜ h ⎟
⎜ AsN ⎟
〈i〉 ⎜ ⎟
Z ← ⎜ Ag ⎟
⎜A ⎟
⎜ sM ⎟
⎜ Ag ⎟
⎜ ΔA ⎟
⎝ ⎠
i←i+1

( T
csort Z , ORIGIN + 3 )

Z := Asteel( 10000 )
a := Z ⋅ h = 257.94⋅ mm
0, 0

2
AsN := Z ⋅ Ag = 4.071 ⋅ cm
0, 1

2
AsM := Z ⋅ Ag = 4.071 ⋅ cm
0, 2

2
Ast := AsN + AsM = 8.141 ⋅ cm

Page 84
 0 1 2 3
0 0.86 4.523·10-3 4.523·10-3 3.169·10-5
1 0.86 4.518·10-3 4.532·10-3 3.022·10-3
2 0.86 4.528·10-3 4.514·10-3 3.078·10-3
3 0.86 4.513·10-3 4.541·10-3 6.083·10-3
4 0.86 4.533·10-3 4.505·10-3 6.116·10-3
5 0.859 4.537·10-3 4.496·10-3 9.147·10-3
6 0.86 4.509·10-3 4.55·10-3 9.151·10-3
Z= 7 0.859 4.542·10-3 4.487·10-3 0.012
8 0.86 4.504·10-3 4.559·10-3 0.012
9 0.859 4.547·10-3 4.478·10-3 0.015
10 0.86 4.499·10-3 4.568·10-3 0.015
11 0.859 4.552·10-3 4.469·10-3 0.018
12 0.86 4.494·10-3 4.577·10-3 0.018
13 0.859 4.557·10-3 4.46·10-3 0.021
14 0.86 4.489·10-3 4.586·10-3 0.022
15 0.859 4.562·10-3 4.451·10-3 ...

B. Interaction Diagram for Column Strength

Interaction diagram is a graph of parametric function M n , Pn ( )

( )
ϕPn ( a) = ϕ( a) ⋅ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b + A's⋅ f's − As⋅ fs ≤ ϕPn.max

ϕMn ( a) = ϕ( a) ⋅ ⎡⎢0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜

h a⎞ ⎛h ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞⎤
− ⎟ + A's⋅ f's⋅ ⎜ − d'⎟ + As⋅ fs⋅ ⎜ d − ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝2 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦

d−c
where fs( a) = Es⋅ ε u ⋅ ≤ fy
c
c − d'
f's( a) = Es⋅ ε u ⋅ ≤ fy
c

Example 13.3
Concrete dimension b := 300mm h := 300mm

16mm
d' := 30mm + 8mm + = 46⋅ mm
2

d := h − ⎛⎜ 30mm + 8mm +
16mm ⎞
⎟ = 254 ⋅ mm
⎝ 2 ⎠

Page 85
 2
π⋅ ( 16mm) 2
Steel reinforcements As := 3 ⋅ = 6.032 ⋅ cm
4
2
π⋅ ( 16mm) 2
A's := 3 ⋅ = 6.032 ⋅ cm
4

Materials f'c := 20MPa

fy := 390MPa

Solution

2
Ag := b ⋅ h = 900 ⋅ cm
2
Ast := As + A's = 12.064⋅ cm

Case of axially loaded column

ϕ := 0.65

(
ϕPn.max := 0.80⋅ ϕ⋅ ⎡0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag − Ast + fy ⋅ Ast⎤
⎣ ⎦ )
ϕPn.max = 1029.588⋅ kN

Case of eccentric column

⎡⎛ f'c − 27.6MPa ⎞ ⎤
β1 := 0.65 max ⎢⎜ 0.85 − 0.05⋅ ⎟ min 0.85⎥ = 0.85
⎣⎝ 6.9MPa ⎠ ⎦
a
c( a) :=
β1
5
ε u := 0.003 Es := 2 ⋅ 10 MPa

fs( a) := min⎛⎜ Es⋅ ε u ⋅ , fy⎞⎟

d − c( a)
fs( 200mm) = 47.7⋅ MPa
⎝ c( a) ⎠
f's( a) := min⎛⎜ Es⋅ ε u ⋅ , fy⎞⎟
c ( a ) − d'
f's( 100mm) = 365.4 ⋅ MPa
⎝ c ( a ) ⎠
d t := d

d t − c( a)
ϕ( a) := εt ← εu⋅ ϕ( 100mm) = 0.773
c( a)
⎡⎛ 1.45 + 250 ⋅ ε t ⎞ ⎤
ϕ ← 0.65 max ⎢⎜ ⎟ min 0.9⎥
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦

(
ϕPn ( a) := min⎡ϕ( a) ⋅ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b + A's⋅ f's( a) − As⋅ fs( a) , ϕPn.max⎤
⎣ ⎦ )

ϕMn ( a) := ϕ( a) ⋅ ⎡⎢0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜

h a⎞ ⎛h ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞⎤
− ⎟ + A's⋅ f's( a) ⋅ ⎜ − d'⎟ + As⋅ fs( a) ⋅ ⎜ d − ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦

Page 86
 h
a := 0 , .. h
100

Interaction diagram for column strength

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700
ϕPn( a)
600
kN
500

400

300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
ϕMn( a)

kN⋅ m

Page 87
C. Case of Distributed Reinforcements

Equilibrium in forces
n n
Pn = C −
∑ T = 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b −
i ∑ (As , i⋅f s , i)
i= 1 i= 1

Equilibrium in moments
n
M n = Pn ⋅ e = C⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ + ⎡T ⋅ ⎛ d − h ⎞⎤
∑
h a
⎢ i⎜ i ⎟⎥
⎝2 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
i= 1
n
M n = 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ + ⎡A ⋅ f ⋅ ⎛ d − h ⎞⎤
∑
h a
⎢ s, i s, i ⎜ i ⎟⎥
⎝2 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
i= 1

Condition of strain compatibility

ε d −c d −c
s, i i i
= ε = εu⋅
εu c s, i c
d −c
i
f = Es⋅ ε = Es⋅ ε u ⋅ with f ≤ fy
s, i s, i c s, i

Unknows = 2 ⋅ n + 1 a, A ,f
s, i s, i
Equations = n + 2
∑X = 0 ∑M = 0
n Conditions of strain compatibility

Page 88
 Additional conditions

A = n ⋅A
s, i i s0

Interaction Diagram for Column Strength

⎡ n
h ⎞⎤⎤⎥
ϕMn ( a) = ϕ⋅ ⎢0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜
a⎞ ⎡A ⋅ f ⋅ ⎛ d −
∑
h
Abscissa ⎟ − + ⎢ s, i s, i ⎜ i ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎝2 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦⎥
⎣ i= 1 ⎦
⎡ n ⎤
ϕPn ( a) = ϕ⋅ ⎢0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b − ( s , i s , i)⎥⎥ ≤ ϕPn.max
Ordinate
⎢ ∑A ⋅ f
⎣ i= 1 ⎦

Example 13.4

Concrete dimension b := 700mm h := 1000mm

Steel reinforcements

⎛⎜ 7 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 70 ⎞⎟
⎜7⎟ ⎜ 177.5 ⎟
⎜4⎟ ⎜ 285 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4 ⎟ ( 32mm) 2 ⎜ 392.5 ⎟
As := ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⋅ π⋅ d := ⎜ 500 ⎟ mm
⎜4⎟ 4
⎜ 607.5 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜4⎟ ⎜ 715 ⎟
⎜7⎟ ⎜ 822.5 ⎟
⎜⎝ 7 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 930 ⎟⎠

Materials f'c := 45MPa fy := 390MPa

Solution

ORIGIN := 1

Case of axially load column

Ag := b ⋅ h ( )
n s := rows As ns = 9

Ast
∑
2
Ast := As Ast = 386.039 ⋅ cm ρg := = 0.055
Ag

ϕ := 0.65

( )
ϕPn.max := 0.80⋅ ϕ⋅ ⎡0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag − Ast + fy ⋅ Ast⎤
⎣ ⎦

