CHAPTER 1

INTRODUTION
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In-field training is the industrial training, conducted to learn and get

details about institution, industry, or any organization being a person in it. It

makes up to gain some knowledge of the administration and administration and

organization of the workers.

This training helps to utilize the theoretical knowledge with the work.

It will be more important for doing business or working in any of the organization.

1.2 TRAINING –DEFINITION

According to EDWIN B.FLIPPO “Training is the act of increasing the

Knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular job”.

1.3 NEED FOR TRAINING

 To enable the new recruits to understand the work.

 To enable existing employees to update skill and knowledge.

 To enable an employee who has been promoted to understand

his responsibilities.

 To enable an employee to became versatile.

 To enable the employee to adapt a change in work methods.

1.4 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

Development is related to all-round progress of an employee. A

development program enables executives’ to acquire skills in their present jobs and

capabilities to perform future jobs better. Training is required to improve skills for

performing a job, whereas development is related to all the round progress of

executives’. While training is essential for operative workers.

On the other hand, a development program is required for

executives’. The capabilities of the trainer determine the success of training. The

success of training. The success of development programmed depends much on the

capabilities of the executives’ to pickup things fast.

1.5. ESSENTAIALS OF GOOD TRAINING PROGRAMME

 It should have a specific goal

 The training method should be appropriate.

 It should be relevant.

 There may be provisions of suitable incentives.

 It should consider individual difference.

 It should make the trainees accountable.

 There must be provision of certain facilities.

1.6. METHODS OF TRAINING

1)On-the-job training (OJT)

 Vestibule training

 Apprenticeship training

 Classroom training

 Internship training

2)Off –the-job-training

1.6.1. ON –THE JOB TRAINING (OJT)

. In this method the trainee is placed on a regular and taught the

skills necessary to perform it. The trainee learns under the guidance and supers

vision or an instructor. The trainee learns by observing and handling the job.

Therefore, it is called learning by doing

Several methods are used to provide on-the-job-training, e.g.

coaching, job rotation, committee assignments, etc..; a popular form of on-the-job

training is job instruction training or step learning. It is widely used in the United

States to prepare supervisors and appropriate for acquisition or improvement of

motor skills and routine respective operatios.The it involves the following

steps……
 a. Preparing the trainee for instruction. This involves putting

the trainee at ease, securing his interest and attention,

stressing the importance of the job acts.

b. Applying and trying out the instruction to judge how far

the trainee has understood the instructions.

c. Following up the training to identify and correct the

deficiencies. If any.

OJT method provides immediate feedback, permits quick

correction of errors. But it needs advance preparation and

skilled trainers.

1.7. OBJECTIVIES OF THE TRAINING

 It is the preparation for the project work in the coming

academic period.
  It is to know about the product, employees and their

working condition of a particular organization.

 It is know about the organization structure.

 To know the functional aspects and methods followed

by umaya cotton mill works, Dindigul.

 To find out the efficiency of the metal works in its

function

1.8. TRAINING PERIOD

The infield-training has been carried out from

1.9. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Since there was lack of time during our training period, we were

not able to visit all the places of umaya cotton mill works; and they did not given

permission to visit the administrative office.

CHAPTER-II

ORIENTATION
2.1.PROFILE OF THE COMPANY:

TIN: 33535263020
Company Name: SRI VINAYAGAA TEXTILES LTD
Company Status: Active
Registration Number: 62982
Company Category: Company limited by Shares
CompanySubCategory: Non-govt company
Class of Company: Public
Date of Incorporation: 21 April 1994
Age of Company 23 years, 11 month, 12 days
Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles. To see other
Activity: {
companies involved in same activity.
2.2. HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION:

Sri Vinayagaa Textiles Ltd is a Public incorporated on 21 April 1994. It is

classified as Non-govt company and is registered at Registrar of Companies. It is
inolved in Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles.

Sri Vinayagaa Textiles Ltd's Annual General Meeting (AGM) was last held on 29
September 2017 and as per records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), its
balance sheet was last filed on 31 March 2017Sri Vinayagaa Textiles Ltd's
Corporate Identification Number is (CIN)

Listing and Annual Compliance Details

Listing status Unlisted
Date of Last Annual General Meeting 29 September 2017
Date of Latest Balance Sheet 31 March 2017

Legal Report

View all criminal and civil cases of VISHNU COTTON MILLS LTD

Financial Report

cBalance Sheet
Paid-up Capital
Reserves & Surplus
Long Term Borrowings
Short Term Borrowings
Trade Payables
Current Investments
Inventories
Trade Receivables
Cash and Bank Balances

Profit & Loss

Total Revenue (Turnover)
Total Expenses
Employee Benefit Expenses
Finance Costs
Depriciation
Profit Before Tax
Profit After Tax

2.2. VISION OF THE COMPANY:

Vision, Mission and Values

Our vision :To manufacture products comparable to international standards, to be

customer-focused and globally competitive through better quality, latest

technology and continuous innovation.

