BASIC OF COMPUTER

SUMMITTED TO: MR.NAVTEEJ SIR SUMMITTED BY: Shefali sharma

B.SC. HOMESCIENCE (2 nd sem)

ROLL NO: 03

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me a great pleasure in bringing out the report titled “BASIC OF

COMPUTER & MS EXCEL 20”. This project is not a solitary undertaking;

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it’s a work of many brains. I am pleased to take opportunity of thanking
all my teachers and friends for their help and assistance.

I express my thanks to the principal of our college Mrs. Sudha Katyal for
extending her support. I sincerely feel obliged to him for his unending
efforts in guiding me for this project that will be great assistance to me in
my future of the subject matter.

I thank him whole-heartedly for his expert guidance, encouragement,

valuable suggestions and supervisions.

SHEFALI SHARMA

BSC homescience (1st year)

Roll No: 03

Q:1 What is memory? Discuss primary memory in detail.

Ans:- Memory is internal storage areas in the computer system. The

term memory identifies data storage that comes in the form of chips, and
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the word storage is used for memory that exists on tapes or disks.
Moreover, the term memory is usually used as a shorthand for physical
memory, which refers to the actual chips capable of holding data. Some
computers also use virtual memory, which expands physical memory
onto a hard disk.

 There are several different types of memory:

RAM (random-access memory):- RAM is an acronym for random access

memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly;
that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the
preceding bytes. RAM is found in servers, PCs, tablets, smartphones
and other devices, such as printers.

Main Types of RAM

There are two main types of RAM:

1. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

2. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) – The term dynamic

indicates that the memory must be constantly refreshed or it will lose its
contents.  DRAM is typically used for the main memory in computing
devices. If a PC or smartphone is advertised as having 4-GB RAM or 16-
GB RAM, those numbers refer to the DRAM, or main memory, in the
device.

More specifically, most of the DRAM used in modern systems is

synchronous DRAM, or SDRAM. Manufacturers also sometimes use the
acronym DDR (or DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, etc.) to describe the type of
SDRAM used by a PC or server. DDR stands for double data rate, and it
refers to how much data the memory can transfer in one clock cycle.

SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) – While DRAM is typically used

for main memory, today SRAM is more often used for system cache.
SRAM is said to be static because it doesn't need to be refreshed, unlike
dynamic RAM, which needs to be refreshed thousands of times per
second. As a result, SRAM is faster than DRAM. However, both types of
RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power
is turned off.

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  ROM (read-only memory):-

Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used

in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM
can only be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is
mainly used to store firmware (software that is closely tied to
specific hardware, and unlikely to need frequent updates) or
application software in plug-in cartridges.

Strictly, read-only memory refers to memory that is hard-wired,

such as diode matrix and the later mask ROM (MROM), which
cannot be changed after manufacture. Although discrete circuits
can be altered in principle, integrated circuits (ICs) cannot, and are
useless if the data is bad or requires an update. That such memory
can never be changed is a disadvantage in many applications, as
bugs and security issues cannot be fixed, and new features cannot
be added.

More recently, ROM has come to include memory that is read-only

in normal operation, but can still be reprogrammed in some way.
Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) and
electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
can be erased and re-programmed, but usually this can only be
done at relatively slow speeds, may require special equipment to
achieve, and is typically only possible a certain number of times.

Primary memory:- Primary memory is computer memory that a

processor or computer accesses first or directly. It allows a processor to
access running execution applications and services that are temporarily
stored in a specific memory location.

Primary memory is also known as primary storage or main memory.

Q:2Write a brief working of permanent/secondary memory storage

devices.

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Ans:- Secondary memory is computer memory that is non-volatile and
persistent in nature and is not directly accessed by a
computer/processor. It allows a user to store data that may be instantly
and easily retrieved, transported and used by applications and services.

Secondary memory is also known as secondary storage.

Secondary memory consists of all permanent or persistent storage

devices, such as read-only memory (ROM), flash drives, hard disk drives
(HDD), magnetic tapes and other types of internal/external storage
media. In computing operations, secondary memory is accessed only by
the primary or main memory and later transported to the processor.

Secondary memory is slower than primary memory but can store and
retain data, even if the computer is not connected to electrical power. It
also has substantial storage capacities, ranging from megabytes to
several terabytes of storage space within single memory.

