Solution Manual For College Algebra 10th

CHAPTER P
Prerequisites
Section P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties..................................... 2
Section P.2 Exponents and Radicals ......................................................................... 5
Section P.3 Polynomials and Special Products ......................................................... 9
Section P.4 Factoring Polynomials..........................................................................16
Section P.5 Rational Expressions ............................................................................22
Section P.6 The Rectangular Coordinate System and Graphs ............................... 31
Review Exercises ..........................................................................................................37
Problem Solving ...........................................................................................................44
Practice Test ...............................................................................................................48
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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C H A P T E R P
Prerequisites
Section P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties
1. irrational 11. (a) x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
2. origin (b) 7
2
x
3. absolute value −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(c) −
5
2
4. composite x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
5. terms
(d) −5.2
x
6. Zero-Factor Property −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
7. −9, − 72 , 5, 23 , 2, 0, 1, − 4, 2, −11 12. (a) 8.5

x
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(a) Natural numbers: 5, 1, 2
(b) Whole numbers: 0, 5, 1, 2 (b) 4
3
x
(c) Integers: −9, 5, 0, 1, − 4, 2, −11 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(d) Rational numbers: −9, − 72 , 5, 23 , 0, 1, − 4, 2, −11 (c) −4.75

x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
(e) Irrational numbers: 2
(d) −8
8. 5, − 7, − 73 , 0, 3.14, 54 , − 3, 12, 5 3
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
(a) Natural numbers: 12, 5

(b) Whole numbers: 0, 12, 5 13. −4 > −8
x
(c) Integers: −7, 0, − 3, 12, 5 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4
(d) Rational numbers: −7, − 73 , 0, 3.14, 54 , − 3, 12, 5 16

14. 1 < 3
(e) Irrational numbers: 5 16
3
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
9. 2.01, 0.6, −13, 0.010110111 . . ., 1, − 6
5 2
(a) Natural numbers: 1 15. 6
> 3
(b) Whole numbers: 1 2 5
3 6
x
(c) Integers: −13, 1, − 6 0 1
(d) Rational numbers: 2.01, 0.6, −13, 1, − 6 16. − 87 < − 73

(e) Irrational numbers: 0.010110111 . . . − 87 − 37
x
−2 −1 0
10. 25, −17, − 12
5
, 9, 3.12, 12 π , 7, −11.1, 13
17. (a) The inequality x ≤ 5 denotes the set of all real
(a) Natural numbers: 25, 9, 7, 13 numbers less than or equal to 5.
(b) Whole numbers: 25, 9, 7, 13
(b) x
(c) Integers: 25, −17, 9, 7, 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(d) Rational numbers: (c) The interval is unbounded.

25, −17, − 12
5
, 9, 3.12, 7, −11.1, 13
(e) Irrational numbers: 12 π
2 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Section P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties 3
18. (a) The inequality x < 0 denotes the set of all real 30. 0 = 0
numbers less than zero.
(b) x 31. 3 − 8 = −5 = −( −5) = 5
−2 −1 0 1 2
(c) The interval is unbounded. 32. 6 − 2 = 4 = 4
19. (a) The inequality −2 < x < 2 denotes the set of all 33. −1 − −2 = 1 − 2 = −1
real numbers greater than −2 and less than 2.
(b) x 34. −3 − −3 = −3 − (3) = −6
−2 −1 0 1 2
(c) The interval is bounded. 35. 5 − 5 = 5(5) = 25
20. (a) The inequality 0 < x ≤ 6 denotes the set of all real
36. − 4 − 4 = − 4( 4) = −16
numbers greater than zero and less than or equal to 6.
(b) x
37. If x < −2, then x + 2 is negative.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x + 2 −( x + 2 )
(c) The interval is bounded. So, = = −1.
x + 2 x + 2
21. (a) The interval [4, ∞) denotes the set of all real
38. If x > 1, then x − 1 is positive.
numbers greater than or equal to 4.
(b) x −1 x −1
x So, = = 1.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x −1 x −1
(c) The interval is unbounded.
39. −4 = 4 because −4 = 4 and 4 = 4.
22. (a) (−∞, 2) denotes the set of all real numbers less
40. −5 = − 5 because −5 = −5.
than 2.
(b) x
0 1 2 3 4
41. − −6 < −6 because −6 = 6 and
− −6 = −(6) = −6.
(c) The interval is unbounded.
23. (a) The interval [−5, 2) denotes the set of all real 42. − −2 = − 2 because −2 = −2.
numbers greater than or equal to − 5 and less than 2.
43. d (126, 75) = 75 − 126 = 51
(b) x
−5 −3 −1 1 3
44. d ( − 20, 30) = 30 − ( − 20) = 50 = 50
(c) The interval is bounded.
24. (a) The interval ( −1, 2] denotes the set of all real ( )
45. d − 52 , 0 = 0 − − 52 ( ) = 5
2
numbers greater than −1 and less than or equal to 2.
(b)
−2 −1 0 1 2
x (
46. d − 14 , − 11
4 )
= − 11
4
− − 14 ( ) = − 52 = 5
2
(c) The interval is bounded. 47. d ( x, 5) = x − 5 and d ( x, 5) ≤ 3, so x − 5 ≤ 3.
25. y ≥ 0; [0, ∞ )
48. d ( x, −10) = x + 10 , and d ( x, −10) ≥ 6, so
26. y ≤ 25; ( −∞, 25] x + 10 ≥ 6.
27. 10 ≤ t ≤ 22; [10, 22]
28. −3 ≤ k < 5; [−3, 5)
29. −10 = −( −10) = 10

4 Chapter P Prerequisites
Receipts, R Expenditures, E R − E
49. $2524.0 billion $2982.5 billion 2524.0 − 2982.5 = $458.5 billion
53. 7 x + 4 60. 9 − 7x
Terms: 7 x, 4 (a) 9 − 7( −3) = 9 + 21 = 30
Coefficient: 7 (b) 9 − 7(3) = 9 − 21 = −12
54. 2 x − 3
61. x 2 − 3x + 2
Terms: 2 x, − 3
(0) − 3(0) + 2 = 2
2
(a)
Coefficient: 2
(−1) − 3( −1) + 2 = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6
2
(b)
3
55. 6 x − 5 x
Terms: 6 x 3 , − 5 x 62. − x 2 + 5 x − 4
(a) −( −1) + 5( −1) − 4 = −1 − 5 − 4 = −10
2
Coefficients: 6, − 5
(b) −(1) + 5(1) − 4 = −1 + 5 − 4 = 0

2
56. 4 x 3 + 0.5 x − 5
Terms: 4 x 3 , 0.5 x, − 5 x +1
63.
Coefficients: 4, 0.5 x −1
1+1 2
(a) =
57. 3 3 x 2 + 1 1−1 0
Terms: 3 3 x 2 , 1 Division by zero is undefined.
−1 + 1 0
Coefficient: 3 3 (b) = = 0
−1 − 1 −2
58. 2 2x2 − 3 x − 2
64.
Terms: 2 2
2x , − 3 x + 2
2 − 2 0
Coefficient: 2 2 (a) = = 0
2 + 2 4
59. 4 x − 6 −2 − 2 −4
(b) =
−2 + 2 0
(a) 4( −1) − 6 = −4 − 6 = −10
Division by zero is undefined.
(b) 4(0) − 6 = 0 − 6 = −6
1
65. (h + 6) = 1, h ≠ −6
( h + 6)
Multiplicative Inverse Property
66. (x + 3) − ( x + 3) = 0
Additive Inverse Property
67. x(3 y ) = ( x ⋅ 3) y Associative Property of Multiplication

= (3x) y Commutative Property of Multiplication

Section P.2 Exponents and Radicals 5
68. 1
7 (7 ⋅ 12) = ( 17 ⋅ 7)12 Associative Property of Multiplication
= 1 ⋅ 12 Multiplicative Inverse Property
= 12 Multiplicative Identity Property
2x x 8x 3x 5x 76. (a) Because the price can only be a positive rational

69. − = − =
3 4 12 12 12 number with at most two decimal places, the
description matches graph (ii).
3x x 15 x 4x 19 x (b) Because the distance is a positive real number, the
70. + = + =
4 5 20 20 20 description matches graph (i).
A range of prices can only include zero and positive
3x 5 x 1 x
71. ⋅ = ⋅ = numbers with at most two decimal places. So, a
10 6 2 2 4 range of prices can be represented by whole
numbers and some noninteger positive fractions.
2x 6 2x 7 x 7 7x
72. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ = A range of lengths can only include positive
3 7 3 6 3 3 9
numbers. So, a range of lengths can be represented
73. False. Because zero is nonnegative but not positive, not by positive real numbers.
every nonnegative number is positive.
77. (a)
n 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10,000
74. False. Two numbers with different signs will always
have a product less than zero. 5n 50,000 500 5 0.05 0.0005
75. The product of two negative numbers is positive. (b) (i) As n approaches 0, the value of 5 n increases
without bound (approaches infinity).
(ii) As n increases without bound (approaches
infinity), the value of 5 n approaches 0.
Section P.2 Exponents and Radicals

1. exponent; base
(23 ⋅ 32 )
2
11. (a) = 23 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 32 ⋅ 2
2. scientific notation = 26 ⋅ 34 = 64 ⋅ 81 = 5184
3 2 3
52
(b)  −  5
3. square root 3 33
  = ( −1) 3 ⋅ 2 = −1 ⋅ 3
3− 2
⋅ 52 − 3
 5 3 5 3
4. index; radicand
3
= −3 ⋅ 5−1 = −
5. like radicals 5
6. conjugates 3
12. (a) = 3 ⋅ 34 = 35 = 243
3− 4
7. rationalizing
−3 48 48 3
(b) 48( −4) = = − = −
8. power; index (−4) 3
64 4
9. (a) 5 ⋅ 53 = 54 = 625 4 ⋅ 3−2 16

2 13. (a) = 4 ⋅ 22 ⋅ 3−2 − (−1) = 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3−1 =
5 1 1 2−2 ⋅ 3−1 3
(b) = 5 −2 = 2 =
54 5 25
(b) (−2)0 =1
(33 )
0
10. (a) =1 1 1 4 3 7
14. (a) 3−1 + 2−2 = 3
+ 4
= 12
+ 12
= 12
2
(b) −3 = −9
(3−2 )
2
(b) = 3−4 = 1 = 1
34 81

15. When x = 2, 7 x2 7
24. (a) = 7 x 2 − 3 = 7 x −1 =
x3 x
−3x3 = −3( 2) = −24.
3
12( x + y )
3
4 3 −1 4
( x + y) = ( x + y)
2
16. When x = 4, (b) =
9( x + y ) 3 3
−2 7 7
7 x −2 = 7 ( 4 ) = = .
42 16 4 3
3
43 34
4
64 ⋅ 81 5184
25. (a)     = 3 ⋅ 4 = 3+ 4
=
y y
    y y y y7
17. When x = 10,
2
 b −2  b   a 2  b 2 
6 x0 = 6(10) = 6(1) = 6.
0
(b)  −2   =  2  2  = 1, a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
 a  a   b  a 
18. When x = −3,
−1
26. (a) ( x 2 y −2 )  = ( x −2 y 2 )
−1 −1
2 x3 = 2( −3) = 2( −27) = −54.
3
 