Our mission

 To manufacture world-class products of outstanding quality that give our

customers a competitive advantage through superior products and value, so

we can make every customer smile.

 To encourage people's ownership, empowerment and working under team

structure.

 To attain highest level of efficiency, integrity and honesty.

Our values

 Customer's satisfaction and delight.

 Superior quality of performance.

 Concern for the environment and the community.

 Passionate about excellence.

  Fair to all.

 To provide a safe workplace and promote healthy work habits.

2.3. ORGANIZATION CHART:

SPINNING

The cotton fiber grows in the seedpod or boll, of the cotton plant. Each fiber is a

single elongated cell that is flat, twisted, and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow

(lumen). It is composed of about 90 percent cellulose and about 6 percent

moisture; the remainder consists of natural impurities. The outer surface of the

fiber is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives the fiber a

somewhat adhesive quality. After this hydraulic pressing is done and cotton is been

tested for the quality control. And then it has been sent for even moisture

distribution. After all these processes this bale cotton gone to traders and textile

mills receives these bale cotton from traders. As soon as the cotton arrives at the

mill after ginning process in large bales weighing about 500 pounds (225 kg) each

it is been kept for 24hours.

 
Flow Chart of Spinning Technology are described given below:

1. BLENDING STEPS: 

Cotton is passed from bales and then to apron. Apron moves cotton to blending

apron. Blending apron has sharp spikes the raise cotton until part of it is knocked

off by the roll. Some of the cotton stays on apron. The cotton knocked back by roll

and continues to chum and blend until picked up again by apron. Another roll

strips off cotton that was not knocked back by previous roll. Cotton falls on

conveyor belt and is carried to next process. It is necessary so as to obtain

uniformity of fiber quality.

2. OPENING STEPS: 

Lint cotton falls on apron and passes between feeder rolls to beater cylinder. The

rapidly whirling beater blades take off small tufts of cotton, knock out trash, and

loosen up the mass. The two screen rolls are made of screen material and air is

sucked out of them by fan. This draws the cotton from beater and condenses it on

the surface of the screen rolls from which it is taken and passed on by the small

rolls. Air suction through cotton takes out dirt and trash. Conveyor belt passes

cotton to another type of beater. From beater the cotton passes to a conveyor and is

carried to (Cotton going through the picker. It is necessary in order to loosen hard
lumps of fiber and disentangle them; cleaning is required to remove trash such as

dirt, leaves, burrs, and any remaining seeds. Mechanical bale pickers pluck thin,

even layers of the matted fibers from each of a predetermined number of bales in

turn and deposit them into a opening machine where the fibers are loosened)

hopper. The fiber is mixed and passed to an opener. As the mass of fiber passes

through the opener, cylinders with protruding fingers open up the limp and free the

trash. The kind and number of cylinders or beaters, employed depend upon the

type of cotton that is being processed. The commonly used porcupine beater

revolves about 1000 revolutions per minute. As the cotton is opened, trash falls

through a series of grid bars. When the cotton emerges from the opener, it still

contains small tufts with about two-thirds of the trash. It may be conveyed as lap.

GBR- Here the cottons are fed for homogenous mixtures and for removing

dirts.MPM-8 вАУ it has got 8 chambers. Generally used for homogenous mixture

of fibers like while harvesting some cotton are from matured plants and some are

not. So that it will affect the fabric. So, after homogeneous mixing all will be the

same.

3. CARDING PROCESS: 

Before the raw stock can be made into yarn, the remaining impurities must be

removed, the fibers must be disentangles, and they must be straightened. The

straightening process puts the fibers into somewhat parallel CARDING. The work
is done by carding machine. The lap is passed through a beater section and drawn o

rapidly revolving cylinder covered with very fine hooks or wire brushes slowly

moves concentrically above this cylinder. As the cylinder rotates, the cotton is

pulled by the cylinder through the small gap under the brushes; the teasing action

removes the remaining trashes, disentangles the fibers , and arranges them in a

relatively parallel manner in form of a thin web. This web is drawn through a

funnel shaped device that molds it into a round rope like mass called card sliver.

Card sliver produces carded yarns or carded cottons serviceable for inexpensive

cotton fabrics.