Examples of secondary storage:-

 Hard drive
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is a
data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and
retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating
disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are
paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving
actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter
surfaces.Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning
that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any
order and not only sequentially. HDDs are a type of non-volatile
storage, retaining stored data even when powered off

 Solid-state drive
A solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state storage device that uses
integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently.
It is also sometimes called solid-state disk, for historical reasons.
SSD technology primarily uses electronic interfaces compatible
with traditional block input/output (I/O) hard disk drives (HDDs),
which permit simple replacements in common applications.New

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 I/O interfaces like SATA Express and M.2 have been designed to
address specific requirements of the SSD technology.

 SD card
(Secure Digital Memory Card) A family of very popular flash
memory cards used for storage in portable devices. Introduced in
1999 by Panasonic, Toshiba and SanDisk, the original, full-size SD
Card is the most popular digital camera storage, and the smaller
mini and micro versions are widely used in mobile devices. Cards
come in various write speeds for video recording (for details, see
SD Card classes).

 CD
Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format
that was co-developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982.
The format was originally developed to store and play only sound
recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM).
Several other formats were further derived from these, including
write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-
RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc
(SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD.
The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-
101, was released October 1982 in Japan.

 DVD
DVD (an abbreviation of "digital video disc"or "digital versatile
disc") is a digital optical disc storage format invented and
developed by Philips and Sony in 1995. The medium can store any
kind of digital data and is widely used for software and other
computer files as well as video programs watched using DVD
players. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs
while having the same dimensions.

 Floppy disk
A floppy disk, also called a floppy, diskette, or just disk, is a
type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible
magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic

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 enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles. Floppy
disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD).

 Tape drive
A tape drive is a data storage device that reads and writes data
on a magnetic tape. Magnetic tape data storage is typically used
for offline, archival data storage. Tape media generally has a
favorable unit cost and a long archival stability.

Q:-3 What is an operating system write about OS features and

functions?

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer

hardware and software resources and provides common services for
computer programs.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the

system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of
processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation,
the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the
computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed
directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS
function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many
devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game
consoles to web servers and supercomputers.

Functions

1. Process management
o Code execution
o Context switching
o Multitasking
2. Memory management
o Allocation
o Sharing
o Protection
o Virtual memory

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 3. Device management
o Input /Output
o Disk access
o Interrupt handling

Features

 Licensing
T
here are basically three kinds of Operating systems. One is Open
Source OS, another is Free OS and the third is Commercial OS.

Linux is an open source operating system which means that

anyone can download and modify it for example Ubuntu etc.

A free OS doesn’t have to be open source. They are free to

download and use but cannot modify them. For example, Google
owns Chrome OS and makes it free to use.

 Commercial operating systems are privately owned by companies

that charge money for them. Examples include Microsoft Windows
and Apple Mac OS. These require paying for the right (or license)
to use their Operating systems.

 Software Compatibility
The developers make the software’s which may be compatible or
incompatible in different versions within the same operating
system’s type but they can’t be compatible with the other OS types.
Every OS type has their own software compatibility.

 Complexity
Operating systems come in basically two editions one is 32-bit and
other is 64-bit editions. The 64-bit edition of an operating system
best utilizes random access memory (RAM). A computer with a 64-
bit CPU can run either a 32-bit or a 64-bit OS, but a computer with
a 32-bit CPU can run only a 32-bit OS.

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Q:4 what is World Wide Web(WWW) and its elements?

Ans:- The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is

an information space where documents and other web resources are
identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked
by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet. English
scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He
wrote the first web browser computer program in 1990 while employed
at CERN in Switzerland. The Web browser was released outside CERN
in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and
to the general public on the Internet in August 1991.

The World Wide Web has been central to the development of

the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to
interact on the Internet. Web pages are
primarily text documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML). In addition to formatted text, web pages may
contain images, video, audio, and software components that are
rendered in the user's web browser as coherent pages
of multimedia content.
Embedded hyperlinks permit users to navigate between web pages.
Multiple web pages with a common theme, a common domain name, or
both, make up a website. Website content can largely be provided by the
publisher, or interactively where users contribute content or the content
depends upon the users or their actions. Websites may be mostly
informative, primarily for entertainment, or largely for commercial,
governmental, or non-governmental organizational purposes.