= x 2 y −2
19. When x = −2,
x2
=
−3 x = −3( −2)
4 4
y2
= −3(16) = −48.
(5 x 2 z 6 ) (5 x 2 z 6 ) = (53 )( x 6 )( z18 )(5−3 )( x −6 )( z −18 )
3 −3
(b)
20. When x = − 13 , = 50 ( x 0 )( z 0 )
= (1)(1)(1)
( 13 ) ( 271 ) =
3
12( − x) = 12
3 4.
= 12 9 =1
21. (a) (5 z )3 = 5 3 z 3 = 125z 3 27. (a) ( x + 5)

0
= 1, x ≠ −5
( )
(b) 5x 4 x 2 = 5x 4 + 2 = 5x6
(b) (2 x2 )
−2
=
1
=
1
(2x )2 2 4 x4
(− 2 x) = (− 2) x2 = 4x2
2 2
22. (a)
28. (a) (4 y −2 )(8 y4 ) = (4)(8)( y 4 − 2 ) = 32 y 2
( 4 x3 )
0
(b) = 40 ⋅ x 0 = 1, x ≠ 0
−3 −1 −4 1
(b) (z + 2) (z + 2) = ( z + 2) =
(z + 2)
4
( )
2
= 6 y ( 2 ⋅ 1) = 6 y ( 4) = 24 y
2 0 2 2 2 2
23. (a) 6 y 2 y
( − z ) (3 z 4 ) = ( −1) ( z 3 )3z 4
3 3 −3 3
(b)  x −3 y 4   5 x3  125 x 9
29. (a)   =  4  =
 5   y  y12
= −1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z 3 + 4 = −3z 7
3
 a −2  b   b 2  b3  b5
(b)  −2   =  2  3  = 5
 b  a   a  a  a
3n ⋅ 3 2 n 3 n + 2n 3 3n 1 1
30. (a) 3n 2
= 3n + 2 = 3n + 2 = 3 3n − (3n + 2) = 3 − 2 = 2 =
3 ⋅3 3 3 3 9
x2 ⋅ xn x2 + n 1
(b) 3 n
= 3 + n = x 2 + n − 3 − n = x −1 =
x ⋅x x x
31. 10,250.4 = 1.02504 × 104 35. 9.46 × 1012 = 9,460,000,000,000 kilometers
32. −0.000125 = −1.25 × 10−4 36. 9.0 × 10 − 6 = 0.000009 meter
33. 3.14 × 10−4 = 0.000314 37. (a) (2.0 × 109 )(3.4 × 10−4 ) = 6.8 × 105
34. − 2.058 × 106 = − 2,058,000 (b) (1.2 × 107 )(5.0 × 10−3 ) = 6.0 × 104

Section P.2 Exponents and Radicals 7
6.0 × 108 45. (a) 72 x3 = 36 x 2 ⋅ 2 x

38. (a) = 2.0 × 1011
3.0 × 10−3
= 6x 2x
2.5 × 10−3
(b) = 0.5 × 10−5 = 5.0 × 10−6
( )
2
5.0 × 102 (b) 54 xy 4 = 6 ⋅ 32 ⋅ x ⋅ y 2
= 3y2 6x
39. (a) 9 = 3
3
27 27 3 182 182 18 18 z
(b) 3 = 3
= 46. (a) = = =
8 8 2 z3 2 z z z2
z ⋅ z
( 4a 2 )
3 2
40. (a) 27 = 3 ⋅2
32a 4
(b) =
( )
3
(b) 36 = (6) = 216 3 b2 b 2
2
4a 2
=
( 2)
5
41. (a) 5
= 2 5/5
= 2 = 2 1 b
5
( 2 x)
3
(b) 32 x5 = 5 (2 x)5 = 2 x 47. (a)
3
16 x5 = 3
⋅ 2 x2
= 2 x 3 2 x2
42. (a) 12 ⋅ 3 = 36 = 6
75 x 2
(3 x 2 )
4
(b) 4 = 4
34 x8 (b) 75 x 2 y −4 =
y4
= 3x 2 25 x 2 ⋅ 3
=
43. (a) 20 = 4⋅5 y4
= 4 5 = 2 5 (5 x ) 2 ⋅3
=
( y2 )
3 3 2
(b) 128 = 64 ⋅ 2
3 3 3
= 64 2 = 4 2 5 x 3
= 2
3
y
16 23 ⋅ 2 23 2
44. (a) 3 = =
27 3
33 3
48. (a) 4
3x 4 y 2 = 4
x4 ⋅ 3 y2
75 52 ⋅ 3 5 3 = x ⋅ 4
3y2
(b) = =
4 2 2 2 4
= 3 x y
5 5
(b) 160 x8 z 4 = 32 x 5 ⋅ 5 x 3 z 4
( 2 x)
5
= 5
⋅ 5 x3 z 4
= 2 x 5 5 x3 z 4
49. (a) 2 20 x 2 + 5 125 x 2 = 2 4x2 ⋅ 5 + 5 25 x 2 ⋅ 5
( 2 x) (5 x)
2 2
= 2 ⋅5 +5 ⋅5
= 4 x 5 + 25 x 5
= 29 x 5
(b) 8 147 x − 3 48 x = 8 49 ⋅ 3 x − 3 16 ⋅ 3 x
= 8 7 2 ⋅ 3x − 3 42 ⋅ 3x
= 56 3 x − 12 3x
= 44 3x

50. (a) 3 3 54 x3 + 3
16 x 3 = 3 3 27 x3 ⋅ 2 + 3
8 x3 ⋅ 2
= 3 3 (3 x ) ⋅ 2 + ( 2 x)
3 3
3
⋅2
3 3
= 9x 2 + 2x 2
3
= 11x 2
3 3 3 3
(b) 64 x − 27 x 4 = 64 ⋅ x − 27 x3 ⋅ x
(4) (3 x )
3 3
= 3
⋅ x − 3
⋅ x
= 4 3 x − 3x x
= ( 4 − 3 x) 3
x
1 1 3 3
51. = ⋅ =
3 3 3 3
3
8 8 22 83 4 83 4
52. 3
= 3
⋅ = 3
= = 43 4
2 2 3
2 2 8 2
53.
5
=
5
⋅
14 + 2
=
5 ( 14 + 2 ) =
(
5 14 + 2 ) =
(
5 14 + 2 ) =
14 + 2
( )
2
14 − 2 14 − 2 14 + 2 14 − ( 2)
2 14 − 4 10 2
3 3 5 − 6 3 ( 5 − 6 ) 3 ( 5 − 6 )
54.
5 + 6
=
5 + 6
⋅
5 − 6
=
5−6
=
−1
= −3 ( 5 − 6 = 3) ( 6 − 5 )
5 + 3 5 + 3 5 − 3 5−3 2
55. = ⋅ = =
3 3 5 − 3 3 ( 5 − 3 ) 3( 5 − 3 )
7 −3 7 −3 7 +3 7 −9 −2 1
56. = ⋅ = = = −
4 4 7 +3 4 7 +3 4 ( ) ( 7 +3 ) 2( 7 +3 )
1
( )
3 −3
57. 64 = 641 3 62. (a) 100 − 3 2 = 100 = 10 − 3 =
1000
58. x 2 x = x 2 ⋅ x1 2 −1 2 12
9  4 4 2
= x 52 (b)   =   = =
4 9 9 3
3
59. 3 x − 2 3 = 63. (a) 4
32 = 32 4 = 31 2 = 3
x2 3
=
3
,x ≠ 0 (b) 6
( x + 1)4 = ( x + 1)
46
= ( x + 1)
23
= 3
( x + 1)2
3 2
x
6
64. (a) x3 = x3 6 = x1 2 = x
60. a 0.4 = a 2 5
(3 x 2 )
4
5 (b) 4 = 3x 2
= a2
32 = (321 2 )
12
1 1 1 1 65. (a)
61. (a) 32 −3 5 = = = =
( )
35 3 3
32 5
32 (2) 8
= 321 4 = 4
32 = 4
16 ⋅ 2 = 2 4 2
3
((2 x) )
−3 4 34 3
 16   81   81   3 27 14 12
= ( 2 x)
4 18 8
(b)   =   =  4  =   = (b) 2x = = 2x
 81   16  16   2  8
 

Section P.3 Polynomials and Special Products 9

( ) 69. t = 0.03125 2 − (12 − h) , 0 ≤ h ≤ 12
12 12 52
66. (a) 243( x + 1) =  243( x + 1)  

= ( 243( x + 1))
14
h (in centimeters) t (in seconds)
= 4 243( x + 1) 0 0
= 4 3 ⋅ 81( x + 1) 1 2.93
= 3 4 3( x + 1) 2 5.48
((10a b) )
3 13 12 3 7.67
(b) 10a 7b = 7
4 9.53
= (10a 7b)
16
5 11.08
6 6
= 10a ⋅ a ⋅ b 6 12.32
6
= a 10ab 7 13.29
67. (a) ( x − 1)1/ 3 ( x − 1) 2 / 3 = ( x − 1)3 / 3 = x − 1 8 14.00
(b) ( x − 1)1/ 3 ( x − 1) −4 / 3 = ( x − 1) −3 / 3 9 14.50
= ( x − 1) −1 10 14.80
1 11 14.93
=
x −1
12 14.96
5/ 2 −5/3 15/6 −10/6
68. (a) (4 x + 3) (4 x + 3) = (4 x + 3) (4 x + 3)
3 70. Package A: x 3 = 500
= (4 x + 3)5/6 , x ≠ −
4 x = 3
500 ≈ 7.9 in.
(b) (4 x + 3) −5/ 2 (4 x + 3) 2/3 = (4 x + 3) −15/ 6 (4 x + 3) 4/ 6 Package B: x 3 = 250
= (4 x + 3) −11/6 x = 3
250 ≈ 6.3 in.
1
= So, 2 x = 2(6.3) = 12.6 in.
(4 x + 3)11 6
Because 7.9 < 12.6, the length of a side of package A is
less than twice the length of a side of package B.
71. False. When x = 0, the expressions are not equal.
( )
k
72. False. When a power is raised to a power, you multiply the exponents: a n = a nk .
73. False. When a sum is raised to a power, you multiply the sum by itself using the Distributive Property.
(a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ≠ a 2 + b 2
74. False. Raising the numerator and denominator to the second power changes the expression. To rationalize the denominator,
b
multiply the fraction by = 1.
b
Section P.3 Polynomials and Special Products

1. n; an ; a0 5. (a) Standard form: 7x
(b) Degree: 1
2. monomial; binomial; trinomial Leading coefficient: 7
3. like terms (c) Monomial
4. First terms; Outer terms; Inner terms; Last terms