STEPS: The lap from pucker unrolls and feed roll passes cotton licker in roll

(covered with saw toothed wire).The licker in roll passes fiber against cleaner bars

and gives it up to large cylinder which passes between the thousands of fine wires

on surface of cylinder and on flats. The cotton follows large cylinder to doffer

cylinder, which remove lint from large cylinder. The doffer comb vibrates against

doffer cylinder and takes lint off in a filmy web that passes through condenser

rolls, coiler head, and then into can. The sliver may be passed from one can to

combing for further removal of foreign matter and parallelization of fiber or

directly to drawing.
4. DOUBLING PROCESS: 

After carding, several slivers are combined. This results in a relatively narrow lap

of compactly placed staple fibers. The compactness of these fibers permits this

cotton stock to be attenuated, or drawn out, to a sliver of smaller diameter without

falling apart.

5. COMBING PROCESS: 

When the fiber is intended for fine yarns, the sliver is put through an additional

straightening called COMBING. In this operation, fine-toothed combs continue

straightening the fibers until they are arranged with such a high degree of

parallelism that the short fibers, called noils, are combed out and completely

separated out from the longer fibers. The combing process forms a comb sliver

made of the longest fibers, which, in turn, produces a smoother and more even

yarn. This operation as much as 25% of the original card sliver; thus almost one

fourth of the raw cotton becomes waste. The combing process, therefore, is

identified with consumer goods of better quality. Since long-staple yarns produce

stronger, smoother, and more serviceable fabrics, quality cotton goods carry labels

indicating that they are made from combed yarns or combed yarns.
6. DRAWING PROCESS: 

The combining of several fibers for the drawing, or drafting, process eliminates

irregularities that would cause too much variation if the slivers were pulling

through singly. The draw frame has several pairs of rollers, each advanced set of

which revolves at a progressively faster speed. This action pulls the staple

lengthwise over each other, thereby producing longer and thinner slivers. After

several stages of drawing out, the condensed sliver is taken to the slubber, where

rollers similar to those in the drawing frame draw out the cotton further. Here the

slubbing is passed to the spindles, where it is given its first twist and is then wound

on bobbins. 

STEPS: Her six cans that were filled at cards feed each drawing from delivery.

The spoons are connected so that if any one of the six slivers from can should

break, the machine automatically stops. This prevents making uneven yarn later.

Each of four set of rolls runs successively faster than preceding set. The last set

runs approximately six times as the first set; consequently, sliver coming out is the

same size as each one of six going in. but is attenuated to six times the length per

minute. The sliver is neatly coiled again in roving can by coiler head. The sliver is

now much more uniform and fibers much more nearly parallel. The sliver is now
ready for roving frames.

8. SPINNING PROCESS: 

The roving, on bobbins, is placed in the spinning frame, where it passes through

several sets of rollers running at successively higher rates of speed and is finally

drawn out to yarn of the size desired. Spinning machines are of two types; ring

frame and mule frame. The ring frame is faster process, but produces a relatively

coarse yarn. for very fine yarns, such as worsted, the mule frame is required

because of its slow, intermittent operation. The ring frame, which is general in use,

is more suitable for the manufacture of cotton yarns in mass production. Its

hundreds of spindles, whirling thousands of revolutions per minute, and its

constant spinning action provide a fast operation. The ring spinning frame

completes the manufacture of yarn (1) by drawing out the roving (2) by inserting

twist, and (3) by winding the yarn on bobbins-all in one operation. The bobbins of

yarn are removed for such processing as may be desired; for example, the yarn

may be reeled into skeins for bleaching or may be wound on cheeses, or spools, for

ultimate weaving. 

 STEPS: The principle of spinning is same as that used in roving except that the

operation is more refined and a ring and traveler are used instead of the flyer. From

bobbin roving is fed between set of drafting rolls to draw strand down to its final

desired size. The spindle turns bobbin at a constant speed. The front set of rolls is
adjusted to deliver yarn at a speed sufficient to insert desired mount of twist as

strand moves along. The traveler glides freely around ring. The tension caused by

drag of traveler causes yarn to wind on bobbin at same rate of speed as it delivered

by rolls.

A process flow chart of spinning machines and step – wise process sequence for

producing cotton staple yarn is shown below:

Cotton in bale form

Blow room machine

Carding machine

Drawing machine

Roving machine
 ↓

Spinning machine

Cotton yarn

Now I’ll describe the stages in brief as follows –

Cotton in Bale form Bales are of raw cotton always contains a certain amount

of impurities termed as ‘Trash’. The trash materials are

broken seeds, husks, broken leaf, dirt’s, and short fibres

etc. materials. The amount of trash varies from 1% to 15%

depending on the quality of the fibres. Normally imported

cotton fibrs are in bale form, which are highly compact

form.

Blow room Blow room is the starting section of a cotton yarn spinning

mill. A series of different types of opening, cleaning, and

mixing machines are used as per sequence in this section.