ϕPn.max = 20984.038 ⋅ kN

Page 89
 Case of eccentric column
⎡⎛ f'c − 27.6MPa ⎞ ⎤
β1 := 0.65 max ⎢⎜ 0.85 − 0.05⋅ ⎟ min 0.85⎥ = 0.724
⎣⎝ 6.9MPa ⎠ ⎦
a
c( a) :=
β1
5
ε u := 0.003 Es := 2 ⋅ 10 MPa

d − c( a)
i
fs( i , a) := εs ← εu⋅ fs( 2 , 200mm) = −214.516 ⋅ MPa
c( a)
( ) (
sign ε s ⋅ min Es⋅ ε s , fy )
d t := max( d ) d t = 930 ⋅ mm
d t − c( a)
ϕ( a) := εt ← εu⋅ ϕ( 300mm) = 0.794
c( a)
⎡⎛ 1.45 + 250 ⋅ ε t ⎞ ⎤
ϕ ← 0.65 max ⎢⎜ ⎟ min 0.9⎥
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦

⎡ ⎡ ns ⎤ ⎤
⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
ϕPn ( a) := min ϕ( a) ⋅ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b −
⎢ ⎢ ⎝ ∑
⎛ Asi⋅ fs( i , a) ⎞⎥ , ϕPn.max⎥
⎠
⎣ ⎣ i= 1 ⎦ ⎦
⎡ ns ⎤
⎢ ⎛ a⎞ ⎡ ⎛ h ⎞⎤⎥
∑
h
ϕMn ( a) := ϕ( a) ⋅ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎢Asi⋅ fs( i , a) ⋅ ⎜ d i − ⎟⎥⎥
⎢ ⎝2 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎣ i= 1 ⎦

h
a := 0 , .. h
100

Page 90
 Interaction diagram for column strength
25000

20000

15000
ϕPn( a)

kN

10000

5000

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
ϕMn( a)

kN ⋅ m

Determination of Steel Area

n n

∑ X=0 Pn = 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b −

∑ ( A ⋅f
s, i s, i )
= 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b − As0 ⋅
∑ (ns , i⋅f s , i)
i= 1 i= 1
Pu
0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b −
ϕ
AsN( a) =
n

∑ (ns , i⋅f s , i)
i= 1

n
M n = 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ + ⎡A ⋅ f ⋅ ⎛ d − h ⎞⎤
∑ ∑
h a
M=0 ⎢ s, i s, i ⎜ i ⎟⎥
⎝2 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
i= 1

n
M n = 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ + As0 ⋅ ⎡n ⋅ f ⋅ ⎛ d − h ⎞⎤
∑
h a
⎢ s, i s, i ⎜ i ⎟⎥
⎝2 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
i= 1

Page 91
 Mu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜
h a⎞
− ⎟
AsM( a) =
ϕ ⎝2 2⎠
n
⎡n ⋅ f ⋅ ⎛ d − h ⎞⎤
∑ ⎢ s, i s, i ⎜ i
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎟⎥
i= 1

Example 13.5

Required strength Pu := 19000kN

M u := 300kN⋅ m

Concrete dimension b := 700mm h := 1000mm

Concrete cover Cover := 40mm

Diameter of stirrup Dv := 10mm

Diameter of coner bar D0 := 32mm

Distribution of reinforcements

⎛⎜ 7 ⎞⎟
⎜7⎟
⎜4⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜4⎟
n := ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎜4⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜4⎟
⎜7⎟
⎜⎝ 7 ⎟⎠

Materials f'c := 45MPa fy := 390MPa

Solution

Case of axially loaded column

2
Ag := b ⋅ h = 0.7 m

ϕ := 0.65
Pu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag 2
0.80⋅ ϕ 2 π⋅ ( 32mm) 2
Ast := = 277.568 ⋅ cm 48⋅ = 386.039 ⋅ cm
−0.85⋅ f'c + fy 4

Case of eccentric column

Page 92
 D0
d := Cover + Dv + = 66⋅ mm
1 2
h − d ⋅2
1
n s := rows( n ) = 9 Δ := = 108.5 ⋅ mm
ns − 1

i := 2 .. n s d := d +Δ
i i− 1

d t := max( d ) d t = 934 ⋅ mm

⎡⎛ f'c − 27.6MPa ⎞ ⎤
β1 := 0.65 max ⎢⎜ 0.85 − 0.05⋅ ⎟ min 0.9⎥ = 0.724
⎣⎝ 6.9MPa ⎠ ⎦
a
c( a) :=
β1
d t − c( a)
ϕ( a) := εt ← εu⋅ ϕ( 300mm) = 0.797
c( a)
⎡⎛ 1.45 + 250 ⋅ ε t ⎞ ⎤
ϕ ← 0.65 max ⎢⎜ ⎟ min 0.9⎥
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦
d − c( a)
i
fs( i , a) := εs ← εu⋅ fs( 2 , 300mm) = −347.354 ⋅ MPa
c( a)
( ) (
sign ε s ⋅ min Es⋅ ε s , fy )