6. (a) Standard form: 3 3x + 4 4

13. = 3+ = 3 + 4 x −1 is not a polynomial
(b) Degree: 0 x x
Leading coefficient: 3 because it includes a term with a negative exponent.
(c) Monomial
x2 + 2 x − 3
14. is a polynomial.
7. (a) Standard form: − 12 x5 + 14 x 2
1 2 3
(b) Degree: 5 Standard form: x + x −
2 2
Leading coefficient: − 12
15. y 2 − y 4 + y 3 is a polynomial.
(c) Binomial
Standard form: − y 4 + y 3 + y 2
8. (a) Standard form: 2 x + 3
(b) Degree: 1 16. y 4 − y is not a polynomial because it includes a term
Leading coefficient: 2
with a square root.
(c) Binomial
17. (6 x + 5) − (8 x + 15) = 6 x + 5 − 8 x − 15
9. (a) Standard form: −4 x 5 + 6 x 4 + 1
= (6 x − 8 x) + (5 − 15)
(b) Degree: 5
Leading coefficient: −4 = −2 x − 10
(c) Trinomial 18. ( 2 x 2 + 1) − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 2 x 2 + 1 − x 2 + 2 x − 1

10. (a) Standard form: 25 y 2 − y + 1 = ( 2 x 2 − x 2 ) + 2 x + (1 − 1)
(b) Degree: 2 = x2 + 2x
Leading coefficient: 25
(c) Trinomial 19. (t 3 − 1) + (6t 3 − 5t ) = t 3 − 1 + 6t 3 − 5t
11. 2 x − 3x 3 + 8 is a polynomial. = (t 3 + 6t 3 ) − 5t − 1
Standard form: −3x3 + 2 x + 8 = 7t 3 − 5t − 1
12. 5 x 4 − 2 x 2 + x −2 is not a polynomial because it includes 20. ( 4 y 2 − 3) + ( − 7 y 2 + 9) = 4 y 2 − 3 − 7 y 2 + 9

a term with a negative exponent. = ( 4 y 2 − 7 y 2 ) + ( − 3 + 9)
= − 3y2 + 6
21. (15 x 2 − 6) + ( − 8.3 x 3 − 14.7 x 2 − 17) = 15 x 2 − 6 − 8.3 x 3 − 14.7 x 2 − 17
= − 8.3 x 3 + (15 x 2 − 14.7 x 2 ) + ( − 6 − 17)

= − 8.3 x 3 + 0.3 x 2 − 23
22. (15.6 w4 − 14 w − 17.4) + (16.9 w4 − 9.2 w + 13) = 15.6 w4 − 14 w − 17.4 + 16.9w4 − 9.2 w + 13
= (15.6 w4 + 16.9 w4 ) + ( −14 w − 9.2 w) + ( −17.4 + 13)

= 32.5w4 − 23.2w − 4.4
23. 5 z − 3z − (10 z + 8) = 5 z − (3z − 10 z − 8)

= 5 z − 3z + 10 z + 8
= (5 z − 3z + 10 z ) + 8
= 12 z + 8

24. ( y3 + 1) − ( y 2 + 1) + (3 y − 7) = y 3 + 1 − ( y 2 + 1) − (3 y − 7)
= y3 + 1 − y 2 − 1 − 3 y + 7
= y 3 − y 2 − 3 y + (1 − 1 + 7)
= y3 − y 2 − 3 y + 7
25. 3 x( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 3 x( x 2 ) + 3 x( −2 x) + 3 x(1) (
37. x 2 − x + 2 x 2 + x + 1 )( )
3 2
= 3x − 6 x + 3x 2
x − x + 2
2
× x + x + 1
( ) ( )
26. y 2 4 y 2 + 2 y − 3 = y 2 4 y 2 + y 2 ( 2 y ) + y 2 ( −3)
x 4 − x3 + 2 x 2
= 4 y 4 + 2 y3 − 3 y 2 x3 − x 2 + 2 x
x2 − x + 2
27. −5 z (3 z − 1) = −5 z (3 z ) + ( −5 z )( −1)
x + 0x + 2x2 +
4 3
x + 2 = x4 + 2 x2 + x + 2
= −15 z 2 + 5 z
28. −3 x(5 x + 2) = −3 x(5 x) + ( −3 x)( 2) (

38. 2 x 2 − x + 4 x 2 + 3x + 2 )( )
2
= −15 x − 6 x 2x2 − x + 4
2
× x + 3x + 2
29. (1.5t 2 + 5)( −3t ) = (1.5t 2 )( −3t ) + (5)( −3t )
2 x 4 − x3 + 4 x 2
= −4.5t 3 − 15t
6 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 12 x
30. ( 2 − 3.5 y ) 2 y( ) = 2(2 y ) + (−3.5 y)(2 y )
3 3 3
4x2 − 2x + 8
= 4 y3 − 7 y 4 2 x 4 + 5 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 10 x + 8
4 3
= −7 y + 4 y
39. ( x + 10)( x − 10) = x2 − 102 = x2 − 100
31. −2 x(0.1x + 17) = ( −2 x)(0.1x) + ( −2 x)(17)
40. ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x − 3) = ( 2 x) − 32 = 4 x 2 − 9
2
= −0.2 x 2 − 34 x
32. 6 y 5 −( 3
8
y ) = (6 y)(5) − (6 y)( 83 y) 41. ( x + 2 y)( x − 2 y) = x2 − ( 2 y) = x2 − 4 y 2
2
9 2
= 30 y − 4
y
42. ( 4a + 5b)( 4a − 5b) = ( 4a) − (5b) = 16a 2 − 25b2
2 2
= − 94 y 2 + 30 y
43. ( 2 x + 3) = ( 2 x ) + 2( 2 x )(3) + 32
2 2
33. ( x + 7)( x + 5) = x 2 + 5 x + 7 x + 35
= 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9
= x 2 + 12 x + 35
44. (5 − 8 x ) = 52 + ( 2)(5)( −8 x ) + ( −8 x )
2 2
34. (x − 8)( x + 4) = x 2 + 4 x − 8 x − 32
= 25 − 80 x + 64 x 2
= x 2 − 4 x − 32
= 64 x 2 − 80 x + 25
35. (3 x − 5)( 2 x + 1) = 6 x + 3x − 10 x − 5
2
( ) = ( 4 x3 ) − 2( 4 x3 )(3) + (3)
2 2 2
45. 4 x3 − 3
= 6x2 − 7 x − 5
= 16 x 6 − 24 x3 + 9
36. (7 x − 2)( 4 x − 3) = 28 x − 21x − 8 x + 6 2
46. (8 x + 3) = (8 x) + 2(8 x)(3) + 32

2 2
= 28 x 2 − 29 x + 6
= 64 x 2 + 48 x + 9
(x + 3) = x 3 + 3( x ) (3) + 3( x)(3) + 33
3 2 2
47.
= x 3 + 9 x 2 + 27 x + 27

(x − 2) = x 3 − 3 x 2 ( 2) + 3 x ( 2) − 23 56. ( 2.4 x + 3) = ( 2.4 x) + 2( 2.4 x )(3) + (3)

3 2 2 2 2
48.
= x 3 − 6 x 2 + 12 x − 8 = 5.76 x 2 + 14.4 x + 9
49. ( 2 x − y ) = ( 2 x) − 3( 2 x) y + 3( 2 x) y 2 − y 3
3 3 2 2
57. ( x − 3) + y = ( x − 3) + 2 y ( x − 3) + y 2
2
= 8 x3 − 12 x 2 y + 6 xy 2 − y 3 = x 2 − 6 x + 9 + 2 xy − 6 y + y 2
= x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 − 6 x − 6 y + 9
50. (3x + 2 y ) = (3x) + 3(3x) ( 2 y ) + 3(3x)( 2 y ) + ( 2 y )
3 3 2 2 3
2
58. ( x + 1) − y  = ( x + 1) + 2( x + 1)( − y ) + ( − y )
2 2
= 27 x3 + 54 x 2 y + 36 xy 2 + 8 y 3
= x 2 + 2 x + 1 − 2 xy − 2 y + y 2
( )( ) ( )
2
− (3)
1 1 1 2
51. x −3 x +3 = x
5 5 5 = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 + 2 x − 2 y + 1
1 2
= 25
x −9
59. ( m − 3) + n
( m − 3) − n = ( m − 3) − ( n)
2 2
52. (1.5 x − 4)(1.5 x + 4) = (1.5 x ) − ( 4)

2 2
= m 2 − 6m + 9 − n 2
2
= 2.25 x − 16 = m 2 − n 2 − 6m + 9
53. ( − 6 x + 3 y )( − 6 x − 3 y ) = ( − 6 x) − (3 y )
2 2
60. ( x − 3 y ) + z 
( x − 3 y ) − z  = ( x − 3 y ) − ( z )
2 2
= 36 x 2 − 9 y 2 = x 2 − 6 xy + 9 y 2 − z 2
( )( ) ( ) − ( 4b 2 )
2 2
54. 3a3 − 4b 2 3a 3 + 4b 2 = 3a3 61. (u + 2)(u − 2)(u 2 + 4) = (u 2 − 4)(u 2 + 4)
= 9a 6 − 16b 4 = u 4 − 16
( 14 x − 5) ( 14 x) ( ) (x + y )( x − y )( x 2 + y 2 ) = ( x 2 − y 2 )( x 2 + y 2 )
2 2
55. = − 2 14 x (5) + ( −5)
2 62.
= ( x2 ) − ( y 2 ) = x4 − y 4
2 2
1 2 5
= 16
x − 2
x + 25
63. ( − 3 x 3 + x 2 + 9) − ( 4 x 2 − 5) = − 3 x 3 + x 2 + 9 − 4 x 2 + 5
= − 3 x 3 + ( x 2 − 4 x 2 ) + (9 + 5)
= − 3 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 14
64. ( 2t 4 − 10t 3 − 4t ) − ( − 7t 4 + 5t 2 − 1) = 2t 4 − 10t 3 − 4t + 7t 4 − 5t 2 + 1
= ( 2t 4 + 7t 4 ) − 10t 3 − 5t 2 − 4t + 1
= 9t 4 − 10t 3 − 5t 2 − 4t + 1
65. ( y2 + 3 y − 5)( y2 − 6 y + 4) (
66. x 2 + 4 x − 1 x2 − x + 3)( )
y2 + 3y − 5 x2 + 4x − 1
2
× y − 6y + 4 × x2 − x + 3
y 4 + 3 y3 − 5 y 2 x 4 + 4 x3 − x 2
3 2
6 y − 18 y + 30 y − x3 − 4 x2 + x
+ 4 y 2 + 12 y − 20 + 3x 2 + 12 x − 3
4 3 2
y − 3 y − 19 y + 42 y − 20 x + 3 x − 2 x 2 + 13x − 3
4 3
( )( ) ( x) − ( y)
2 2
67. x + y x − y =
= x − y

( )( ) ( x) 71. (a) Profit = Revenue − Cost

2
x = (5) −
2
68. 5 + x 5−
P = 135 x − (93x + 35,000)
= 25 − x
= 135 x − 93 x − 35,000
( ) ( 5) + ( 5)
2 2
69. x − 5 = x − 2( x)
2 = 42 x − 35,000
(b) For x = 5000:
= x2 − 2 5x + 5
P = 42(5000) − 35,000
(x + ) ( 3)
2 2
2
70. 3 = x + 2x 3 + = 210,000 − 35,000
2
= x + 2x 3 + 3 = 175,000
So, the profit is $175,000.
72. (a) 500(1 + r ) = 500( r + 1)