Elements of www
A web page, as an information set, can contain numerous types of
information, which is able to be seen, heard or interacted with by the end
user:
Perceived (rendered) information:

Textual information: with diverse render variations.

Non-textual information:
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  Static images may be raster graphics, typically GIF, JPEG or PNG;
or vector formats such as SVG or Flash.
 Animated images typically Animated GIF and SVG, but
also Flash, Shockwave, or Java applet.
 Audio, typically MP3, Ogg or various proprietary formats.
 Video, WMV (Windows), RM (Real Media), FLV (Flash Video),
MPG, MOV (QuickTime)
 Interactive information: see interactive media.
 For "on page" interaction:
 Interactive text: see DHTML.
 Interactive illustrations: ranging from "click to play" images
to games, typically using script orchestration, Flash, Java
applets, SVG, or Shockwave.
 Buttons: forms providing an alternative interface, typically for use
with script orchestration and DHTML.
 For "between pages" interaction:
 Hyperlinks: standard "change page" reactivity.
 Forms: providing more interaction with the server and server-side
databases.
 Internal (hidden) information:
 Comments
 Linked Files through Hyperlink (Like DOC, XLS, PDF, etc.)
 Metadata with semantic meta-information, Charest
information, Document Type Definition (DTD), etc.
 Diagrammatic and style information: information about rendered
items (like image size attributes) and visual specifications,
as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).
 Scripts, usually JavaScript, complement interactivity, and
functionality.

Q5:- write current top 10 search engines sites.

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Ans:- 1) Google

2) Bing

3) Yahoo

4) Ask

5) AOL Search

6) Wow

7) WebCrawler

8) My Web Search

9) Info space

10) Info.com

Q1:- write a short note on Ms Excel 2007/2016.

Ans: Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application produced and

distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features

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the ability to perform basic calculations, use graphing tools, create pivot
tables and create macros.
Excel has the same basic features as all spreadsheet applications,
which use a collection of cells arranged into rows and columns to
organize and manipulate data. They can also display data as charts,
histograms and line graphs.
Excel permits users to arrange data so as to view various factors from
different perspectives. Visual Basic is used for applications in Excel,
allowing users to create a variety of complex numerical methods.
Programmers are given an option to code directly using the Visual Basic
Editor, including Windows for writing code, debugging and code module
organization.

Q2:-Discuss Various Features of Ms Excel 2007/2016.

Ans:- Features of Ms Excel

Basic operation
Microsoft excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid
of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to
organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of
supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs.
In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts,
and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows
sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for
different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager). It
has a programming aspect, visual basic for applications, allowing the
user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for
solving differential equations of mathematical physics, and then
reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of
interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the
spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-
called application, or decision support system (dss), via a custom-
designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as
a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and
reports. in a more elaborate realization, an excel application can

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automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using
an update schedule, analyze the results, make a word report
or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular
basis to a list of participants. Excel was not designed to be used as a dat
abase.

Macro programming
VBA programming
Main article: visual basic for applications

The windows version of excel supports programming through

Microsoft’s visual basic for applications (VBA), which is a dialect
of visual basic. Programming with Vba allows spreadsheet manipulation
that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques.
Programmers may write code directly using the visual basic editor (Vba),
which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code
module organization environment. The user can implement numerical
methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data
organization in Vba and guide the calculation using any desired
intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.
Vba was removed from Mac excel 2008, as the developers did not
believe that a timely release would allow porting the Vba engine natively
to Mac os x. Vba was restored in the next version, Mac excel
2011, although the build lacks support for active objects, impacting some
high level developer tools.
A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using
the macro recorder. The macro recorder records actions of the user and
generates Vba code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be
repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be
linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command
button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from
these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The Vba code of
the macro can also be edited in the Vba. Certain features such as loop
functions and screen prompt by their own properties, and some
graphical display items, cannot be recorded but must be entered into the
Vba module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ
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user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as
sheets being loaded or changed.
Macro recorded code may not be compatible with excel versions. Some
code that is used in excel 2010 cannot be used in excel 2003. Making a
macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects
of cells may not be backward compatible.
Vba code interacts with the spreadsheet through the excel object
model, a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of
supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the
spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom
toolbars or command bars and message boxes). User-created
VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros
generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.

