ATOMIC STRUCTURE and BONDING

Atom

Nucleus Orbiting Electrons

Protons Neutrons
Positive Electrically
charge neutral
 Definitions
Molecule: Group of atoms bonded together by strong primary
bonds (e.g. Diatomic molecule, O2, H2,…, Compounds, CH4, H2O )

Atomic number (Z): Number of protons in the nucleus or

equivalently number of electrons for a neutral atom.

Avagdro’s Number (NA) : Number of atoms or molecules per

mole and it is equal to 6.023 x 1023 (atoms/mole)

Atomic mass: The sum of masses of protons and neutrons with in

the nucleus for an avagdro’s number of atoms.
NA (atoms/mole)* [1.67x10-24 (mass of protons) *number of protons
+ 1.67x10-24 (mass of neutrons ) * number of neutrons] = units is
g/mole
* As an example one mole of iron contains 6.023 x 1023 atoms and
has a mass of 55.847 gramsÆ atomic weight
 BOHR ATOM
orbital electrons:
n = principal
quantum number 1
n=3 2 Adapted from Fig. 2.1,
Callister 6e.

Nucleus: Z = # protons
= 1 for hydrogen to 94 for plutonium
N = # neutrons
Atomic mass A ≈ Z + N

2
 Electron Configuration

Stable Electron Configuration: The outer most shell is

completely filled. The s and p states for the outermost shell are
filled by a total of 8 electrons
 SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
• Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Element Atomic # Electron configuration
Hydrogen 1 1s 1
Helium 2 1s 2 (stable)
Lithium 3 1s 22s 1
Beryllium 4 1s 22s 2
Boron 5 1s 22s 22p 1 Adapted from Table 2.2,
1s 22s 22p 2 Callister 6e.
Carbon 6
... ...
Neon 10 1s 22s 22p 6 (stable)
Sodium 11 1s 22s 22p 63s 1
Magnesium 12 1s 22s 22p 63s 2
Aluminum 13 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 1
... ...
Argon 18 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 6 (stable)
... ... ...
Krypton 36 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 10 4s 24 6 (stable)

• Why? Valence (outer) shell usually not filled completely.

Valence: Number of electrons in the outer most combined sp level.
•Electronegativity: Tendency of an atom to gain an electron and
become a negative charged ion .
Elements that have almost completely filled outer energy level
are strongly electronegative.

• Electropositivity: Tendency to give up electrons and become

positive charged ions.
Elements that have nearly empty outer levels readily give up
electrons.
 THE PERIODIC TABLE
• Columns: Similar Valence Structure

inert gases
give up 1e
give up 2e

accept 2e
accept 1e
give up 3e
Metal

Nonmetal
H He
Li Be Intermediate Ne
O F
Na Mg Adapted
S Cl Ar
from Fig. 2.6,
K Ca Sc Se Br Kr Callister 6e.

Rb Sr Y Te I Xe
Cs Ba Po At Rn
Fr Ra

Electropositive elements: Electronegative elements:

Readily give up electrons Readily acquire electrons
to become + ions. to become - ions.
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 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
• Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.
H He
2.1 -
Li Be F Ne
1.0 1.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr I Xe
0.8 1.0 2.5 -
Cs Ba At Rn
0.7 0.9 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9

Smaller electronegativity Larger electronegativity

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell
University.
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 PRIMARY ATOMIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING: Metallic elements give their valence electrons
to non metallic elements, doing so the atoms acquire stable
configuration
• Occurs between + and - ions.
• Requires electron transfer.
• Large difference in electronegativity required.
• Example: NaCl
Na (metal) Cl (nonmetal)
unstable unstable
electron

Na (cation)
+ - Cl (anion)
stable Coulombic stable
Attraction
 EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING
• Predominant bonding in Ceramics (metallic and non m
NaCl
MgO
H He
2.1 CaF 2 -
Li Be O F Ne
1.0 1.5 CsCl 3.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr I Xe
0.8 1.0 2.5 -
Cs Ba At Rn
0.7 0.9 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9

Give up electrons Acquire electrons

Bonding energy is large, thus known to have high melting temperatures
(e.g. MgO Æ Tm=2800 C), ionic materials are known to be hard and
brittle, electrically and thermally insulative.
 COVALENT BONDING
Stable electron configuration is achieved by sharing of electrons

• Requires shared electrons

• Example: CH4 shared electrons

H
C: has 4 valence e, from carbon atom
CH4
needs 4 more
H C H
H: has 1 valence e,
needs 1 more
shared electrons
H from hydrogen
Electronegativities atoms
are comparable.

* Covalently bonded material are strong but posses poor ductility

and poor electrical and thermal conductivity. 10
EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING
H2O

column IVA
H2 F2
C(diamond)
H He
2.1
SiC - Cl2
Li Be C O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 4.0 -
Na Mg Si Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.8 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga Ge As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr Sn I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.8 2.5 -
Cs Ba Pb At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.8 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is GaAs
adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright
1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

• Molecules with nonmetals

• Molecules with metals and nonmetals
• Elemental solids (RHS of Periodic Table)
• Compound solids (about column IVA)
 METALLIC BONDING
Metals have one or two or at the most three valence electrons. These
valence electrons are given away forming a sea of electrons
between posotive charged ions.
• Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons
(1, 2, or 3 from each atom).

+ + +

+ + +
Adapted from Fig. 2.11, Callister 6e.

+ + +
• Primary bond for metals and their alloys
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 SECONDARY BONDING (Van der waal Bonding)

Weak electrostatic attraction arising from polarized molecules.

Polarized molecule: A molecule whose structure cause a portion of
the molecule to have a negative charge while other portion have a
positive charge.

Molecule induced dipole

 SECONDARY BONDING (Van der waal Bonding)
Arises from interaction between dipoles
• Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron
clouds

+ - secondary + -
bonding Adapted from Fig. 2.13, Callister 6e.
Hydrogen bonding:
• Permanent dipoles-molecule induced
secondary A special type of
-general case: + - + -
bonding secondary bonding,
exist when hydrogen
-ex: liquid HCl H secondary
Cl bonding H Cl is one of the dipole.
It is the strongest
secon
d
secondary bonding
-ex: polymer a ry b
ondin
g type