2 2
= 500( r 2 + 2r + 1)
= 500r 2 + 1000r + 500
(b)
r 2 12 % 3% 4% 4 12 % 5%
500(1 + r )
2
$525.31 $530.45 $540.80 $546.01 $551.25
(c) As r increases, the amount increases.
73. (a) The possible gene combinations of an offspring with albino coloring is 14 , or 25%.
(b) (0.5 N + 0.5a ) = (0.5 N ) + 2(0.5 N )(0.5a ) + (0.5a )

2 2 2
= 0.25 N 2 + 0.5 Na + 0.25a 2

(c) The probability of an offspring with albino coloring is represented by the coefficient of the a 2 term,
which is 0.25, or 25%.
74. (a) (100 − x)(100 + x) = (100) − ( x)

2 2
= 10,000 − x 2
(b) As x increases, the area of the foundation decreases.
(c) When x = 21 feet, the area of the new foundation is
A = 10,000 − ( 21)
2
= 9559 square feet.
75. Area of shaded region = Area of outer rectangle − Area of inner rectangle
A = 2 x( 2 x + 6) − x( x + 4)
= 4 x 2 + 12 x − x 2 − 4 x
= 3x 2 + 8 x
76. Area of shaded region = Area of outer triangle − Area of inner triangle
A = 1
2 (9 x)(12 x) − 12 (6 x)(8x)
= 54 x 2 − 24 x 2
= 30 x 2

77. Area of shaded region = Area of larger square − Area of smaller square
A = ( 4 x + 2) − ( x − 1)
2 2
= 16 x 2 + 16 x + 4 − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
= 15 x 2 + 18 x + 3
78. Area of shaded region = Area of larger triangle − Area of smaller triangle
A = 1
2
(2 x + 8) −
2 1
2
(x + 4)
2
= 1 2
2
4x + 32 x + 64 − ( x 2 + 8 x + 16)
= 1
2 (3 x 2 + 24 x + 48)
3 2
= 2
x + 12 x + 24
79. (a) V = l ⋅ w ⋅ h
= ( 26 − 2 x )(18 − 2 x)( x)
= 2(13 − x )( 2)(9 − x)( x)
= 4 x( −1)( x − 13)( −1)( x − 9)
= 4 x( x − 13)( x − 9)
= 4 x 3 − 88 x 2 + 468 x
(b) When x = 1: V = 4(1) − 88(1) + 468(1) = 384 cm3

3 2
x (cm ) 1 2 3
When x = 2: V = 4( 2) − 88( 2) + 468( 2) = 616 cm
3 2
V (cm )
3 3
384 616 720
When x = 3: V = 4(3) − 88(3) + 468(3) = 720 cm3

3 3
80. (a) V = l ⋅ w ⋅ h
= 1
2
( 45 − 3x)(15 − 2 x) x
= 1
2 ( 45 − 3x)(15 x − 2x2 )
= 1
2(675x − 90 x 2 − 45x 2 + 6 x3 )
2( )
= 1 6 x3 − 135 x 2 + 675 x
1
(3) − 135(3) + 675(3) = (6 ⋅ 27 − 135 ⋅ 9 + 2025)
3 3 1
(b) When x = 3: V = 2
6
 2
= 1
2 [162 − 1215 + 2025] = 1
2 (972)
3
= 486 cm
1
(5) − 135(5) + 675(5) = [6 ⋅ 125 − 135 ⋅ 25 + 3375]
3 2 1
When x = 5: V = 2
6
 2
= 1
2 [750 − 3375 + 3375] = 1
2 (750)
3
= 375 cm
1
( 7) − 135(7) + 675(7) = [6 ⋅ 343 − 135 ⋅ 49 + 4725]
3 2 1
When x = 7: V = 2
6
 2
= 1
2 [2058 − 6615 + 4725] = 1
2
(168)
= 84 cm3
x (cm ) 3 5 7
Volume (cm 3
) 486 375 84

81. (a) Approximations will vary. Actual safe loads for x = 12:
2
S6 = 0.06(12) − 2.42(12) + 38.71 = 335.2561 (using a calculator)
2
 
2
S8 = 0.08(12) − 3.30(12) + 51.93 = 568.8225
2
(using a calculator)
 
Difference in safe loads = 568.8225 − 335.2561 = 233.5664 pounds
(b) The difference in safe loads decreases in magnitude as the span increases.
82. (a) T = R + B = 1.1x + (0.0475 x 2 − 0.001x + 0.23)

= 0.0475 x 2 + 1.099 x + 0.23
(b)
x ( mi hr ) 30 40 55
T (ft ) 75.95 120.19 204.36
(c) Stopping distance increases at an accelerating rate as speed increases
( )
83. False. 4 x 2 + 1 (3x + 1) = 12 x3 + 4 x 2 + 3x + 1 87. Because x m x n = x m + n , the degree of the product is
m + n.
( 2
) ( 2
84. False. x + 1 + − x + 3 = 4, which is not a ) 88. If the degree of one polynomial is m and the degree of
second-degree polynomial. the second polynomial is n (and n > m ), the degree of
the sum of the polynomials is n.
85. False. ( 4 x + 3) + ( −4 x + 6) = 4 x + 3 − 4 x + 6
89. The middle term was omitted when squaring the
= 3+ 6
binomial.
= 9
(x − 3) = ( x) − 2( x)(3) + (3)
2 2 2
86. True. The leading coefficient of

= x2 − 6x + 9
(an x n
+  + a 0 )(bm x +  + b0 ) is anbm .
m
≠ x2 + 9
90. (a) The cardboard was 52 inches long and 24 inches wide. The box was constructed by cutting a square of x inches by x inches
from each corner of the rectangular piece of cardboard and folding the side pieces up.
(b) The polynomial is a 3rd degree polynomial because the length, width, and height of the box are expressions in the
variable x.
(c) Volume = length × width × height
= (52 − 2 x)( 42 − 2 x) x
= 4 x 3 − 188 x 2 + 2184 x
The value of x (to the nearest tenth of an inch) that yields the maximum possible volume of the box may be found by
substituting values of x into the volume equation.
x 5 6 7 8 9 10
V 6720 7200 7448 7488 7344 7040
The maximum volume occurs for a value of x between 7 and 8.
x 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

V 7461.0 7471.9 7480.7 7487.6 7492.5 7495.4 7496.4 7495.5 7492.7
The maximum volume occurs when x ≈ 7.7 inches.

91. The unknown polynomial may be found by adding − x 3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x − 1 and 5 x 2 + 8:
(− x3 + 3 x 2 + 2 x − 1) + (5 x 2 + 8) = − x 3 + (3 x 2 + 5 x 2 ) + 2 x + ( −1 + 8)
= − x3 + 8 x 2 + 2 x + 7
(x + y)
2
92. ≠ x2 + y 2
Let x = 3 and y = 4.
(3 + 4)2 = (7) = 49
>
2
Not Equal
32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25
If either x or y is zero, then (x + y ) would equal x 2 + y 2 .

2
Section P.4 Factoring Polynomials

1. factoring 15. (x − 1) − 4 = ( x − 1) − ( 2)
2 2 2
2. completely factored = ( x − 1) + 2

( x − 1) − 2
3. perfect square binomial = ( x + 1)( x − 3)
4. grouping 16. 25 − ( z + 5) = 52 − ( z + 5)
2 2
5. 2 x3 − 6 x = 2 x x 2 − 3 ( ) = 5 − ( z + 5)
5 + ( z + 5)
= (5 − z − 5)(5 + z + 5)
3 2
6. 3z − 6 z + 9 z = 3z z − 2 z + 3 ( 2
) = − z ( z + 10)
7. 3 x( x − 5) + 8( x − 5) = ( x − 5)(3 x + 8) ( )(
17. 81u 4 − 1 = 9u 2 + 1 9u 2 − 1 )
= (9u 2 + 1)(3u + 1)(3u − 1)
(x + 3) − 4( x + 3) = ( x + 3) ( x + 3) − 4
2
8.
= ( x + 3)( x − 1) ( )(
18. x 4 − 16 y 4 = x 2 + 4 y 2 x 2 − 4 y 2 )
9. x 2 − 81 = x 2 − 92 = ( x2 + 4 y 2 )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )
= ( x + 9)( x − 9)
19. x 2 − 4 x + 4 = x 2 − 2( 2) x + 22 = ( x − 2)
2
10. x 2 − 64 = x 2 − 82
20. 4t 2 + 4t + 1 = ( 2t ) + 2( 2t )(1) + 12 = ( 2t + 1)
2 2
= ( x + 8)( x − 8)
21. 25z 2 − 30 z + 9 = (5z) − 2(5z )(3) + 32 = (5z − 3)

2 2
11. 25 y 2 − 4 = (5 y) − 22 = (5 y + 2)(5 y − 2)
2
22. 36 y 2 + 84 y + 49 = (6 y ) + 2(6 y )(7) + 7 2

2
12. 4 y 2 − 49 = ( 2 y ) − 7 2 = ( 2 y + 7)( 2 y − 7)
2
= ( 6 y + 7)
2
64 − 9 z = 8 − (3z ) = (8 + 3z )(8 − 3z )
2 2 2
13.
23. 4 y 2 − 12 y + 9 = ( 2 y ) − 2( 2 y )(3) + (3)
2 2
14. 81 − 36 z 2 = 9(9 − 4 z 2 )
= ( 2 y − 3)
2
= 932 − ( 2 z ) 
2
 
24. 9u 2 + 24uv + 16v 2 = (3u ) + 2(3u )( 4v) + ( 4v)
2 2
= 9(3 + 2 z )(3 − 2 z )
= (3u + 4v)
2
25. x3 − 8 = x3 − 23 = ( x − 2) x 2 + 2 x + 4 ( )

Section P.4 Factoring Polynomials 17
(
26. x3 + 125 = x3 + 53 = ( x + 5) x 2 − 5 x + 25 ) 29. 27 x 3 + 8 = (3 x) + 23 = (3 x + 2)(9 x 2 − 6 x + 4)
3
27. 8t 3 − 1 = ( 2t ) − 13 = ( 2t − 1)( 4t 2 + 2t + 1) 30. 64 y 3 − 125 = ( 4 y ) − 53

3 3
= ( 4 y − 5)(16 y 2 + 20 y + 25)
28. 27 z + 1 = (3 z ) + 1 = (3 z + 1)(9 z − 3 z + 1)
3 3 3 2
(
31. u 3 + 27v3 = u 3 + (3v) = (u + 3v) u 2 − 3uv + 9v 2
3
)
32. (x + 2) − y 3 = ( x + 2) − ( y )
3 3 3
= ( x + 2 − y ) ( x + 2) + y ( x + 2) + y 2 
2
 
= ( x − y + 2)( x 2 + xy + 4 x + y 2 + 2 y + 4)
33. x 2 + x − 2 = ( x + 2)( x − 1) ( )
47. 3x5 + 6 x3 − 2 x 2 − 4 = 3x3 x 2 + 2 − 2 x 2 + 2 ( )
= (3x3 − 2)( x 2 + 2)
34. x2 + 5x + 6 = ( x + 2)( x + 3)
35. s 2 − 5s + 6 = ( s − 3)( s − 2)
( )
48. 8 x5 − 6 x 2 + 12 x3 − 9 = 2 x 2 4 x3 − 3 + 3 4 x3 − 3 ( )
= ( 4 x − 3)( 2 x + 3)
3 2
36. t − t − 6 = (t + 2)(t − 3)
2
49. a ⋅ c = ( 2)(9) = 18. Rewrite the middle term,