Carding Carding may be defined as the reduction of an entangled or

matted mass of fibres to a filmy web by working them

between two closely spaced, relatively moving surfaces

clothed with sharp points. A carding action is obtained

 when the teeth on the two surfaces are made to work point

to point. When they are made to work point to back, the

action is called stripping action.

Drawing Frame The delivered sliver form the carding machine in coil form

within the sliver can is fed in the drawing frame. The

drawing frame may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 headed machines.

Two headed machine means two slivers will be delivered

in that machine.

Speed/Roving The delivered sliver from the drawing frame in the sliver

Frame can is fed in the speed frame. The speed frame is also

called roving frame.

Ring Spinning Ring spinning is a universal spinning system. The process

involved in ring spinning is creeling, drafting, twisting,

winding, building up and doffing. In normal ring frames,

the number of spindles are 400-500, but 1000 delivery i.e.

spindle per ring frame is also available. The delivered

rovings in bobbin form is fed in the creels of the ring

frame. The rovings are unwound by pulling action and

passed through the drafting zone. At the front side of

drafting rollers that is front roller, the drafted fibres

 become twisted and forms yarn.

Yarn Delivery package that is yarn bobbin is situated on the

spindle. The delivered yarn is wound on the yarn bobbin.

Cotton-spinning machinery refers to machines which process (or spin) prepared

cotton roving into workable yarn or thread. Such machinery can be dated back

centuries. During the 18th and 19th centuries, as part of the Industrial Revolution

cotton-spinning machinery was developed to bring mass production to the cotton

industry. Cotton spinning machinery was installed in large factories, commonly

known as cotton mills.

Cotton manufacturing

processes

Bale Breaker Blowing Room

Willowing

Breaker Scutcher Batting

Finishing Scutcher Lapping

Carding Carding Room

Sliver Lap

Combing

Drawing

Slubbing

Intermediate

Roving Fine Roving

Mule Spinning - Ring Spinning Spinning

 Reeling Doubling

Winding Bundling Bleaching

Weaving shed Winding

Beaming Cabling

Warping Gassing

Sizing/Slashing/Dressin
Spooling
g

Weaving

Yarn (Cheese)- -
Cloth Sewing Thread
Bundle

2.4.TIME OF FUNCTION:
  Maintaining the Attendance record.

 Wages and salary Administration.

 Maintains of workers in and out time, working hours, intervals etc.,

 Arranging welfare facilities to labours.

 Labour related records maintaining for each labour.

Shift working:

More than one shift may be worked in a department or departments

of any section of adepartment of the establishment at the discretion of the

employer. If more than one shift is worked a workman shall be liable to be

transferred from one shift to another. No shift working shall be discontinued

without two months’ notice being given in writing to the workmen prior to such

discontinuance; provided that no such notice shall be necessary if the closing of the

shift is under an agreement with the workman affected. If as a result of the

discontinuance of shift

working, any workmen are to be retrenched , such retrenchment

shall be effected in accordance with the provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act,

1947 (14 of 1947), and the rules made there under. If shift working is restarted, the

workmen shall be given notice and re-employed in accordance with the provisions

of the said Act and the said rules.

 CHAPTER- III

WELFARE FECILITIES

3.1.WORKING FUNCTION:
 Old advertising display of items used in cotton textile manufacture

during the industrial revolution

Rev John Dyer of Northampton recognised the importance of the Paul and Wyatt

cotton spinning machine in a poem in 1757:

A circular machine, of new design

In conic shape: it draws and spins a thread

Without the tedious toil of needless hands.

A wheel invisible, beneath the floor,To ev'ry member of th' harmonius frame,

Gives necessary motion. One intent

O'erlooks the work; the carded wool, he says,

So smoothly lapped around those cylinders,

Which gently turning, yield it to yon cirue

Of upright spindles, which with rapid whirl

Spin out in long extenet an even twine.

Spinning Jenny

The spinning jenny that was used in textile mills

The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764, its

invention attributed to James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire.[2]

Water frame
Arkwright's spinning frame

The Water frame was developed and patented by Arkwright in the 1770s. The

roving was attenuated (stretched) by drafting rollers and twisted by winding it onto

a spindle. It was heavy large scale machine that needed to be driven by power,

which in the late 18th century meant by a water wheel.[3] Cotton mills were

designed for the purpose by Arkwright, Jedediah Strutt and others along the River

Derwent in Derbyshire. Water frames could only spin weft.

Spinning mule

A fully restored & working mule at the Quarry Bank Mill, UK.

