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The sea has long been seen as a source of energy. In the Middle Ages (12001500 AD) farmers used
to trap seawater in millponds and use it to power water mills as the tide dropped. Over the last fifty
years, engineers have begun to look at tidal and wave power on a larger, industrial scale. However,
until the last few years, particularly in Europe, wave power and tidal power were both seen as
uneconomic. Although some pilot projects showed that energy could be generated, they also showed
that, even if cost of the energy generated was not considered, there was a real problem making
equipment that could withstand the extremely harsh marine environment.
In the late 1990s, it has become clear that technology has advanced to the point where reliable and
cheap electricity from the oceans is becoming a real possibility. Many countries are seriously
considering taking advantage of the tidal power systems.
The generation of electricity using tidal power is basically the transformation of tidal power found in
tidal motion of water in seas and oceans into electrical energy. This is done using a very basic idea
involving the use of a barrage or small dam built at the entrance of a bay where tides are known to
reach very high levels of variation. This barrage will trap tidal water behind it creating a difference
in water level, which will in turn create potential energy. This potential energy will then be used in
creating kinetic energy as doors in the barrage are opened and the water rush from the high level to
the lower level. This kinetic energy will be converted into rotational kinetic energy that will rotate
turbines giving electrical energy. Fig. 1 shows the process in very simple terms.
The basic process of transformation of tidal energy into electrical energy is shown above.
As there are gravitational forces between the Moon and the Earth, seas or oceans water is pulled
away from earth toward the moon at the area where the moon and the earth are in front of each other.
At the opposite side of the earth the water is being pushed away from the earth due to centrifugal
forces. Thus as shown in Fig. 2 there are two areas where the water levels are high and other areas
where the water level is low. Thus, the tidal motion of water is created. This is called the lunar tide.
The same concepts that apply for the moon apply for the sun, yet, the sun has a smaller effect on the
water levels but when that can only contribute or lessen the effect of the moons gravitational power.
This is described by "spring tides" where the lunar tide and solar tide are aligned and contribute to
each other and by "neap tides" where the lunar and solar tides are at right angles of each other and
lessen each other. This is shown in Fig 2.
1- A barrage: a barrage is a small wall built at the entrance of a gulf in order to trap water behind it.
It will either trap it by keeping it from going into the gulf when water levels at the sea are high or it
will keep water from going into the sea when water level at the sea is low.
2- Turbines: they are the components responsible for converting potential energy into kinetic
energy. They are located in the passageways that the water flows through when gates of barrage are
opened. There are many types of turbines used in tidal power stations:
Bulb turbines: as shown in Fig. 4 these are difficult to maintain as water flows around them
and the generator is in water.
Rim turbines: as shown in Fig. 5 these are better maintained than the bulb turbines but are
hard to regulate as generator is fixed in barrage.
Tabular turbines: as shown in figure 6 these turbines are fixed to long shafts and thus solve
both problems that bulb and rim turbines have as they are easier to maintain and control.
3- Sluices: sluice gates are the ones responsible for the flow of water through the barrage they could
be seen in Fig 3.
4- Embankments: they are caissons made out of concrete to prevent water from flowing at certain
parts of the dam and to help maintenance work and electrical wiring to be connected or used to
move equipment or cars over it. These embankments are shown in Fig 7.
Fig 7. Embankments.
The following is a list of different methods of obtaining power from tidal power stations:
1- Ebb method:
2nd- The gates are left closed keeping the water trapped in basin to increase its level.
3rd- Then water is released out toward the sea rotating turbines creating electrical energy.
2- Flood method:
1st-The turbines are operated as pumps pumping the water into the basin at the flood period.
3rd-At the ebb phase the water is let out of the basin creating energy for longer time than usual due
to the increased head.
1st-Starting with the basin full the gates are opened letting water flow out generating energy.
3rd- The gates are closed when the flood period or cycle starts.
5th- When a sufficient head is achieved the gates are opened to start flood generation cycle as the
water flows into the basin.
1st-Two basins are built one called a high-level basin and the other is the low-level basin.
2nd- The turbines are placed in the wall dividing the two basins.
3rd- The high level basin is filled at high tide or flood period.
4th- Then the low-level basin is filled through the turbines from the high level basin.
5th- The low level basin is emptied at low tide ebb period.
5. Construction of large-scale offshore devices results in new areas of sheltered water, attractive for
fish, sea birds, seals and seaweed.
7. It offers short time scale between investing in the modular construction and benefiting from the
revenue.
8. Tidally driven coastal currents provide an energy density four times greater than air, meaning that
a 15-m diameter turbine will generate as much energy as a 60mdiameter windmill.
9. Tidal currents are both predictable and reliable, a feature which gives them an advantage over both
wind and solar systems. Power outputs can be accurately calculated far in advance, allowing for easy
integration with existing electricity grids.
10. The tidal turbine offers significant environmental advantages over wind and solar systems; the
majority of the assembly is hidden below the waterline, and all cabling is along the seabed.
11. Seawater is 832 times as dense as air; therefore the kinetic energy available from a 5-knot ocean
current is equivalent to a wind velocity of 270 km/h.
1. At the present time both tide and wave energy are suffering from orientation problems, in the
sense that neither method is strictly economical (except in few locations throughout the world) on a
large scale in comparison with conventional power sources.
2. Tidal power systems do not generate electricity at a steady rate and thus not necessarily at times of
peak demand, so unless a way can be found of storing energy efficiently - and any storage devices
currently available incur a considerable loss - they would not help in reducing the overall need for
fossil power stations, but only allow them to run at a lower rating for a certain amount of the time.
Elsewhere there is a 20 MW experimental facility at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia, and a 0.4 MW
tidal power plant near Murmansk in Russia. This compares to 28 GW and 7-10 GW thought possible
in the Bay of Fundy and the Severn Estuary (Great Britain) respectively. It has been estimated that
this could supply as much as 10% of the country's electricity needs.
Tidal power has been proposed in the Kimberley region of Western Australia since the 1960s, when
a study of the Derby region identified a tidal resource of over 3000 MW. In recent years a proposal
to construct a 50 MW tidal plant in the Derby region has been developed Derby Hydro Power.
Studies have been undertaken to examine the potential of several other tidal power sites worldwide.
Similarly, several sites in the Bay of Fundy, Cook Inlet in Alaska, and the White Sea in Russia have
been found to have the potential to generate large amounts of electricity.
8. Conclusion
Tidal power has the potential to generate significant amounts of electricity at certain sites around the
world. Although our entire electricity needs could never be met by tidal power alone, it can be a
valuable source of renewable energy to an electrical system. The negative environmental impacts of
tidal barrages are probably much smaller than those of other sources of electricity, but are not well
understood at this time. The technology required for tidal power is well developed, and the main
barrier to increased use of the tides is that of construction costs. The future costs of other sources of
electricity, and concern over their environmental impacts, will ultimately determine whether
humankind extensively harnesses the gravitational power of the moon.
REFERENCES
[1]. T. Chen, Guest Editor. The Future of TIDAL ENERGY, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,
pages 30-57, September 2006.
[2]. W. F. Dryvesteyn and J. Garas. Applications of TIDAL ENERGY, Soc., vol. 45, no. 9, Pages
685-701, September 2010.
[3]. http://bigbro.biophys.cornell.edu/~duesing/work/ba.html
[4]. D. Johnson, TIDAL ENERGY: Concepts and Techniques, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, 2003.
[5]. http://hydroelectricity.hypermart.net/
[6]. J. Praxis and D. Melonakos, TIDAL ENERGY, Principles, and Applications, 3rd edition,
Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2000.