37. 3x 2 + 10 x − 8 = (3x − 2)( x + 4) 9 x = 6 x + 3 x, because (6)(3) = 18 and 6 + 3 = 9.
2 x 2 + 9 x + 9 = 2 x 2 + 6 x + 3x + 9
38. 2 x 2 − 3x − 27 = ( 2 x − 9)( x + 3)
= 2 x( x + 3) + 3( x + 3)
39. 5x + 31x + 6 = (5 x + 1)( x + 6)
2
= ( x + 3)( 2 x + 3)
40. 8x2 + 51x + 18 = (8x + 3)( x + 6) 50. a ⋅ c = (6)( −2) = −12. Rewrite the middle term,
x = 4 x − 3 x, because 4( −3) = −12 and

41. −5 y 2 − 8 y + 4 = −(5 y 2 + 8 y − 4)
4 + ( −3) = 1.
= −(5 y − 2)( y + 2)
6 x 2 + x − 2 = 6 x 2 + 4 x − 3x − 2
42. −6 z 2 + 17 z + 3 = −(6 z 2 − 17 z − 3) = 2 x(3x + 2) − 1(3x + 2)
= −(6 z + 1)( z − 3) = ( 2 x − 1)(3x + 2)
43. x3 − x 2 + 2 x − 2 = x 2 ( x − 1) + 2( x − 1) 51. a ⋅ c = (6)( −15) = −90. Rewrite the middle term,
= ( x − 1)( x 2 + 2) − x = −10 x + 9 x, because ( −10)(9) = −90 and

−10 + 9 = −1.
44. x3 + 5 x 2 − 5 x − 25 = x 2 ( x + 5) − 5( x + 5)
6 x 2 − x − 15 = 6 x 2 − 10 x + 9 x − 15
= ( x + 5)( x − 5) 2
= 2 x(3x − 5) + 3(3x − 5)
= ( 2 x + 3)(3x − 5)
45. 2 x3 − x 2 − 6 x + 3 = x 2 ( 2 x − 1) − 3( 2 x − 1)
= ( 2 x − 1)( x 2 − 3)
46. 3x3 + x 2 − 15 x − 5 = x 2 (3 x + 1) − 5(3x + 1)

= ( x 2 − 5)(3 x + 1)

52. a ⋅ c = (12)(1) = 12. Rewrite the middle term, 60. 9 x 2 + 12 x − 3 x3 = −3x3 + 9 x 2 + 12 x
−13 x = −12 x − x, because ( −12)( −1) = 12 and = −3x( x 2 − 3 x − 4)

−12 − 1 = −13. = −3x( x − 4)( x + 1)
2 2
12 x − 13x + 1 = 12 x − 12 x − x + 1
( x2 + 3) − 16 x 2 = ( x 2 + 3) + 4 x
( x + 3) − 4 x
2
61. 2 
= 12 x( x − 1) − 1( x − 1)
= ( x − 1)(12 x − 1) = ( x 2 + 4 x + 3)( x 2 − 4 x + 3)
= ( x + 3)( x + 1)( x − 3)( x − 1)
( )
53. 6 x 2 − 54 = 6 x2 − 9 = 6( x + 3)( x − 3)
( x2 + 8) − 36 x 2 = ( x 2 + 8) − (6 x)
2 2 2
62.
( )
54. 12 x 2 − 48 = 12 x 2 − 4 = 12( x + 2)( x − 2)
= ( x 2 + 8) − 6 x
( x + 8) + 6 x
2 
55. x3 − x 2 = x2 ( x − 1) = ( x 2 − 6 x + 8)( x 2 + 6 x + 8)
= ( x − 4)( x − 2)( x + 4)( x + 2)
( )
56. x3 − 16 x = x x 2 − 16 = x( x + 4)( x − 4)
63. 2 x3 + x 2 − 8 x − 4 = x 2 ( 2 x + 1) − 4( 2 x + 1)
57. 1 − 4 x + 4 x 2 = (1 − 2 x)
2
= ( 2 x + 1)( x 2 − 4)
58. −9 x 2 + 6 x − 1 = −(9 x 2 − 6 x + 1) = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 2)( x − 2)
= −(9 x 2 − 3x − 3 x + 1) 64. 3 x 3 + x 2 − 27 x − 9 = x 2 (3 x + 1) − 9(3 x + 1)

= − 3 x(3 x − 1) − (3 x − 1) = (3 x + 1)( x 2 − 9)
= −(3 x − 1) = (3 x + 1)( x + 3)( x − 3)
2
59. 2 x 2 + 4 x − 2 x3 = −2 x( − x − 2 + x 2 ) 65. 2 x(3 x + 1) + (3 x + 1) = (3 x + 1) 2 x + (3 x + 1)

2
= −2 x( x 2 − x − 2) = (3 x + 1)(5 x + 1)
= −2 x( x + 1)( x − 2)
66. 4 x( 2 x − 1) + ( 2 x − 1) = ( 2 x − 1) 4 x + ( 2 x − 1)
2
= ( 2 x − 1)(6 x − 1)
67. 2( x − 2)( x + 1) − 3( x − 2) ( x + 1) = ( x − 2)( x + 1) 2( x + 1) − 3( x − 2)

2 2
= ( x − 2)( x + 1)[2 x + 2 − 3 x + 6]
= ( x − 2)( x + 1)( − x + 8)
= −( x − 2)( x + 1)( x − 8)
68. 2( x + 1)( x − 3) − 3( x + 1) ( x − 3) = ( x + 1)( x − 3) 2( x − 3) − 3( x + 1)

2 2
= ( x + 1)( x − 3)[2 x − 6 − 3x − 3]
= ( x + 1)( x − 3)( − x − 9)
= −( x + 1)( x − 3)( x + 9)
69. 5( 2 x + 1) ( x + 1) + ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) 5( 2 x + 1) + ( x + 1)

2 2 3 2
= ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) (10 x + 5 + x + 1)
2
= ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) (11x + 6)
2

70. 7(3 x + 2) (1 − x) + (3 x + 2)(1 − x) = (3 x + 2)(1 − x) 7(3 x + 2) + (1 − x)

2 2 3 2
= (3 x + 2)(1 − x) ( 21x + 14 + 1 − x)
2
= (3 x + 2)(1 − x) ( 20 x + 15)
2
= 5(3 x + 2)(1 − x) ( 4 x + 3)
2
( 13 ) 79. 2 x2 + 7 x + 3 = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 3)
2
= ( 4 x) −
1 2
71. 16 x 2 − 9
= ( 4 x + 13 )( 4 x − 13 )
x x
x x
( 52 y) − (8)
2 2
4 y2 x x 1
72. 25
− 64 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x
= ( 52 y + 8)( 52 y − 8) x x x x x x x
( 12 ) + ( 12 )
2 1 1 1
73. z 2 + z + 1
4
= z 2 + 2( z ) 1 1 1
= (z + 1 2
2 ) 80. 3x 2 + 7 x + 2 = (3x + 1)( x + 2)
x x x
( 14 ) + ( 14 )
2
= (3 y ) − 2(3 y )
3 1 2
74. 9 y 2 − 2
y + 16 x x x
( )
2
1
= 3y − 4 x x x 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x
x x x x x x x
()
3
75. y 3 + 8 2
27
= y3 + 3
1
1
= ( y + 23 )( y 2
− 2y
3
+ 4
9 ) 1
1
1
1
( 43 )
3
81. A = π ( r + 2) − π r 2
2
76. x 3 − 27
64
= x3 −
= ( x − 34 )( x ) = π ( r + 2) − r 2 
2
2 3 9
+ 4
y + 16  
= π r 2 + 4r + 4 − r 2 
77. x + 3x + 2 = ( x + 2)( x + 1)
2
= π ( 4r + 4)
x
= 4π ( r + 1)
x
1 1 1 x 1 82. Area = 1
2
(x + 3) ( 54 )( x + 3) − 12 (5)(4)
x x x x
= 5
8( x2 + 6 x + 9) − 5
8
(16)
1
8(
1 1 = 5 2
x + 6 x + 9 − 16)
1 1
8(
= 5 2
x + 6 x − 7)
78. x + 4 x + 3 = ( x + 3)( x + 1)
2
= 5
8
(x + 7)( x − 1)
x
1 1 1 1 x 1
x x x x x
1
1 1 1
1 1 1

83. (a) V = π R 2 h − π r 2 h
= π h( R 2 − r 2 )
= π h( R + r )( R − r )
(b) Let w = thickness of the shell and let p = average radius of the shell.
w p
R r
1 1
So, R = p + w and r = p − w
2 2
V = π h( R + r )( R − r )
 1   1  1   1 
= π h  p + w  +  p − w  p + w  −  p − w 
 2   2  2   2 
= π h(2 p)( w)
= 2π pwh
= 2π (average radius)(thickness of shell) h
84. kQx − kx 2 = kx(Q − x)
85. For x 2 + bx − 15 to be factorable, b must equal m + n where mn = −15.
Factors of −15 Sum of factors

(15)(−1) 15 + ( −1) = 14
(−15)(1) −15 + 1 = −14
(3)( −5) 3 + ( −5) = −2
(−3)(5) −3 + 5 = 2
The possible b-values are 14, −14, − 2, and 2.
86. For x 2 + bx + 24 to be factorable, b must equal m + n where mn = 24.
Factors of 24 Sum of factors

(1)(24) 1 + 24 = 25
( −1)( −24) −1 + ( −24) = −25
(2)(12) 2 + 12 = 14
( −2)(−12) −2 + ( −12) = −14
(3)(8) 3 + 8 = 11
( −3)(−8) −3 + ( −8) = −11
(4)(6) 4 + 6 = 10
(−4)(−6) −4 + ( −6) = −10
The possible b-values are 25, − 25, 14, −14, 11, −11, 10, −10.

87. For 2 x 2 + 5 x + c to be factorable, the factors of 2c must add up to 5.

Possible c-values 2c Factors of 2c that add up to 5
2 4 (1)(4) = 4 and 1 + 4 = 5
3 6 (2)(3) = 6 and 2 + 3 = 5
−3 −6 (6)(−1) = −6 and 6 + (−1) = 5
−7 −14 (7)(−2) = −14 and 7 + (−2) = 5
−12 −24 (8)(−3) = −24 and 8 + (−3) = 5
These are a few possible c-values. There are many correct answers.
If c = 2: 2 x 2 + 5 x + 2 = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 2)
If c = 3: 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3 = ( 2 x + 3)( x + 1)
If c = −3: 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3 = ( 2 x − 1)( x + 3)
If c = −7: 2 x 2 + 5 x − 7 = ( 2 x + 7)( x − 1)
If c = −12: 2 x 2 + 5 x − 12 = ( 2 x − 3)( x + 4)
88. For 3x 2 − x + c to be factorable, the factors of 3c must add up to −1.
Possible c-values 3c Factors of 3c must add up to −1

−2 −6 (2)(−3) = −6 and 2 + ( −3) = −1
−4 −12 (3)(−4) = −12 and 3 + ( −4) = −1
−10 −30 (5)(−6) = −30 and 5 + ( −6) = −1
These are a few possible c-values. There are many correct answers.
If c = −2: 3x 2 − x − 2 = (3x + 2)( x − 1)
If c = −4: 3x 2 − x − 4 = (3x − 4)( x + 1)
If c = −10: 3x 2 − x − 10 = (3x + 5)( x − 2)
89. True. a 2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b)
90. True. u 2 + 2uv + v 2 = (u + v) and u 2 − 2uv + v 2 = (u − v)

2 2
91. 3 should be factored out of both binomials to yield (3 x + 6)(3x − 9) = 3( x + 2)(3)( x − 3) = 9( x + 2)( x − 3) .
92. No, (3 x − 6)( x + 1) is not completely factored because (3x − 6) = 3( x − 2).