Page 93
 h−d
1
Asteel( No) := Δ←
No
k←1
for a ∈ d , d + Δ .. h
1 1
ns
nf ←
∑ (ni⋅fs(i , a))
i= 1
( continue ) if nf = 0
Pu
0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b −
ϕ( a)
AsN ←
nf
( continue ) if AsN ≤ 0

ns
⎡n f ( i , a) ⋅ ⎛ d − h ⎞⎤
nfd ←
∑ ⎢is
⎣
⎜ i
⎝
⎟⎥
2 ⎠⎦
i= 1
( continue ) if nfd = 0
Mu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟
h a

AsM ←
ϕ( a) ⎝2 2⎠
nfd
( continue ) if AsM ≤ 0

ΔA ← AsM − AsN

⎛ a ⎞
⎜ h ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ AsN ⎟
⎜ A ⎟
〈k〉
Z ←⎜ ⎟
g
⎜ AsM ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ Ag ⎟
⎜ ΔA ⎟
⎜ A ⎟
⎝ g ⎠
k←k+1

( T
csort Z , 4 )

Z := Asteel( 20000 ) rows( Z) = 766

a := Z ⋅ h = 980.806 ⋅ mm
1, 1

2
AsN := Z ⋅ Ag = 1.917 ⋅ cm
1, 2

Page 94
 2
AsM := Z ⋅ Ag = 1.918 ⋅ cm
1, 3

AsN + AsM
∑n
2
As := ⋅ As = 92.044⋅ cm
2
2
Ast = 277.568 ⋅ cm

( )
2
As := max As , Ast , 0.01⋅ Ag As = 277.568 ⋅ cm

D. Design of Circular Column

Area and centroid of segment

⎛ rc − a ⎞ Dc
α = acos⎜ ⎟ rc =
⎝ rc ⎠ 2

Radius × Arch rc⋅ rc⋅ 2 ⋅ α 2

Asector = = = α⋅ rc
2 2

Page 95
 Base × Height rc⋅ sin( α) ⋅ 2 ⋅ rc⋅ cos( α) 2
Atriangle = = = rc ⋅ sin( α) ⋅ cos( α)
2 2
2
Asegment = Asector − Atriangle = rc ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ⋅ cos( α) )

2
1 rc
dA = ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ dθ = dθ
2 c c 2
2 ⋅ rc
xc = ⋅ cos( θ)
3

α
⌠
⌠ ⎮ rc
3 3
2 ⋅ rc ⋅ sin( α)
⎮ x c dA = ⎮ ⋅ cos( θ) dθ =
⎮ ⎮ 3 3
⌡ ⌡
−α

⌠
⎮ x dA
⎮ c 3
2 ⋅ rc ⋅ sin( α) 2 ⋅ rc sin( α)
⌡ 1
x sector = = ⋅ = ⋅
A 3 2 3 α
α⋅ rc

2
x triangle = ⋅ r ⋅ cos( α)
3 c

x sector⋅ Asector − x triangle⋅ Atriangle

x segment =
Asegment

2 ⋅ rc sin( α) 2 2 ⋅ rc 2
⋅ ⋅ α⋅ rc − ⋅ cos( α) ⋅ rc ⋅ sin( α) ⋅ cos( α)
3 α 3
x segment =
2
rc ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ⋅ cos( α) )

2 ⋅ rc sin( α)
3
x segment = ⋅
3 α − sin( α) ⋅ cos( α)

Location of steel re-bars

d = rc − rs⋅ cos α
i i ( ) rs = rc − Cover
2⋅ π
α = ⋅ (i − 1)
i ns
ns = number of steel re-bars

Equilibrium in forces

Page 96
 ns ns
Pn = C −
∑ T = 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ac −
i ∑ (As , i⋅f s , i)
i= 1 i= 1

Equilibrium in moments

ns
M n = Pn ⋅ e = C⋅ x c +
∑ ⎡⎣Ti⋅ ( di − rc)⎤⎦
i= 1
ns
M n = 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ac⋅ x c +
∑ ⎡⎣As , i⋅ f s , i⋅ ( d i − rc)⎤⎦
i= 1

