INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

PARAMETRIC NON-PARAMETRIC
Normally distributed Any distribution
Homogenous Variance Homogenous Variance is
not required
Interval / Ratio Ordinal / Nominal
Mean Median

CORRELATION
 Relationship
 Before prediction (Regression)
 COVARIANCE: how much two scores vary together
 RESTRICTION OF RANGE: variance of variables restricted by
sampling procedure = Lower Correlation Coefficient
 CHARACTERISTICS
o Direction
 (+): direct
 (-): Inverse
o Strength
 1.00-0.70: Strong
 0.60-0.40: Moderate
 0.30-0.10: Weak
 0: No Correlation
 PEARSON R
o Interval / Ratio
o Product-moment coefficient of correlation
 SPEARMAN RHO: Ordinal (2 groups)
 CONTINUOUS: interval / ratio
 ARTIFICIAL DICHOTOMY
 TRUE DICHOTOMY
 o Continuous – Continuous: PEARSON R
o Continuous – True Dichotomy: POINT BISERIAL
o Continuous – Artificial Dichotomy: BISERIAL R
o True Dichotomy – True Dichotomy: PHI
o True Dichotomy – Artificial Dichotomy: PHI
o Artificial Dichotomy – Artificial Dichotomy: TETRACHORIC
R

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

 Computes for F(FISHER)
 ONE WAY ANOVA: one IV
 TWO WAY ANOVA: two IVs
 MULTIVARIATE ANOVA: more than 1 DV
  ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE / ANCOVA
 COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION (R2): variance shared by
x and y
R=0.75 -> R2=0.56 -> 56% is caused by PREDICTOR (X) TO
PREDICTED (Y)
 COEFFICIENT OF ALIENATION
0.44 -> 44% -> NOT CAUSED BY THE PREDICTOR (NON-
ASSOCIATION)
REGRESSION
 (X): PREDICTOR: IV
 (Y): PREDICTED/OUTCOME: DV
 BIVARIATE REGRESSION
 LINEAR REGRESSION
 ERROR/RESIDUAL
 ERROR OF ESTIMATE
 HETEROSCEDASTICITY: dispersion of variability = not
uniform
 HOMOSCEDASTICITY: uniform dispersion
 Y=bx + a
MULTIPLE REGRESSION
 STEPWISE REGRESSION
 HEIRARCHAL REGRESSION
 LOGISTIC REGRESSION
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS (multiple regression for
non-parametric data)
 GROUPING VARIABLE VS. PREDICTOR VARIABLES
TEST FOR NORMALITY: if sample is for normal distribution
 KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV TEST: sample < 50
 SHAPIRO-MILK: sample > 50