So, the completely factored form is 3( x − 2)( x + 1).
93. x 2 n − y 2 n = ( x n ) − ( y n ) = ( x n + y n )( x n − y n )
2 2
This is not completely factored unless n = 1.
( )( ) ( )
For n = 2: x 2 + y 2 x2 − y 2 = x2 + y 2 ( x + y)( x − y)
For n = 3: ( x3 + y3 )( x3 − y3 ) = ( x + y)( x2 − xy + y 2 )( x − y)( x2 + xy + y 2 )
For n = 4: ( x 4 + y 4 )( x4 − y 4 ) = ( x4 + y 4 )( x2 + y 2 )( x + y)( x − y)

94. x 3n + y 3n = ( x n ) + ( y n ) = ( x n + y n )( x 2 n − x n y n + y 2 n )
3 3
Depending on the value of n, this may factor further.
95. Answers will vary. Sample answer: x 2 − 3

a a a− b
96. (a) a 2 − b 2 = − b = = = ( a + b) ( a − b)
b
a a a
b
b
b
a a b
(a − b)
2
(b) = a− b = + b − − b = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
b a
a− b a a
a
b
b
b a
(c) (a + b) =
2
a b b
= + + b +
b
a
a a
= a 2 + ab + ab + b 2
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2
97. u 6 − v 6 = (u 3 ) − (v 3 )
2 2
= (u 3 + v3 )(u 3 − v 3 )
= (u + v)(u 2 − uv + v 2 )

(u − v)(u + uv + v )
2 2 
= (u + v )(u − v)(u 2 + uv + v 2 )(u 2 − uv + v 2 )
x6 − 1 = ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x2 + x + 1)( x2 − x + 1)
x6 − 64 = x6 − 26 = ( x + 2)( x − 2)( x2 + 2 x + 4)( x2 − 2 x + 4)
Section P.5 Rational Expressions

1. domain 5. The domain of 3x 2 − 4 x + 7 is the set of all real
numbers.
2. rational expression
3. complex 6. The domain of 6 x 2 − 9, x > 0 is the set of all positive

real numbers because the polynomial is restricted to that
4. equivalent set.

Section P.5 Rational Expressions 23
1 12 − 4 x 4(3 − x)
7. The domain of is the set of all real numbers x 20. = = − 4, x ≠ 3
3− x x −3 x −3
such that x ≠ 3.
21.
y 2 − 16
=
( y + 4)( y − 4)
1
8. The domain of is the set of all real numbers x y + 4 y + 4
x + 5
= y − 4, y ≠ −4
such that x ≠ −5 .
x + 6 22.
x 2 − 25
=
( x + 5)( x − 5)
9. The domain of is the set of all real numbers x
3x + 2 5− x −1( x − 5)
2
such that x ≠ − . = −( x + 5), x ≠ 5
3
6 y + 9 y2 3 y ( 3 y + 2) 3y 2
x − 4 23. = = ,y ≠ −
10. The domain of is the set of all real numbers x 12 y + 8 4(3 y + 2) 4 3
1 − 2x
1
such that x ≠ . −4 y ( 2 y − 1)
2 4 y − 8 y2
24. =
10 y − 5 5( 2 y − 1)
11. The domain of
x2 − 5x + 6
=
( x − 2)( x − 3) is the
4y 1
x2 + 6 x + 8 ( x + 4)( x + 2) = − ,y ≠
5 2
set of all real numbers x such that x ≠ − 4, − 2.
25.
x2 + 4 x − 5
=
( x + 5)( x − 1) = x − 1 , x ≠ − 5
12. The domain of 2
x2 − 1
=
( x − 1)( x + 1) is the x 2 + 8 x + 15 ( x + 5)( x + 3) x + 3
x + 3 x − 10 ( x + 5)( x − 2)
set of all real numbers x such that x ≠ − 5, 2. 2
26. x2 + 8 x − 20 =
( x + 10)( x − 2) = x − 2 , x ≠ −10
x + 11x + 10 ( x + 10)( x + 1) x + 1
13. The domain of x − 7 is the set of all real numbers x
such that x ≥ 7. x2 − x − 2 x2 − x − 2
27. =
10 − 3x − x 2
− ( x 2 + 3x − 10)
14. The domain of 2 x − 5 is the set of all real numbers x
such that x ≥ 5
. =
( x + 1)( x − 2) = −
x +1
,x ≠ 2
2
− ( x + 5)( x − 2) x +5
1
4 + 3x − x 2 − ( x 2 − 3 x − 4)
x −3 28. =
such that x > 3. 2 x2 − 7 x − 4 2 x2 − 7 x − 4
− ( x + 1)( x − 4) x +1
1 = = − ,x ≠ 4
16. The domain of is the set of all real numbers x (2 x + 1)( x − 4) 2x + 1
x + 2
such that x > −2. x 2 − 16 x 2 − 16
29. = 2
3 2
x + x − 16 x − 16 x ( x + 1) − 16( x + 1)
15 x 2 5 x (3 x ) 3x
17. = = ,x ≠ 0 x 2 − 16
10 x 5 x ( 2) 2 =
(x + 1)( x 2 − 16)
18 y 2 6 y (3)
2
3 1
18. = = = , x ≠ ±4
60 y 5
6 y 2 (10 y 3 ) 10 y 3 x +1
x −5 x −5 x2 − 1 x2 − 1
19. = 30. =
10 − 2 x − 2( x − 5) x3 + x 2 + 9 x + 9 x 2 ( x + 1) + 9( x + 1)
1 =
( x − 1)( x + 1)
= − ,x ≠ 5
2 ( x + 1)( x 2 + 9)
x −1
= , x ≠ −1
x2 + 9

5 x3 5 x3
31. =
3
2x + 4 2( x3 + 2)
When simplifying fractions, only common factors can be divided out, not terms.
32.
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x −3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Undef.
x2 − x − 6 2 3 4 6 7 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x + 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The expressions are not equivalent at x = 3.
5 x −1 1
33. ⋅ = ,x ≠1
x − 1 25( x − 2) 5( x − 2)
r r2 r r2 − 1 r ( r + 1)( r − 1) r +1
34. ÷ 2 = ⋅ = = ,r ≠ 1
r −1 r −1 r −1 r2 r 2 ( r − 1) r
x2 − 4 2− x x2 − 4 2x + 4
35. ÷ = ⋅
12 2x + 4 12 2− x
=
( x + 2)( x − 2) 2( x + 2)
⋅
12 − ( x − 2)
(x + 2)
2
= − , x ≠ ±2
6
t2 − t − 6 t + 3 (t − 3)(t + 2) t + 3 (t − 3)(t + 2)(t + 3)

36. ⋅ = ⋅ =
t 2 + 6t + 9 t 2 − 4 (t + 3)(t + 3) (t − 2)(t + 2) (t + 3)(t + 3)(t − 2)(t + 2)
t −3
= , t ≠ −2
(t + 3)(t − 2)
37.
x 2 + xy − 2 y 2
⋅ 2
x
=
( x + 2 y)( x − y ) ⋅ x
=
x − y
, x ≠ −2 y
x3 + x 2 y x + 3 xy + 2 y 2 x2 ( x + y) ( x + 2 y )( x + y ) x( x + y )2
x 2 − 14 x + 49 3 x − 21 ( x − 7)( x − 7) x+7
38. ÷ = ⋅
x 2 − 49 x+7 ( x + 7)( x − 7) 3( x − 7)
1
= , x ≠ ±7
3
x −1 x − 4 x − 1 − ( x − 4)
39. − =
x + 2 x + 2 x + 2
x −1− x + 4
=
x + 2
3
=
x + 2
2x − 1 1 − x 2x − 1 + 1 − x x
40. + = =
x + 3 x + 3 x + 3 x + 3

41.
1
+
x
=
(1)( x + 1) + x(3x + 2)
3x + 2 x +1 (3x + 2)( x + 1) (3x + 2)( x + 1)
x + 1 + 3x 2 + 2 x
=
(3x + 2)( x + 1)
3x 2 + 3x + 1
=
(3x + 2)( x + 1)
x 6 x( x − 1) 6( x + 4)
42. − = −
x + 4 x −1 ( x + 4)( x − 1) ( x + 4)( x − 1)
x 2 − x − 6 x − 24
=
( x + 4)( x − 1)
x 2 − 7 x − 24
=
( x + 4)( x − 1)
3 x 3 x
43. − = −
2x + 4 x + 2 2( x + 2) x + 2
3 2x
= −
2( x + 2) 2( x + 2)
3 − 2x
=
2( x + 2)
2 4 2 4
44. + = +
2
x −9 x +3 ( x + 3)( x − 3) x + 3
2 4( x − 3)
= +
(x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2 + 4 x − 12
=
(x + 3)( x − 3)
4 x − 10
=
(x + 3)( x − 3)
2( 2 x − 5)
=
(x + 3)( x − 3)
1 2 1 − ( x 2 + 1) 2x 1
45. − + 2 + 3 = + +
x x +1 x + x x( x + 1)
2
x( x + 1)
2
x( x + 1)
2
− x2 − 1 + 2x + 1 − x2 + 2x − x( x − 2)
= = =
x( x + 1)
2
x( x + 1)
2
x( x 2 + 1)
x −2 2− x
= − = 2 ,x ≠ 0
x2 + 1 x +1
2 2 1 2 2 1
46. + + 2 = + +
x +1 x −1 x −1 x +1 x − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2( x − 1) 2( x + 1) 1
= + +
(x + 1)( x − 1) (x + 1)( x − 1) (x + 1)( x − 1)
2x − 2 + 2x + 2 + 1 4x + 1
= =
( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)

47. The minus sign should be distributed to each term in the numerator of the second fraction.
x + 4 3x − 8
− =
( x + 4) − (3x − 8)
x + 2 x + 2 x + 2
x + 4 − 3x + 8 −2 x + 12 −2( x − 6)
= = =
x + 2 x + 2 x + 2
48. The LCD is x 2 ( x + 2), so the numerator of the first fraction should be multiplied by x to yield 6 x − x 2 .
x(6 − x ) ( x + 2) +
2
6 − x x + 2 8 8
+ + 2 = 2 + 2
x ( x + 2) x2 x ( x + 2) x ( x + 2) x ( x + 2) x 2 ( x + 2)
6x − x2 + x2 + 4x + 4 + 8 10 x + 12 2(5 x + 6)
= = 2 = 2
x ( x + 2)
2
x ( x + 2) x ( x + 2)
x  x 2
 − 1  −  x − 2 1 1
49.  2  =  2 2
= ⋅ = ,x ≠ 2
( x − 2)  x − 2  2 x − 2 2
 