2
where Ac = rc ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ⋅ cos( α) )

2 ⋅ rc sin( α)
3
xc = ⋅
3 α − sin( α) ⋅ cos( α)

Condition of strain compatibility

ε d −c d −c
s, i i i
= ε = εu⋅
εu c s, i c
d −c
i
f = Es⋅ ε = Es⋅ ε u ⋅ ≤ fy
s, i s, i c

Example 13.6

Required strength Pu := 3437.31kN

M u := 42.53kN⋅ m

Materials f'c := 25MPa

fy := 390MPa

Solution

Case of axially loaded column

ϕ := 0.70

Assume ρg := 0.025
Pu

0.85⋅ ϕ 3 2
Ag := Ag = 1.896 × 10 ⋅ cm
(
0.85⋅ f'c⋅ 1 − ρg + fy ⋅ ρg )

Page 97
 ⎛ Ag ⎞
Diameter of column Dc := Ceil⎜ , 50mm⎟ Dc = 500 ⋅ mm
⎜ π ⎟
π⋅ Dc
2
⎝ 4 ⎠ 3 2
Ag := Ag = 1.963 × 10 ⋅ cm
4
Pu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag
0.85⋅ ϕ 2
Ast := Ast = 43.514⋅ cm
−0.85⋅ f'c + fy

Ast
ρg := ρg = 0.022
Ag

Ds := Dc − 2 ⋅ ⎛⎜ 30mm + 8mm +
20mm ⎞
⎟ Ds = 404 ⋅ mm
⎝ 2 ⎠
2
π⋅ ( 20mm) 2
n s := 14 As0 := Ast := n s⋅ As0 = 43.982⋅ cm
4
π⋅ Ds
s := = 90.657⋅ mm
ns

⎣ (
ϕPn.max := 0.85⋅ ϕ⋅ ⎡0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag − Ast + fy ⋅ Ast⎤
⎦ ) ϕPn.max = 3447.594⋅ kN

Case of Eccentric Column

Dc Ds
rc := rs :=
2 2
360deg
i := 1 .. n s αs := ⋅ ( i − 1)
i ns

d := rc − rs⋅ cos⎛ αs ⎞
i i ⎝ ⎠

⎡⎛ f'c − 27.6MPa ⎞ ⎤
β1 := 0.65 max ⎢⎜ 0.85 − 0.05⋅ ⎟ min 0.85⎥ = 0.85
⎣⎝ 6.9MPa ⎠ ⎦
a
c( a) := d t := max( d ) d t = 452 ⋅ mm
β1
d t − c( a)
ϕ( a) := εt ← εu⋅ ϕ( 150mm) = 0.879
c( a)
⎡⎛ 1.7 + 200 ⋅ εt ⎞ ⎤
ϕ ← 0.70 max ⎢⎜ ⎟ min 0.9⎥
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦

⎛ rc − a ⎞
α( a) := acos⎜ ⎟
⎝ rc ⎠
2 ⋅ rc sin( α( a) )
3
x c( a) := ⋅
3 α( a) − sin( α( a) ) ⋅ cos( α( a) )

2
Ac( a) := rc ⋅ ( α( a) − sin( α( a) ) ⋅ cos( α( a) ) )

Page 98
 d − c( a)
i
fs( i , a) := εs ← εu⋅
c( a)
( ) (
sign ε s ⋅ min Es⋅ ε s , fy )
⎡ ⎡ ns ⎤ ⎤
⎢ ⎢
ϕPn ( a) := min ϕ( a) ⋅ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ac( a) −
⎢ ⎢ ( s0 s )⎥ n.max⎥⎥
A ⋅ f
∑( i , a ) ⎥ , ϕP
⎣ ⎣ i= 1 ⎦ ⎦
⎡ ns ⎤
⎢ ⎥
ϕMn ( a) := ϕ( a) ⋅ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ac( a) ⋅ x c( a) +
⎢ ⎡⎣As0⋅ fs( i , a) ⋅ ( di − rc)⎤⎦⎥
∑
⎣ i= 1 ⎦

