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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

Bridge, a civil engineering structure, a structure used since ancient times for crossing
any obstruction beneath it. Who would have imagined that a simple structure used for
crossing obstruction will be used in so many ways with so many materials involved that
it will become such a large field of study at this period of time. Today, bridge is one of
the most prominent civil engineering structures. Different types of bridge are being
built these days due to sophisticated equipment and developed material science.

In context of Nepal, being a mountainous country with a lot of river and rivulets, we
need many bridges just to join one part of the country to another. Therefore, we need
to construct many bridges to ease the extension of road network as well as to carry out
other development works in an efficient way. Therefore, there is a huge potential of
bridge engineering in Nepal.

In this project, we were assigned to design a bridge over Manohara River connecting
the roads "Baneshwor - Sankhamul - Balkumari - Road" at Balkumari joining
Kathmandu District with Lalitpur District. As it is a quite busy urban road, two lanes
for design are minimal. We are supposed to design the most economic bridge for this
section based on the various data collected by us. This report is prepared as a part of
project work for the fulfillment of the Project-II as per the syllabus of Bachelor of Civil
Engineering fourth year second part.

In Nepal, mostly RCC T-beam superstructure is preferred as the resources to design

and construct are readily available in Nepal. For our project purpose, we have also
designed RCC T-beam Bridge for learning the bridge engineering skills and practice.
The variation in design procedures for the superstructures, bearings and substructures
has helped us to enhance our understanding of the essentials of Bridge Engineering.

1.2 Objectives

The main objectives are to analyze and design the bridge based on Working State
method of design. In addition to that, before start of the work we came with following
objectives:

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