 1 
50.
(x + 5)
=
( x + 5) = x + 5 ⋅ 5 = 5( x + 5)
x   x − 25  1 x − 25 x − 25
 − 5  
5   5 
 x2 
 
( x + 1) 
2
( x + 1) = x x + 1 , x ≠ −1, 0
3
x2
51.  = ⋅ ( )
 x  ( x + 1)
2
x
 
 ( x + 1) 
3
 x2 − 1
 
x  x2 − 1 x ( x + 1)( x − 1) ⋅ x x +1
52.  = ⋅ = = ,x ≠ 0
 ( x − 1)2  x ( x − 1)
2
x ( x − 1)( x − 1) x −1
 
x 
 
 1   1 
 x −   x −  2 x 2x − 1
53. 
x
= 
2 2 x
⋅ = ,x > 0
x x 2 x 2x
t2  t2 
− t2 + 1  2 − t 2 + 1
t +1 t2 + 1 t 2 − (t 2 + 1) 1
=   ⋅
2
54. t +1 = = −
2
t t2 2
t +1 t 2 2
t +1 t 2
t2 + 1
 x 2 + x 2 + 3 7  = x + ( x + 3)
7
2 2
( ) + ( x + 3) = ( x + 3) ( )
−4 3 −4
2 2 2 2
55. x x + 3
 
( x2 + 3)
4

56. 2 x( x − 5) −3 − 4 x 2 ( x − 5)−4 = −2 x( x − 5) −4 −( x − 5) + 2 x

−4
= −2 x( x − 5) (− x + 5 + 2 x)
−2 x( x + 5)
=
(x − 5)
4
3 2
57. 2 x 2 ( x − 1)
12
− 5( x − 1)
−1 2
= ( x − 1)
−1 2
2 x 2 ( x − 1)1 − 5 = 2 x − 2 x − 5
  ( x − 1)
12
−3 2 −1 2 −3 2
58. 4 x3 ( x + 1) − x( x + 1) = x( x + 1) 4 x 2 − ( x + 1)
= x( x + 1) (4 x 2
−3 2
− x − 1)
x( 4 x 2 − x − 1)
=
(x + 1)
32
3x1 3 − x −2 3 3x1 3 − x −2 3 x 2 3 3x1 − x 0 3x − 1

59. −2 3
= −2 3
⋅ 23
= 0
= ,x ≠ 0
3x 3x x 3x 3
− x3
− 2 x(1 − x 2 )
12
− x (1 − x ) − 2 x(1 − x ) (1 − x )
−1 2 12 12
3 2 2 2
60. 4
=
x x4
2 x(1 − x 2 ) (1 − x2 ) − x3 − 2 x(1 − x 2 )
12 12
− x3
−
(1 − x2 ) (1 − x2 ) (1 − x2 )
12 12 12
= =
x4 x4
− x 3 − 2 x + 2 x3 1 x3 − 2 x 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ 4
(1 − x2 ) ( )
12 4 12
x 1 − x 2 x
x( x 2 − 2) x2 − 2
= =
x 4 (1 − x 2 ) x3 (1 − x 2 )
12 12
 1 1  1 1  1 1  1 1
 −   −   − 2  − 2
61.  x + h x  =  x + h x  x( x + h)
 ( x + h)  =  ( x + h)
2 2
⋅ x  x  x 2 ( x + h) 2
h h x( x + h) 62.   ⋅
x 2 ( x + h)
2
h h
x − ( x + h)
=
x 2 − ( x + h)
2
hx( x + h) =
hx 2 ( x + h)
2
−h
=
hx( x + h) x 2 − ( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 )
=
1 hx 2 ( x + h)
2
= − ,h ≠ 0
x( x + h)
− h( 2 x + h )
=
hx 2 ( x + h)
2
2x + h
= − ,h ≠ 0
x 2 ( x + h)
2

 1 1   1 1 
 −   − 
63.  x + h − 4 x − 4   x + h − 4 x − 4  ( x − 4)( x + h − 4)
= ⋅
h h ( x − 4)( x + h − 4)
=
(x − 4) − ( x + h − 4 )
h( x − 4)( x + h − 4)
−h
=
h( x − 4)( x + h − 4)
1
= − ,h ≠ 0
(x − 4)( x + h − 4)
 x + h x   ( x + h)( x + 1) x( x + h + 1) 
 −   − 
x + h + 1 x + 1  ( x + h + 1)( x + 1) ( x + h + 1)( x + 1) 
64.  = 
h h1
 ( x + h)( x + 1) x( x + h + 1)  1
=  − ⋅
 ( x + h + 1)( x + 1) ( x + h + 1)( x + 1)  h
 x 2 + x + hx + h − x 2 − xh − x  1
=  ⋅
 ( x + h + 1)( x + 1)  h
h 1 1
= ⋅ = ,h ≠ 0
( x + h + 1)( x + 1) h ( x + h + 1)( x + 1)
x + 2 − x x + 2 − x x + 2 + x
65. = ⋅
2 2 x + 2 + x
z −3 − z z −3 − z z −3 + z
66. = − ⋅
−3 3 z −3 + z
= −
(z − 3) − z
(
3 z −3 + z )
−3
= −
(
3 z −3 + z )
1
=
z −3 + z
t +3 − 3 t +3 − 3 t +3 + 3
67. = ⋅
t t t +3 + 3
=
(t + 3) − 3
t ( t +3 + 3 )
t
=
t ( t +3 + 3 )
1
= ,t ≠ 0
t +3 + 3

x +5 − 5 x +5 − 5 x +5 + 5
68. = ⋅
x x x +5 + 5
=
( x + 5) − 5
x ( x +5 + 5 )
x
=
x ( x +5 + 5 )
1
= ,x ≠ 0
x +5 + 5
x + h +1 − x +1 x + h +1 − x +1 x + h +1 + x +1
69. = ⋅
h h x + h +1 + x +1
=
(x + h + 1) − ( x + 1)
h ( x + h +1 + x +1 )
h
=
h ( x + h +1 + x +1 )
1
= ,h ≠ 0
x + h +1 + x +1
x + h − 2 − x − 2 x + h − 2 + x − 2 x + h − 2− x + 2
70. ⋅ =
h ( x + h − 2 + x − 2 ) h ( x + h − 2 + x − 2 )
h
=
h ( x + h − 2 + x − 2 )
1
= ,h ≠ 0
x + h − 2 + x − 2
 4t 2 + 16t + 75 
71. T = 10 2 
 t + 4t + 10 
(a)
t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
T 75° 55.9° 48.3° 45° 43.3° 42.3° 41.7° 41.3° 41.1° 40.9° 40.7° 40.6°
(b) T is approaching 40°.
1
72. (a) minute
50
1 x
(b) x  = minutes
 50  50
1 12
(c) 120  = = 2.4 minutes
 50  5
Shaded area x( x 2) x2 2 x
73. Probability = = = ⋅ = ,x ≠ 0
Total area x( 2 x + 1) 2x + 1 2 2( 2 x + 1)

1 4
⋅ ( x + 2)( x + x + 4)
Shaded area 2 x
74. Probability = =
( x + 4)( x + 2) + ( x + 2)
Total area 1 4
2  x 
4( x + 2)( 2 x + 4) 4 ⋅ 2( x + 2)
2
= x = x
( x + 4)( x + 2)1 +  ( x + 4)( x + 2)1 + 
 4 4
 x  x
8( x + 2)
2
1
= ⋅
x  4
(x + 4)( x + 2)1 + 
 x
8( x + 2) 8( x + 2)
2
= = ,x ≠ 0
(x + 4)( x + 2)( x + 4) (x + 4)
2
75. (a)
Year, t Online Banking Mobile Banking
11 79.1 17.9
12 80.9 24.0
13 83.1 29.6
14 86.0 34.8
(b) The values from the models are close to the actual data.
Number of households using mobile banking
(c)
Number of households using online banking
=
(0.661t 2 − 47) (0.007t 2 + 1)
(− 2.9709t + 70.517) ( − 0.0474t + 1)
2
0.661t − 47 − 0.0474t + 1
= ⋅
0.007t 2 + 1 − 2.9709t + 70.517
=
(0.661t 2 − 47)( − 0.0474t + 1)
(0.007t 2
+ 1)( − 2.9709t + 70.517)
− 0.313t 2 + 0.661t 2 + 2.23t − 47
=
− 0.0208t 3 + 0.494t 2 − 2.97t + 70.5
0.0313t 3 − 0.661t 2 − 2.23t + 47
=
0.0208t 3 − 0.494t 2 + 2.97t − 70.5
0.0313t 3 − 0.661t 2 − 2.23t + 47
=
0.0208t 3 − 0.494t 2 + 2.97t − 70.5
0.0313(11) − 0.661(11) − 2.23(11) + 47
3 2
(d) When t = 11, ≈ 0.2267.

0.0208(11) − 0.494(11) + 2.97(11) − 70.5
3 2
0.0313(12) − 0.661(12) − 2.23(12) + 47

3 2
When t = 12, ≈ 0.2977.

0.0208(12) − 0.494(12) + 2.97(12) − 70.5
3 2
0.0313(13) − 0.661(13) − 2.23(13) + 47

3 2
When t = 13, ≈ 0.3578.

0.0208(13) − 0.494(13) − 2.97(13) − 70.5
3 2
0.0313(14) − 0.661(14) − 2.23(14) + 47

3 2
When t = 14, ≈ 0.4061

0.0208(14) − 0.494(14) + 2.97(14) − 70.5
3 2
Answers will vary.