Dc
a := 0 , .. Dc
100

Interaction diagram for column strength

3000

ϕPn( a)

kN
2000
Pu

kN

1000

0
0 100 200 300
ϕMn( a) Mu
,
kN ⋅ m kN ⋅ m

Page 99
13.3. Long (Slender) Columns

Stability index

ΣPu ⋅ Δ0
Q=
Vu ⋅ Lc

where ΣPu , Vu = total vertical load and story shear

Δ0 = relative deflection between the top and bottom of story

Lc = center-to-center length of column

Q ≤ 0.05 : the column is nonsway (braced)

Q > 0.05 : the column is sway (unbraced)

Unbraced Frame Braced Frame

Shear Wall

Braced Frame
Brick Wall

Ties

Slenderness of Column

Column is short, if

k ⋅ Lu M1
For nonsway columns: ≤ 34 − 12⋅ ≤ 40
r M2
k ⋅ Lu
For sway columns: ≤ 22
r

where

Lu = unsupported length of column

I
r = radius of gyration of column section r=
A

Page 100
 h
For rectangular column r= = 0.289 ⋅ h
12

I, A = moment of inertia and area of column section

(
M 1 = min M a , M b ) (
M 2 = max M a , M b )
Ma , Mb = moments at the ends of column

(
k = k ψa , ψ b ) is an effective length factor

ΣEIc
ψ= is a degree of end restraint
ΣEIb (degree of end release)

Page 101
For nonsway column

⎛ π ⎞ 2⋅ tan⎛ π ⎞
ψ a ⋅ ψb 2 ψ a + ψb ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2⋅ k ⎟
⎛ π⎞
⋅⎜
k ⎝ ⎠ =1
⎟ + ⋅⎜1 − ⎟ +
4 ⎝k⎠ 2
⎜ tan⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
π
⎟ π
⎝ ⎝k⎠ ⎠ k

For sway column

2
ψa⋅ ψb ⋅ ⎛⎜
π⎞ π
⎟ − 36
⎝k⎠ =
k
(
6 ⋅ ψ a + ψb ) tan⎛⎜ ⎟
π⎞
⎝k⎠

Approximate values of k

In nonsway frames:

k = 0.7 + 0.05⋅ ψA + ψB ≤ 1.0( )

k = 0.85 + 0.05⋅ ψmin ≤ 1.0

ψmin = min ψA , ψB ( )
In sway frames:

Case ψm < 2

20 − ψm
k= ⋅ 1 + ψm
20

Case ψm ≥ 2

k = 0.9⋅ 1 + ψm

ψA + ψB
ψm =
2

Case of column is hinged at one end

k = 2.0 + 0.3⋅ ψ

ψ is the value in the restrained end.

Page 102
 Case of Slender Column

Moment on column

M c = M 2 ⋅ δns ≥ M 2.min⋅ δns

where
M 2.min = Pu ⋅ ( 0.6in + 0.03h ) = Pu ⋅ ( 15mm + 0.03h )

δns = moment magnification factor

Cm
δns = ≥1
Pu
1−
0.75Pc

M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4⋅ ≥ 0.4
M2

Pc = Euler's critical load

2
π ⋅ EI
Pc =
( k ⋅ Lu )
2

0.4⋅ Ec⋅ Ig 1.2PD

EI = βd =
1 + βd 1.2PD + 1.6PL

Ec = concrete modulus of elasticity

Ig = moment of inertia of gross section of column

Page 103
Example 13.7

Design column

b c := 18in = 45.72 ⋅ cm

h c := 18in = 45.72 ⋅ cm

Lc := 14ft = 4.267 ⋅ m Lu := 13ft = 3.962 m

Loads on column

PD := 230kip = 1023.091⋅ kN PL := 173kip = 769.542 ⋅ kN

M 2.D := 2ft⋅ kip = 2.712 ⋅ kN⋅ m M 2.L := 108ft⋅ kip = 146.428 ⋅ kN⋅ m

M 1.D := −2 ft⋅ kip = −2.712 ⋅ kN⋅ m M 1.L := 100ft⋅ kip = 135.582 ⋅ kN⋅ m

Materials

f'c := 4000psi = 27.579⋅ MPa fy := 60ksi = 413.685 ⋅ MPa

Upper column and beams

b a := 18in h a := 18in La := 14ft

b a1 := 48in = 1219.2⋅ mm h a1 := 12in = 304.8 ⋅ mm La1 := 24ft = 7.315 ⋅ m

Page 104
 b a2 := 48in = 1219.2⋅ mm h a2 := 12in = 304.8 ⋅ mm La2 := 24ft = 7.315 ⋅ m