Q3:- Discuss the following:-

1. Chart: In general, a chart is a graphical representation of data.

Charts allow users to see what the results of data to better
understand and predict current and future data. 

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2. Conditional formatting: Conditional Formatting (CF) is a tool that
allows you to apply formats to a cell or range of cells, and have
that formatting change depending on the value of the cell or the value of
a formula.

3. Data validation: Data validation is a feature available in

Microsoft Excel. It allows you to do the following: Make a list of the
entries that restricts the values allowed in a cell. Create a prompt
message explaining the kind of data allowed in a cell. Create messages
that appear when incorrect data has been entered.

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4. Delete sheet: a. Click the sheet(s) you want to delete.
b. Choose Edit Delete Sheet from the menu bar.
c. The following dialog box appears if the sheet being deleted has
information in it.
d. Click the Delete button to remove the worksheet and all data in it.

5. Filter: it allows you to view specific rows in an Excel spreadsheet,

while hiding the other rows. When the Excel auto filter is added to the
header row of a spreadsheet, a drop-down menu appears in each cell of
the header row.

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6. Formulae bar: A toolbar at the top of the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet
window that you can use to enter or copy an existing formula in to cells
or charts. It is labeled with function symbol (FX). By clicking the Formula
Bar, or when you type an equal (=) symbol in a cell, the Formula Bar will
activate.

7. Freeze panes: Freeze Panes is a feature in Microsoft Excel and other

spreadsheet applications that allows a row or column to lock in place,
making it always visible when scrolling vertically or horizontally through
an open document.

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8. Hide: Select any cell in the column (or columns) you want to hide.
Make sure the Home tab of the ribbon is displayed. Click the Format tool
in the Cells group. Excel displays a series of options. Click Hide &
Unhide and then click hide columns.

9. Page break view: A worksheet view that displays the areas to be

printed and the locations of page breaks. The area to be printed is

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displayed in white, automatic page breaks appear as dashed lines, and
manual page breaks appear as solid lines.

10. Pivot table: A pivot table is a program tool that allows you to
reorganize and summarize selected columns and rows of data in a
spreadsheet or database table to obtain a desired report. A pivot
table doesn't actually change the spreadsheet or database itself.

11. Row and columns: MS Excel is in tabular format consisting of rows

and columns. Row runs horizontally while Column runs vertically.
Each row is identified by row number, which runs vertically at the left

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side of the sheet. Each column is identified by column header, which
runs horizontally at the top of the sheet.

12. Sort: Sorting is the process of arranging objects in a certain

sequence or sort order according to specific rules. In spreadsheet
programs such as Excel and Google Spreadsheets, there are a number
of different sort orders available depending on the type of data
being sorted.

Q 4: discuss the following formulae with syntax and examples:

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1. Sum-product: The sum-product formula syntax is very simple. It takes
1 or more arrays of numbers and gets the sum of products of
corresponding numbers.

The syntax is =SUMPRODUCT (list 1, list 2 ...)

So, for ex: if you have data like {2, 3, and 4} in
one list and {5, 10, 20} in another list, and if
you apply SUMPRODUCT, you will get 120
(because 2*5 + 3*10 + 4*20 is 120).

2. SIN, COS, TAN: Excel uses several built-in trig functions. Those that
you will use most often are displayed in the table below. Note that the
arguments for the SIN ( ), COS ( ) and TAN ( ) functions are, by
default, radians. Also, the functions ASIN ( ), ACOS ( ) and ATAN
( ) return values in terms of radians. (When working with degrees, you
will need to properly use the DEGREES ( ) and RADIANS ( ) functions to
convert to the correct unit.)

Mathematical Excel
Excel Examples
Expression Expression
sine: sin(q) SIN(number) SIN(30) equals -0.98803, the sine of 30
radians

SIN(RADIANS(30)) equals 0.5, the sine

of 30°
cosine: cos (q) COS(number) COS(1.5) equals 0.07074, the cosine of
1.5 radians

COS(RADIANS(1.5)) equals 0.99966,

the sine of 1.5°
tangent: tan(q) TAN(number) TAN(2) equals -2.18504, the tangent of
2 radians

TAN(RADIANS(2)) equals 0.03492, the

tangent of 2°

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3. SUMIF: The SUMIF function is a built-in function in Excel that is
categorized as a Math/Trig Function. It can be used as a worksheet
function (WS) in Excel. As a worksheet function, the SUMIF function can
be entered as part of a formula in a cell of a worksheet.