The spinning mule or mule jenny was created in 1779 by Samuel Crompton. It

was a combination of Arkwright's water frame and Hargreaves' spinning jenny. It

was so named because it was a hybrid of these two machines. The mule consisted

of a fixed frame containing a creel of bobbins holding the roving, connected

through the headstock to a parallel carriage containing the spindles. It used an

intermittent process:[4] On the outward traverse, the rovings were paid out, and

twisted, and the return traverse, the roving was clamped and the spindles reversed

taking up the newly spun thread. The rival machine, the throstle frame or ring

frame was a continuous process, where the roving was drawn twisted and wrapped

in one action. The spinning mule became self-acting (automatic) in 1830s. The

mule was the most common spinning machine from 1790 until about 1900, but was

still used for fine yarns until the 1960s. A cotton mill in 1890 would contain over

60 mules, each with 1320 spindles.[5]Between the years 1824 and 1830 Richard

Roberts invented a mechanism that rendered all parts of the mule self-acting,

regulating the rotation of the spindles during the inward run of the carriage

The Platt Brothers, based in Oldham, Greater Manchester were amongst the most

prominent machine makers in this field of work.

At first this machine was only used to spin coarse and low-to-medium counts, but

it is now employed to spin all counts of yarn.

Throstle
The Throstle frame was a descendant of the water frame. It used the same

principles, was better engineered and driven by steam. In 1828 the Danforth

throstle frame was invented in the United States. The heavy flyer caused the

spindle to vibrate, and the yarn snarled every time the frame was stopped.[6] Not a

success. It was named throstle, as the noise it made when running was compared to

the song of the throstle (thrush).

Ring frame

Modern ring spinning frame

1 Draughting rollers

2 Spindle

3 Attenuated roving

4 Thread guides

5 Anti-ballooning ring

6 Traveller
7 Rings

8 Thread on bobbin

The Ring frame is credited to John Thorp in Rhode Island in 1828/9 and developed

by Mr. Jencks of Pawtucket, Rhode Island, who (Marsden 1885) names as the

inventor.[6]

The bobbins or tubes may be filled from "cops", "ring spools" or "hanks", but a

stop motion is required for each thread, which will come into operation

immediately a fracture occurs.

3.2.LEAVE AND HOLIDAYS:

1. Attendance:

All workmen shall be at work at the mine at the time fixed and

notified to them.

2. Absence from place of work:

Any workman, who after going underground or after coming to his

work in the department in which he is employed, is found absent from his

proper place of work during working hours without permission from the

appropriate authority or without any sufficient reason shall be liable to be

treated as absent for the period of his absence.

3. Festival holidays and leave:

(a) There shall be seven paid festival holidays or as laid down in an agreement

or an award in force. Out of these seven days, the Republic Day, Independence

Day and Mahatma Gandhi’s Birthday shall be allowed without option and the rest

of the days shall be fixed by agreement or local custom. Whenever a workman has

to work on any of these holidays, he shall, at his option be entitled to either thrice

the wages for the day or twice the wages for the day on which he work and in

addition to avail himself of a substituted holiday with wages

on any other day or as laid down in an agreement or an award in force.

(b) (i )The workmen shall be entitled to leave with wages in accordance with the

provisions contained in Chapter

VII of Mines Act, 1952.

(ii) Normally a workman will not be refused the leave applied for by him. But the

employer may refuse, revoke or curtail the leave applied for by workman, if the

exigencies of work so demand. Wages in lieu of leave shall be paid to a workman,

where he has been refused the leave asked for and in cases where he cannot

accumulate the leave any further. If a workman is refused leave in a particular year

in the interest of work, it would be open to him next year either to avail of leave on

two occasions with the usual railway concession or in case he avails of leave only

on one occasion thel railway fare for the unveiled trip would be paid to him in the

shape of National Savings/National

Defense Certificates.

(c) Quarantine leave shall be granted to a workman, who is prevented from

attending to his duty because of his coming into contact, through no fault of his

own, with a person suffering from a contagious disease. The leave shall be granted

for such period as is covered by a certificate from the medical officer of the mine.

Payment for the period of quarantine leave shall be at the rate of 50 percent of the

wages (basic plus dearness allowance) payable to a workman. Quarantine leave

cannot be claimed, if a workman has refused to accept during the previous three

months prophylactic treatment for the disease in question.

(d) A workman who desires to obtain leave of absence shall apply to the manager

not less than fifteen days before the commencement of the leave, except where

leave is required in unforeseen circumstances, and the manager shall issue orders

on the application within a week of its submission of two days prior to the

commencement of the leave applied for, whichever is earlier : provided that if the

leave applied for is to commence on the date of the application within three days

thereof, orders shall be given on the same day. If the leave asked for is granted, a

leavepass

shall be given to the workman. If the leave is refused or postponed, the fact of such

refusal or postponement and the reasons therefore shall be recorded in writing in a

register to be maintained for the purpose, and if the worker so desires a copy of the

entry in the register shall be supplied to him. If the workman after proceeding on

leave desires an extension thereof, he shall apply to the manager, who shall send a

written reply either granting or refusing extension of

leave to the workman. Sanction/refusal of leave should be communicated to the

workman in writing invariably.