Lower column and beams

b b := 18in h b := 18in Lb := 14ft

b b1 := 48in = 1219.2⋅ mm h b1 := 12in = 304.8 ⋅ mm Lb1 := 24ft = 7.315 ⋅ m

b b2 := 48in = 1219.2⋅ mm h b2 := 12in = 304.8 ⋅ mm Lb2 := 24ft = 7.315 ⋅ m

Solution

Determination of column section

(Case of axially loaded column)

Pu := 1.2⋅ PD + 1.6⋅ PL = 2458.977⋅ kN

ρg := 0.02

ϕ := 0.65
Pu

0.80⋅ ϕ 3 2
Ag := = 1.513 × 10 ⋅ cm
(
0.85⋅ f'c⋅ 1 − ρg + fy ⋅ ρg )
b := Ag = 389.019 ⋅ mm h := b = 389.019 ⋅ mm

b := Ceil( b , 2in) = 16⋅ in h := Ceil( h , 2in) = 16⋅ in

3 2
Ag := b ⋅ h = 1.652 × 10 ⋅ cm

Pu
− 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag 2
0.80⋅ ϕ 2 π⋅ ( 20mm) 2
Ast := = 21.962⋅ cm Ast := 8 ⋅ = 25.133⋅ cm
−0.85⋅ f'c + fy 4

Slenderness of column

h
Radius of gyration r := = 0.117 m
12
Concrete modulus of elasticity
1.5
⎛ wc ⎞⎟ f'c
Ec := 44MPa ⋅ ⎜
kN 4
wc := 24 ⋅ = 2.717 × 10 ⋅ MPa
m
3 ⎜ kN ⎟ MPa
⎜ m3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Page 105
Relative flexural stiffness of column and beam
3 3
b⋅ h
3 b a⋅ h a bb⋅ hb
EIc := Ec⋅ 0.70⋅ EIa := Ec⋅ 0.70⋅ EIb := Ec⋅ 0.70⋅
12 12 12
3 3
b a1⋅ h a1 b a2⋅ h a2
EIa1 := Ec⋅ 0.35⋅ EIa2 := Ec⋅ 0.35⋅
12 12
3 3
b b1⋅ h b1 b b2⋅ h b2
EIb1 := Ec⋅ 0.35⋅ EIb2 := Ec⋅ 0.35⋅
12 12

EIc EIa EIc EIb

Σi ca := + Σi cb := +
Lc La Lc Lb
EIa1 EIa2 EIb1 EIb2
Σi ba := + Σi bb := +
La1 La2 Lb1 Lb2

Σi ca Σi cb
ψa := = 3.524 ψb := = 3.524
Σi ba Σi bb

Effective length factor for nonsway column

⎛ π ⎞ 2 ⋅ tan⎛ π ⎞
ψa ⋅ ψ b 2 ψa + ψ b ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
F( k ) := ⋅ ⎛⎜
π⎞ k ⎝ 2⋅ k ⎠ − 1
⎟ + ⋅⎜1 − ⎟ +
4 ⎝k⎠ 2
⎜ tan⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
π
⎟ π
⎝ ⎝k⎠ ⎠ k

a+b
Bisection( a , b , ε ) := c←
2
return c if b−a ≤ε
return Bisection( a , c , ε ) if F( a) ⋅ F( c) ≤ 0
return Bisection( c , b , ε ) otherwise

k := Bisection( 0.5 , 1 , 0.000001) k = 0.906

M a := 1.2⋅ M 1.D + 1.6⋅ M 1.L = 213.677 ⋅ kN⋅ m

M b := 1.2⋅ M 2.D + 1.6⋅ M 2.L = 237.539 ⋅ kN⋅ m

( )
M 1 := min M a , M b = 213.677 ⋅ kN⋅ m

( )
M 2 := max M a , M b = 237.539 ⋅ kN⋅ m

k ⋅ Lu ⎛ M1 ⎞
Column := "is Short" if ≤ min⎜ 34 − 12⋅ , 40⎟
r
⎝ M2
⎠
"is Long" otherwise

Column = "is Long"

