David, Patricia Laine L.

Activity No. 4

1. What is mesh current?

- A mesh current is a current that loops around the essential mesh and the equations used in the
mesh current analysis technique are solved in terms of them. The mesh current analysis is a technique
used to find the currents that are circulating around a loop or a mesh within any closed path of a circuit.

2. What does a negative mesh current imply?

- A negative mesh current implies that the original assumed direction of the mesh current is
incorrect, and that the opposite direction is the right direction of the mesh current.

3. What technique is employed if (a) a current source appears on the periphery of only one mesh on a
given mesh circuit? (b) a current source is common to two meshes of a given mesh circuit?
- (a) If there is a current source present on the periphery of only one mesh on a given mesh
circuit, then the current mesh is equal to the current source. (b) If a current source is common to two
meshes, then it would form super mesh.

4. What technique is employed if (a) a voltage source appears connected to a given node and the
reference node (ground) in a given nodal circuit? (b) a voltage source lies between two given nodes of a
given nodal circuit?
- (a) If there is a voltage source present in each node, then the voltage source is the as the
voltage in the node. (b) If a voltage source is common to two given nodes, it will form a super node.

5. What does a negative response in superposition imply?

- A negative response in superposition implies that the original assumed direction of current or
voltage is wrong which concludes that the opposite direction is the proper one.

6. What are the possible limitations of the superposition theorem?

- The limitations of the superposition theorem are that it cannot be used to measure power, it is
only applicable to linear circuits, and are not applicable to unbalanced bridge circuits. This theorem is
also only applicable to circuits that has more than one source.

7. Compute for the voltages and the currents across each resistor using:
a. Mesh Analysis

R1 R3

R5

R4
R2

Supermesh Loop:
0 I 1+ 4 I 2+ 2 I 3=12 eq .1
Loop 2:
4 I 2 +5 ( I 2−I 3) + 2( I 2 −I 1 )=0
−2 I 1 +11 I 2−5 I 3 =0 eq . 2
From current source:
I 1+ 0 I 2−I 3=7 eq .3

I 1=8.52 A
I 2=2.24 A
I 3=1.52 A

I R 1=I 1−I 2=8.52 A−2.24 A

𝐼𝑅1 I R 1=6.28 A
V R 1=I R 1 R 1=6.28 A (2 Ω)
V R 1=12.56 V
I R 2=I 1−I 3=8.52 A−1.52 A
I R 2=7 A
V R 2=I R 2 R2=7 A ( 4 Ω)
V R 2=28 V
I R 3 =I 2
I R 3 =2.24 A
V R 3=I R 3 R 3=2.24 A (4 Ω)
V R 3=8.96 V
I R 4=I 3
I R 4=1.52 A
V R 4=I R 4 R 4=1.52 A (2 Ω)
V R 4=3.04 V
I R 5 =I R 3−I R 4=2.24 A−1.52 A

I R 5 =0.72 A

V R 5=I R 5 R 5=0.72 A(5 Ω)

V R 5=3.6 V

b. Nodal Analysis
VA

R1 R3

VB Vc
R5

R4
R2

Reference node

Node A
V A =12V
Node B
V B −V A V B−V C
+ +7 A=0
2Ω 5Ω

−V A( 12 )+ V ( 12 + 15 )−V ( 15 )=−7
B C

7 1
V ( )−V ( ) =−1 eq . 1
B C
10 5
Node C
V C V B −V C V C −V A
+ + =0
2Ω 5Ω 4Ω

( 14 )−V ( 15 )+V ( 12 + 15 + 14 )=0

−V A B c

1 1 19
−V ( )−V ( ) +V ( )=0
A B c
4 5 20
1 19
−V ( )+V ( )=3 eq .2
B c
5 20
V A =12V
V B =−0.56 V
V c =3.04 V
V A −V B 12 V + 0.56 V
I R 1= =
2Ω 2Ω
I R 1=6.28 A
V R 1=I R 1 R 1=6.28 A (2 Ω)
V R 1=12.56 V
I R 2=7 A
V R 2=I R 2 R2=7 A ( 4 Ω)
V R 2=28 V
V A −V C 12V −3.04 V
I R3= =
4Ω 4Ω
I R 3 =2.24 A
V R 3=I R 3 R 3=2.24 A (4 Ω)
V R 3=8.96 V
V C 3.04 V
I R 4= =
2Ω 2Ω
I R 4=1.52 A
V R 4=I R 4 R 4=1.52 A (2 Ω)
V R 4=3.04 V
V C −V B 3.04 V +0.56 V
I R5= =
5Ω 5Ω
I R 5 =0.72 A
V R 5=I R 5 R 5=0.72 A(5 Ω)
V R 5=3.6 V

c. Superposition theorem
12 V is present:

R'A =2 Ω+5 Ω=7 Ω

(7 Ω)( 4 Ω)
R'B= =2.545 Ω
7 Ω+ 4 Ω
R'T =7 Ω+2.545 Ω=4.525 Ω

12 V
I 'T = =2.640 A
4.525 Ω

V 'A =( 2.640 A ) ( 4 Ω ) =10.56 V

V 'B =( 2.640 A ) ( 7 Ω )=1 8.48 V

1 0.56 V
I 'A= =0.96 A
11 Ω
18.48 V
I 'B= =1.68 A
11 Ω
I 'T =I 'C =2.64 A

7A is present:
VA

R1 R3

VB Vc
R5

R4
R2

Node A
V A =0 V
Node B
V B −V A V B−V C
+ +7 A=0
2Ω 5Ω
1 1 1
( ) ()
V B + −V C
2 5 5
=−7

7 1
VB ( ) ()
10
−V C
5
=−7 eq . 1

Node C
V C V B −V C V C −V A
+ + =0
2Ω 5Ω 4Ω

( 51 )+V ( 12 + 15 + 41 )=0
−V B c

1 19
−V ( )+V ( )=0 eq .2
B c
5 20

V A =0 V
V B =−10.64 V
V c =−2.24 V

10. 64 V
I '1= =5.32 A
2Ω
I '2=7 A
 2.24 V
I '3= =0.56 A
4Ω
−2.24 V
I '4= =−1.12 A
2Ω
−10.64 V +2.24 V
I '5= =1.68 A
5Ω

Adding based on polarity:

I 1=0.96 A+5.32 A
I 1=6.28 A
I 2=7 A
I 3=1.68 A +0.56 A
I 3=2.24 A
I 4=2.64 A−1.12 A
I 4=1.52 A
I 5=1.68 A−0.36 A
I 5=0.72 A
Solving for V:
V R 1=I R 1 R 1=6.28 A (2 Ω)
V R 1=12.56 V
V R 2=I R 2 R2=7 A ( 4 Ω)
V R 2=28 V
V R 3=I R 3 R 3=2.24 A (4 Ω)
V R 3=8.96 V
V R 4=I R 4 R 4=1.52 A (2 Ω)
V R 4=3.04 V
V R 5=I R 5 R 5=0.72 A(5 Ω)
V R 5=3.6 V
d. Simulation (LTSpice)
 I R 1=6.28 A
V R 1=I R 1 R 1=6.28 A (2 Ω)
V R 1=12.56 V
I R 2=2.24 A
V R 2=I R 2 R2=2.24 A( 4 Ω)
V R 2=8.96 V

I R 3 =7 A
V R 3=I R 3 R 3=7 A( 4 Ω)
V R 3=28 V

I R 4=1.52 A
V R 4=I R 4 R 4=1.52 A (2 Ω)
V R 4=3.04 V

I R 5 =0.72 A
V R 5=I R 5 R 5=0.72 A(5 Ω)

V R 5=3.6 V