(e) If a workman remains absent beyond the period of leave originally granted or

subsequently extended, he shall lose lien on his appointment unless he-

(f) returns within ten days of expiry of his leave; and

(g) explains to the satisfaction of the manager his inability to return on the expiry

of his leave.

In case, the workman loses, as aforesaid, his lien on his appointment, he shall be

entitled to be kept on the “badli list”.

(h) A workman may be granted casual leave of absence with pay not exceeding

five days in the aggregate in a calendar year. Such leave shall not be for more than

three days at a time except in case of sickness. Such leave is intended to meet

special circumstances which cannot be foreseen. Ordinarily the previous

permission of the head of the department in the establishment, shall be obtained

before such leave is taken, but where this is not possible, the head of the

department shall, as soon as may be practicable, be informed in writing of such

absence and of the probable duration thereof.

4.Leave:

(a) Holidays with pay will be allowed as provided for in [Chapter VIII of the

Factories Act, 1948], and other holidays in accordance with law, contract, custom

and usage.

(b) A workman who desires to obtain leave of absence shall apply to the

[employer or any other officer of the industrial establishment specified in this

behalf by the employer], who shall issue orders on the application within a week of

its submission or two days prior to the commencement of the leave applied for,

whichever is earlier, provided that if the leave applied for is to commence on the

date of the application or within three days thereof, the order shall be given on the

same day. If the leave asked for is granted a leave pass shall be issued to the

worker. If the leave is refused or postponed, the fact of such refusal or post

postponement and the reasons there for shall be recorded in writing in a register to

be maintained for the purpose, and if the worker so desires, a copy of the entry in

the register shall be supplied to him. If the workman after proceeding on leave

desires an extension thereof he shall apply to the [employer or the officer specified

in this behalf by the employer] who shall send a written reply either granting or

refusing extension of leave to the workman if his address is available and if such

reply is likely to reach him before the expiry of the leave originally granted to him.
 (c) If the workman remains absent beyond the period of leave originally

granted or subsequently extended, he shall lose his lien on his appointment unless

he (a) returns within 8 days of the expiry of the leave and (b) explains to the

satisfaction of the [employer or the officer specified in this behalf by the

employer], his inability to return before the expiry of his leave. In case the

workman loses his lien on his appointment, he shall been titled to be kept on the

badly list.

5. Casual leave :

A workman may be granted casual leave of absence with or without pay not

exceeding 10 days in the aggregate in a calendar year. Such leave shall not be for

more than three days at a time except in case of

sickness. Such leave is intended to meet special circumstances which cannot be

foreseen. Ordinarily, the previous permission of the head of the department in the

establishment shall be obtained before such leave is taken, but when this is not

possible, the head of the department shall, as soon as may be practicable, be

informed in writing of the absence from and of the probable duration of such

absence.
 CHAPTER- IV

WAGES AND SALARY

ADMINISTRATION

4.1.WAGES STRUCTURE:

1. Payment of wages:

(a) Wages shall be paid direct to the individual workmen on any working

day between the hours 6.00 a.m. and 6.00 p.m. at the office of the mine. The
manager or any other responsible person authorized by him shall witness and attest

the payments and note the date of payment in the wage register. Payment of wages

to a contractor’s workman shall be made at a place to be specified by the manager

and it shall be witnessed by a nominee of the employer deputed for this purpose in

writing.

(b) Any wages due to a workman but not paid on the usual pay day on

account of their being unclaimed shall be paid by the employer on such unclaimed

wage pay day in each week as may be notified to the workmen. If the workman so

desires, the unpaid wages and other dues payable to him shall be remitted to his

address by money order after deducting there from the money order commission

charges. All claims for the unpaid wages shall be presented to the employer within

a period of twelve months from the date on which the wages become due.

(c) Overtime shall be worked and wages thereof paid in accordance with the

provisions of the Mines Act, 1952, as amended by the Mines (Amendment) Act,

1959, and as may be prescribed from time to time. For work on weekly rest day.

4.2. Wages :

1.Introduction:
 The payment of wages act 1936 was passed to regulate the payment of

wages to certain classes of person employed in industry. It is essentially meant for

the benefit of industrial employees not getting very high wage and the provisions

of the Act were enacted to safeguard their interest.

2.Meaning:

A fixed regular payment earned for work or services ,typically paid on a

daily or weekly basis.

3.Definition:

(a) Employed Person:

Employed person includes the legal representative of deccased Employer

Person.

(b) Employer:

Employer person includes the legal representative of deccased Employer.