Page 106
Required moment on column

1.2⋅ PD
βd := = 0.499
1.2⋅ PD + 1.6⋅ PL
1.5
⎛ wc ⎞⎟ f'c
Ec := 44MPa ⋅ ⎜
kN 4
wc := 24 ⋅ = 2.717 × 10 ⋅ MPa
m
3 ⎜ kN ⎟ MPa
⎜ m3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
3
b c⋅ h c 0.4⋅ Ec⋅ Ig 4 2
Ig := EI := = 2.639 × 10 ⋅ kN⋅ m
12 1 + βd

⎛ M1 ⎞
Cm := max⎜ 0.6 + 0.4⋅ , 0.4⎟ = 0.96
⎝ M2
⎠
2
π ⋅ EI
Pc := = 20195.95⋅ kN
( )
2
k ⋅ Lu

⎛ Cm ⎞
δns := max⎜ , 1⎟ = 1.146
⎜ Pu ⎟
⎜ 1 − ⎟
0.75⋅ Pc
⎝ ⎠
(
M 2.min := Pu ⋅ 15mm + 0.03⋅ h c = 70.612⋅ kN⋅ m )
( )
M c := max M 2 , M 2.min ⋅ δns = 272.18⋅ kN⋅ m

Interaction diagram for column strength

Distribution of reinforcements

⎛1 1 1 1 1⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜1 0 0 0 1
⎟ π⋅ ( 20mm)
2
Bars := ⎜ 1 0 0 0 1⎟ As0 :=
⎜1 0 0 0 1⎟
4
⎜ ⎟
⎝1 1 1 1 1⎠

n s := cols( Bars) = 5 ⎛5⎞

⎜ ⎟
〈i〉 ⎜2⎟
i := 1 .. n s n1 :=
i ∑ Bars n := n1 n = ⎜2⎟
⎜2⎟
⎜ ⎟
d1 := 40mm + 10mm +
20mm
= 60⋅ mm ⎝5⎠
1 2

Page 107
 h c − d1 ⋅ 2
1
Δ := = 84.3⋅ mm ⎛ 60 ⎞
ns − 1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 144.3 ⎟
i := 2 .. n s d1 := d1 +Δ d := d1 d = ⎜ 228.6 ⎟ ⋅ mm
i i− 1
⎜ 312.9 ⎟
d t := max( d ) = 397.2 ⋅ mm ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 397.2 ⎠
⎡⎛ f'c − 27.6MPa ⎞ ⎤
β1 := 0.65 max ⎢⎜ 0.85 − 0.05⋅ ⎟ min 0.85⎥ = 0.85
⎣⎝ 6.9MPa ⎠ ⎦
a
c( a) :=
β1

d − c( a)
i
fs( i , a) := εs ← εu⋅
c( a)
( ) (
sign ε s ⋅ min Es⋅ ε s , fy )

∑ n = 50.265⋅cm
2
Ast := As0 ⋅

ϕ := 0.65

( )
ϕPn.max := 0.80⋅ ϕ⋅ ⎡0.85⋅ f'c⋅ Ag − Ast + fy ⋅ Ast⎤ = 3033.321⋅ kN
⎣ ⎦

d t − c( a)
ϕ( a) := εt ← εu⋅
c( a)
⎡⎛ 1.45 + 250 ⋅ ε t ⎞ ⎤
ϕ ← 0.65 max ⎢⎜ ⎟ min 0.9⎥
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦
b := b c h := h c

⎡ ⎡ ns ⎤ ⎤
⎢ ⎢
ϕPn ( a) := min ϕ( a) ⋅ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b −
⎢ ⎢ ( s0 i s )⎥ n.max⎥⎥
A ⋅ n ⋅ f
∑( i , a ) ⎥ , ϕP
⎣ ⎣ i= 1 ⎦ ⎦
⎡ ns ⎤
⎢ ⎛ a⎞ ⎡A ⋅ n ⋅ f ( i , a) ⋅ ⎛ d − h ⎞⎤⎥
∑
h
ϕMn ( a) := ϕ( a) ⋅ 0.85⋅ f'c⋅ a⋅ b ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎢ s0 i s ⎜ i ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎝2 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦⎥
⎣ i= 1 ⎦
Mc e
e := = 110.688 ⋅ mm = 0.242
Pu h

h
a := 0 , .. h
100

Page 108
 Interaction diagram for column strength

3000

ϕPn( a)

kN
2000
Pu

kN

1000

0
0 100 200 300 400
ϕMn( a) Mc
,
kN ⋅ m kN ⋅ m

Page 109