Syntax= SUMIF (range, criteria, [sum_range])

4. ROUND: The ROUND function is a built-in function in Excel that is

categorized as a Math/Trig Function. It can be used as a worksheet
function (WS) in Excel. As a worksheet function, the ROUND function
can be entered as part of a formula in a cell of a worksheet.

Syntax= ROUND (number, num_digits)

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5. MOD: The Excel MOD function returns the remainder of two numbers
after division.  For example, MOD (10, 3) = 1. The result of MOD carries
the same sign as the divisor.

Syntax= MOD (number, divisor)

6. ABS: The Excel ABS function returns the absolute value of a number.
Negative numbers are converted to positive numbers, and positive
numbers are unaffected.

Syntax= ABS (number)

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7. POWER: The Excel POWER function returns a number to a given
power. The POWER function works like an exponent in a standard math
equation.

Syntax= POWER (number, power)

8. RANK: The Excel RANK function returns the rank of a numeric value
when compared to a list of other numeric values. RANK can rank values
from largest to smallest (i.e. top sales) as well as smallest to largest (i.e.
fastest time) values, using an optional order argument.

Syntax= RANK (number, array, [order])

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9. AVERAGE: The Excel AVERAGE function returns the average of
values supplied as multiple arguments. AVERAGE can handle up to 255
individual arguments, which can include numbers, cell references,
ranges, arrays, and constants.

Syntax= AVERAGE (number1, [number2] ...)

10. IF CONDITION: The IF function can perform a logical test and return
one value for a TRUE result, and another for a FALSE result. For
example, to "pass" scores above 70: =IF (A1>70,"Pass","Fail"). More
than one condition can be tested by nesting IF functions. The IF function
can be combined with logical functions like AND, OR. Syntax= IF (logical
test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

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11. DATE: The Excel DATE function is a built-in function that allows you
to create a date with individual year, month, and day components. The
DATE function is especially useful when supplying dates as inputs to
other functions like SUMIFS or COUNTIFS, since you can easily
assemble a date using year, month, and day values that come from a
cell reference or formula result.
Syntax= DATE (year, month, day)

12. DATE VALUE: The Excel DATEVALUE function converts a date

represented as text into a proper Excel date. For example, the formula

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=DATEVALUE ("12/31/2015") returns a serial number in the Excel date
system that represents December 31, 2015. Proper Excel dates are
more useful than text dates since they can be directly manipulated with
formulas and pivot tables to create summaries and perform other date-
based analysis.
Syntax= DATEVALUE (date_text)

13. TIME: The Microsoft Excel TIME function returns a decimal number
between 0 and 0.999988426 given an hour, minute and second value. A
result of 0 represents 12:00:00 AM and a result of 0.999988426
represents 11:59:59 PM.
The TIME function is a built-in function in Excel that is categorized as
a Date/Time Function. It can be used as a worksheet function (WS) in
Excel. As a worksheet function, the TIME function can be entered as
part of a formula in a cell of a worksheet.
Syntax= TIME (hour, minute, second)

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14. DAY: The DAYS function is a built-in function in Excel that is
categorized as a Date/Time Function. It can be used as a worksheet
function (WS) in Excel. As a worksheet function, the DAYS function can
be entered as part of a formula in a cell of a worksheet.
The DAYS function was first introduced in Excel 2013. If you are running
an older version of Excel that does not support the DAYS function, try
using the DATEDIF function instead.
Syntax= DAYS (end date, start date)

15. YEAR: The Excel YEAR function returns the year component of a
date as a 4-digit number. You can use the YEAR function to extract a
year number from a date into a cell. You can also use the YEAR function
to extract and feed a year value into another formula, like the DATE
function.
Syntax= YEAR (date)

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16. DOLLAR: The Excel DOLLAR function converts a number to text
using the Currency number format. The TEXT function can do the same
thing, and is much more versatile.
Syntax= DOLLAR (number, decimals)

17. CHAR: The Excel CHAR function returns a character when given a
valid character code. CHAR can be used to specify characters that are
hard to enter in a formula. For example, CHAR (10) returns a line break
on Windows, and CHAR (13) returns a line break on the Mac. 

Syntax= CHAR (number)

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