(c) Factory:
 It means a factory as defined in sec 2 (m) of the factories Act 1948, includes

any places to which the provisions of the factories Act 1948 have been applied

under sec 85 than Act

4. Publication of wage rates:

Notices’ specifying the rates of wages payable to all classes of workman and for

all classes of work shall be displayed on the said notice-boards.

4.2 DEDUCTION FROM WAGES:

The wages act provides that every payment made by the enoloyed person to

the employer or his age shall, fot the puposes of this act b deemed to be a

deduction from wages. Any loss of wages resulting from the imposition, for good

and sufficient cause, upon a person employed of ay of the following penalties,

namely:

1) The withholding of increment of promotion including the stoppage of

an increment at an efficiency bar;

2) The reduction to a lower post or time scale or to a lower stage in a

timescale;

3) Suspension;
 CHAPTER-V

5.1.PRODUCTION PROCESS:
1.What is Spinning?

A Yarn is usually of substantial length & of small cross section. In the cross

section of a yarn there are usually a multiple number of Staple fibers (short fibers)

or Filaments (long fibers) of unlimited length.

Yarn made out of Staple fiber is known as Spun Yarn, because the staple

fibers should undergo number of process stages so that a yarn can be made out of

them. This procedure or process stages in correct sequence is called “Spinning”.

Fiber extrusion or conversion of filaments from Polymers was also considered as

“Spinning”. Below mentioned is an introduction to the Yarns. Classification of

Yarn

2.Staple Spun Yarn:

Those are made by Twisting Staple Fibres together into a Strand. The length of the

Fibre is limited. Given are some of the spun yarns.

(a) Mono Yarn:

Solid, Single Strand of Unlimited Length.

(b) Multi Filament:

Many continuous filaments with some twist.

(c) Staple Yarn:

 Many short fibers twisted together tightly.

(d) Two Plied Yarn:

Two single yarn twisted together.

(e) Multi Plied Yarn :

Plied Yarns twisted together.

(f) Thread:

Hard, Fine, Plied Yarn.

(g) Cord or Cable:

Many plied yarns twisted into a course structure.

Yarn Numbering Systems:

In above we found that there are different types of yarns. The thickness is a very

important property of a yarn. So there are methods to determine & define yarn

thickness. Depending on the units used for measuring Length & mass, fineness of a

textile yarn is given in different units. Such systems having different units

employed to indicate fineness are called Yarn Numbering Systems. There are two

types of systems & they are

Direct System (Mass per unit length)

Indirect System (Length per unit Mass)

01. Direct System

a. Tex System

This system represents the weight in grams per 1000 m length (1000m weight in

grams)

b. Denier System

This system represents the weight in grams per 9000m (9000m weight in grams)

02. Indirect System

a. Count System (Ne)

In this system, count refers to the number of hank (01 hank equals to 840 yards) in

one pound. This system called as English system as well.

Cotton Yarn Manufacturing Process:

In here we have discussed the process of cotton yarn manufacturing. The Initial

stage of the Spinning Process involves converting Cotton in Bales into the Cone

Winding.

Bale Opening

Blow Room

Carding

Below mentioned is how the Man-made Fibers manufacturing Process.

Bale Opening

↓
Conditioning of MMF Fibers

Blending

Blow Room

Carding

Drawing 1

Drawing 2 (with Auto Leveler)

Speed Frame

Ring Frame

↓
Cone Winding

First thing in Spinning Process is converting highly compressed Cotton in

Bales into the form of thoroughly loosened, opened & cleaned State. These Steps

of processing are carried out in the Blow Room of a Spinning Mill. First stage of

Spinning involves converting lightly compressed Cotton bales into the form of

Opened & Cleaned Fibre Flocks.

5.2.Production System:

(a) Blow Room

At this process the Fibres in Bale form will be loosen, opened & cleaned.

This is the starting stage of Spinning Process. There are three actions happen in

Blow room machine. They are ;

 Action of Opposing Spikes

 Action of Air Current

 Action of Beaters

 Action of Opposing Spikes

 Action of Opposing Spikes

5.3.Quality Control:
Quality control, or QC for short, is a process by which entities review the quality

of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "A part of

quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements"

This approach places an emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as

ISO 9001)]

1. Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed

processes performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records

2. Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications

3. Soft elements, such as personnel, integrity, confidence, organizational

culture, motivation, team spirit, and quality relationships.

Inspection is a major component of quality control, where physical product is

examined visually (or the end results of a service are analyzed). Product inspectors

will be provided with lists and descriptions of unacceptable product defects such as

cracks or surface blemishes for example.[3]

The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these three aspects is deficient in any

way

5.3.Raw Materials:
(a) Valuable raw material

Ferney Spinning Mills collection is characterized by an extensive range of

valuable merino wool yarns and noble fibres (Cashmere, silk, angora, cotton), pure
or blended with man-made fibres used in low percentage to modernized classical
products. All these yarns are created with raw materials carefully selected by
expert hands according to high-level quality standards.

(b) Australian Merino wool

Australian Merino is an entirely natural and renewable fibre. Merino is

grown year-round by Australia's 70 million Merino sheep, consuming a simple
blend of water, air, sunshine and grass. When Merino fibre is disposed of, it will
naturally decompose in soil in a matter of years, slowly releasing valuable nutrients
back into the earth.

Australian Merino is the remarkable result of millions of years of

evolution.It is rich in natural properties that inspire some of the worlds leading
clothing designers. And its unique benefits flow through to the luxuriously soft and
stylish clothing crafted from it. In contrast to synthetics, Merino is an active fibre
that reacts to changes in body temperature. So it helps you stay warm when the
weather is cold, and cool when the weather is hot. Merino fibres are extremely
fine, enabling them to bend far more than traditional, coarser wool fibres. This
makes Merino wool feel soft and luxuriously gentle next to your skin. Merino
garments to be machine-washed and tumble dried

Because Merino can absorb moisture vapour, it tends not to create static
electricity, helping it to drape beautifully and be less likely to cling uncomfortably
to your body than other fabrics. Gone are the days when woollen garments had to
be hand-washed and dried flat. Recent innovations mean many Merino garments
can now be machine-washed and tumble dried. It's very elastic too so requires less
ironing than other fabrics.

(c) South-African merino wool

The South African Merino wool industry provides a high-quality,

ecologically based product, which meets and exceeds the needs of the international
wool industry. Over the years, the South African merino wool has earned a
reputation for uniformity, softness and other quality aspects.

The wool industry is one of the oldest agricultural industries in South Africa and
plays an important economic role as an earner of foreign exchange for the country.
 The first Merino sheep arrived to the Cape shores in 1789. The woollen sheep
industry started on a commercial basis under British colonial rule during the years
from 1806 to 1910. Although the wool industry spread quickly throughout the
whole country, the term "Cape Wool" has become the internationally recognized
trade term for wool from Southern Africa.

(d)BEAUTY

New Zealand wool's superior quality enables extensive design, colour and
pattern flexibility, while wool's natural ability to shrug off dirt and spring back into
shape after crushing ensures long lasting good looks to complement and enhance
any room setting.

 Brillant Colour
 Crafted
 Design
 Enhancing
 Easy Care
 Enduring

(e)HEALTH

Raw material sourcing

We buy raw materials from the best suppliers in the world.

 Taiwan
 Thailand
 Australia
 South Africa
 China
 New Zealand
 Italy
 Germany
 Mauritius
 Japan
CHAPTER – VI
6.1.Definition Of Marketing:

(a)Definition

Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as "the

activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating,

delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients,

partners, and society at large." The term developed from the original

meaning which referred literally to going to market with goods for sale.

From a sales process engineering perspective, marketing is "a set of

processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions"

of a business aimed at achieving customer interest and satisfaction.

Philip kotler defines marketing as :-marketing is about Satisfying needs and

wants through an exchange process.

The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as "the management

process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer

requirements profitably."[6] A similar concept is the value-based marketing which

states the role of marketing to contribute to increasing shareholder value.[7] In this

context, marketing can be defined as "the management process that seeks to

maximise returns to shareholders by developing relationships with valued

customers and creating a competitive advantage."[7]

 Marketing practice tended to be seen as a creative industry in the past, which

included advertising, distribution and selling. However, because the academic

study of marketing makes extensive use of social sciences, psychology, sociology,

mathematics, economics, anthropology and neuroscience, the profession is now

widely recognized as a science following numerous universities to offer Master-of-

Science (MSc) programs.

6.2.Objectives Of Marketing :

(a) Marketing Objectives

Marketing objectives are goals set by a business when promoting its products or
services to potential consumers that should be achieved within a given time frame.
In other words, marketing objectives are the marketing strategy set in order to
achieve the overall organizational objectives. A company's marketing objectives
for a particular product might include increasing product awareness among
targeted consumers, providing information about product features and reducing
consumer resistance to buying the product.

SMART Approach to Marketing Objectives

When setting objectives, it is very important to ensure that they are specific,
measurable, achievable, realistic and time-specific - or SMART for short. The
SMART approach allows a supervisor to effectively manage the marketing
activities and be able to determine how successful new objectives will be.

The SMART approach can help achieve your marketing objectives by asking the
following questions:

Specific
Are the objectives stated in a way that is precise about what you are hoping to
achieve?
Measurable

Can you quantify each objective, i.e. can you use a unit of measure, such as a

market share in percentage or dollars, to provide a way to check your level of

success