Section P.6 The Rectangular Coordinate System and Graphs 31
 24( NM − P)   24(60 ⋅ 525 − 28,000)  2(31,500 − 28,000) 2(3500)

   
 N   60  5 5 2(700) 1400
76. (a) r = = = = = = ≈ 4.57%
 NM   60 ⋅ 525  31,500 28,000 + 2625 30,625 30,625
 P +   28,000 +  28,000 +
 12   12  12
 24( NM − P ) 
 
(b) r = 
N  = 24( NM − P ) ⋅ 12
=
288( MN − P )
12 P + NM N 12 P + NM N (12 P + MN )
12
288(525 ⋅ 60 − 28,000) 288(31,500 − 28,000) 288(3500) 1,008,000
= = = = ≈ 4.57%
60(12 ⋅ 28,000 + 525 ⋅ 60) 60(336,000 + 31,500) 60(367,500) 22,050,000
1 1 R1R2 79. False. In order for the simplified expression to be

77. RT = = =
1 1 R2 + R1 R + R2 equivalent to the original expression, the domain of the
+ 1
R1 R2 R1R2 simplified expression needs to be restricted. If n is even,
x ≠ ±1. If n is odd, x ≠ 1.
78. The bar graph indicates that the oxygen in the pond level
drops dramatically for the first week. By the twelfth 80. False. The two expressions are equivalent for all values
week, the oxygen levels in the pond are almost at the of x such that x ≠ 1.
previous high.
Section P.6 The Rectangular Coordinate System and Graphs

1. Cartesian 8. ( −12, 0)
2. origin; quadrants 9. x > 0 and y < 0 in Quadrant IV.

3. Distance Formula 10. x < 0 and y < 0 in Quadrant III.
4. Midpoint Formula
11. x = −4 and y > 0 in Quadrant II.
y
5.
8
12. x < 0 and y = 7 in Quadrant II.
6
4 (2, 4) 13. x + y = 0, x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0 means x = − y or y = − x.
(− 6, 2)
2
(− 4, 0) This occurs in Quadrant II or IV.
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−4
(3, − 1) 14. ( x, y ), xy > 0 means x and y have the same signs.
(1.5, − 3.5)
−6 This occurs in Quadrant I or III.
(− 1, − 8)
y
6.
8
(− 2, 4)
6
4
(0, 5) (23, 52)
2 (3, 3)
x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
(1, − 5)
−6
(− 2, − 7)
−8
7. ( − 3, 4)

15.
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
Year, x Number of Stores, y 18. d =
(0 − 8) + ( 20 − 5)
2 2
2007 7276 =
2008 7720
( −8) + (15)
2 2
=
2009 8416 = 64 + 225
2010 8970 = 289
2011 10,130 = 17 units
2012 10,773
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
19. d =
2013 10,942
(−5 − 1) + ( −1 − 4)
2 2
=
2014 11,453
( −6 ) + ( −5)
2 2
=
y
11,500 = 36 + 25
11,000
= 61 units
Number of stores
10,500
10,000
9500
9000
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
8500 20. d =
8000
7500
(3 − 1) + ( −2 − 3)
2 2
7000 =
x
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
( 2) + ( −5)
2 2
Year =
16.
= 4 + 25
y
Month, x Temperature, y 40
= 29 units
30
1 – 39
Temperature (in °F)
20
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
10 21. d =
2 – 39 0 x
2 6 8 10 12 2 2
−10
 1  4
3 – 29 −20 =  2 −  +  −1 − 
−30  2  3
4 –5 −40
2 2
Month (1 ↔ January) 3  7
5 17 =   + − 
2  3
6 27 9 49
= +
7 35 4 9
277
8 32 =
36
9 22 277
= units
10 8 6
11 – 23
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
22. d =
12 – 34
− 9.5) + (8.2 − ( −2.6))
2
(−3.9
2
=
(−13.4) + (10.8)
2 2
17. d = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2 =
= 179.56 + 116.64
(3 − (−2))
2
+ ( −6 − 6)
2
=
= 296.2
(5) + ( −12)
2 2
= ≈ 17.21 units
= 25 + 144
= 13 units

23. (a) (1, 0), (13, 5) 29. (a) y
6
(13 − 1) + (5 − 0)
2 2
Distance = (6, 5)
4
= 122 + 52 = 169 = 13 2
(13, 5), (13, 0) 2 4 8 10

x
−2
Distance = 5 − 0 = 5 = 5 (6, −3)
−4
(1, 0), (13, 0)

(b) d = (5 − ( −3)) 2 + (6 − 6) 2 = 64 = 8
Distance = 1 − 13 = −12 = 12
 6 + 6 5 + (−3) 
(c)  ,  = (6, 1)
(b) 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 132  2 2 
24. (a) The distance between ( −1, 1) and (9, 1) is 10.

y
30. (a)
6
The distance between (9, 1) and (9, 4) is 3. (1, 4) (8, 4)
4
The distance between ( −1, 1) and (9, 4) is 2
x
(9 − (−1))
2
+ ( 4 − 1)
2
= 100 + 9 = 109. 2 4 6 8 10
−2
( )
2
(b) 10 2 + 32 = 109 = 109 −4
(b) d = (4 − 4) 2 + (8 − 1) 2 = 49 = 7
(4 − 2) + (0 − 1)
2 2
25. d1 = = 4+1 = 5
1 + 8 4 + 4   9 
(c)  ,  =  , 4
d2 = (4 + 1) + (0 + 5)
2 2
= 25 + 25 = 50  2 2  2 
y
d3 = (2 + 1) + (1 + 5)
2 2
= 9 + 36 = 45 31. (a)
12
( 5) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
+ 45 = 50 10
8 (9, 7)
6
(3 − (−1))
2
+ (5 − 3)
2
26. d1 = = 16 + 4 = 20 4
2
(5 − 3) + (1 − 5)
2 2
d2 = = 4 + 16 = 20 (1, 1)
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10
(5 − (−1))
2
+ (1 − 3)
2
d3 = = 36 + 4 = 40
(b) d = (9 − 1)2 + (7 − 1) =
2
64 + 36 = 10
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
20 + 20 = 40
 9 + 1 7 + 1
(c)  ,  = (5, 4)
 2 2 
(1 − 3) + ( −3 − 2)
2 2
27. d1 = = 4 + 25 = 29
y
32. (a)
( 3 + 2) + ( 2 − 4)
2 2
d2 = = 25 + 4 = 29 12 (1, 12)
10
(1 + 2) + ( −3 − 4)
2 2
d3 = = 9 + 49 = 58 8
d1 = d 2 6
28. d1 = ( 4 − 2) + (9 − 3)
2 2
= 4 + 36 = 40 2
(6, 0)
x
( −2 − 4) + (7 − 9)
2 2 −2 2 4 6 8 10
d2 = = 36 + 4 = 40
(b) d = (1 − 6)2 + (12 − 0) =
2
25 + 144 = 13
(2 − (−2))
2
+ (3 − 7)
2
d3 = = 16 + 16 = 32
d1 = d 2  1 + 6 12 + 0  7 
(c)  ,  =  , 6
 2 2  2 

y y
33. (a) 36. (a)
5
5 2
(5, 4)
2
4
(− 25 , 34 ) 3
3 2 ( 12, 1)
(−1, 2) 1
2
x x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 − 5 −2 − 3 −1 −1 1
2 2 2 2
−1
2 2
1 5  4
(5 + 1) + ( 4 − 2)
2 2
(b) d = (b) d =  +  + 1 − 
2 2  3
= 36 + 4 = 2 10
1 82
= 9+ =
 −1 + 5 2 + 4  9 3
(c)  ,  = ( 2, 3)
 2 2 
 −(5 2) + (1 2) ( 4 3) + 1   7
(c)  ,  =  −1, 
34. (a) y
 2 2   6
(2, 10)
10
8
37. d = 120 2 + 150 2
6 = 36,900
4 = 30 41
2 ≈ 192.09
(10, 2)
x The plane flies about 192 kilometers.
2 4 6 8 10
( 42 − 18) + (50 − 12)

2 2
38. d =
(2 − 10) + (10 − 2)
2 2
(b) d =
= 242 + 382
= 64 + 64 = 8 2
= 2020
 2 + 10 10 + 2 
(c)  ,  = (6, 6) = 2 505
 2 2 
≈ 45
35. (a) y The pass is about 45 yards.
20
 x + x2 y1 + y2 
39. midpoint =  1 , 
(−16.8, 12.3) 15  2 2 
10  2010 + 2014 35,123 + 45,998 
=  , 
5  2 2 
(5.6, 4.9)
x = ( 2012, 40,560.5)
−20 −15 −10 −5 5
−5
In 2012, the sales for the Coca-Cola Company were
about $40,560.5 million.
(−16.8 − 5.6) + (12.3 − 4.9)

2 2
(b) d =  x + x2 y1 + y2 
40. midpoint =  1 , 
= 501.76 + 54.76 = 556.52  2 2 
 2013 + 2015 1.17 + 3.25 
 −16.8 + 5.6 12.3 + 4.9  =  , 
(c)  ,  = ( −5.6, 8.6)  2 2 
 2 2 
= ( 2014, 2.21)
In 2014, the revenue per share for Twitter, Inc. was
approximately $2.21.

41. ( − 2 + 2, − 4 + 5) = (0, 1) 43. ( −7 + 4, − 2 + 8) = ( −3, 6)

(2 + 2, − 3 + 5) = (4, 2) (−2 + 4, 2 + 8) = ( 2, 10)
(−1 + 2, −1 + 5) = (1, 4) (−2 + 4, − 4 + 8) = ( 2, 4)
(−7 + 4, − 4 + 8) = ( −3, 4)
42. ( −3 + 6, 6 − 3) = (3, 3)
(−5 + 6, 3 − 3) = (1, 0) 44. (5 − 10, 8 − 6) = ( −5, 2)
(−3 + 6, 0 − 3) = (3, − 3) (3 − 10, 6 − 6) = ( −7, 0)
(−1 + 6, 3 − 3) = (5, 0) (7 − 10, 6 − 6) = ( −3, 0)
45. (a) The minimum wage had the greatest increase from 2000 to 2010.
(b) Minimum wage in 1985: $3.35
Minimum wage in 2000: $5.15
 5.15 − 3.35 
Percent increase:   × 100 ≈ 53.7%
 3.35 
 7.25 − 5.15 
Percent increase:   × 100 ≈ 40.8%
 5.15 
So, the minimum wage increased 53.7% from 1985 to 2000 and 40.8% from 2000 to 2015.
Minimum wage Minimum wage  Percent  Minimum wage 
(c) = +   ≈ $7.25 + 0.408($7.25) ≈ $10.21
in 2030 in 2015  increase  in 2015 
So, the minimum wage will be about $10.21 in the year 2030.
(d) Answers will vary. Sample answer: Yes, the prediction is reasonable because the percent increase is over an equal time
period of 15 years.
y
46. (a) x y 47. True. Because x < 0 and y > 0, 2 x < 0 and
100
90 − 3 y < 0, which is located in Quadrant III.
22 53
Final exam score
80
70
29 74 60 48. False. The Midpoint Formula would be used 15 times.
50
40
35 57 30
49. True. Two sides of the triangle have lengths 149 and
20
10
40 66 x the third side has a length of 18 .
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
44 79 Math entrance test score
50. False. The polygon could be a rhombus. For example,
48 90 consider the points ( 4, 0), (0, 6), ( − 4, 0), and (0, − 6).
53 76 51. Answers will vary. Sample answer: When the x-values

are much larger or smaller than the y-values, different
58 93
scales for the coordinate axes should be used.
65 83
52. The y-coordinate of a point on the x-axis is 0. The
76 99 x-coordinates of a point on the y-axis is 0.
x1 + x2 y + y2
(b) The point (65, 83) represents an entrance exam 53. Because xm = and ym = 1 we have:
2 2
score of 65.
2 xm = x1 + x2 2 ym = y1 + y2
(c) No. There are many variables that will affect the
2 xm − x1 = x2 2 ym − y1 = y2
final exam score.
So, ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2 xm − x1 , 2 ym − y1 ).

54. (a) ( x2 , y 2 ) = ( 2 xm − x1 , 2 ym − y1 ) = ( 2 ⋅ 4 − 1, 2( −1) − ( −2)) = (7, 0)
(b) ( x2 , y 2 ) = ( 2 xm − x1 , 2 ym − y1 ) = ( 2 ⋅ 2 − ( −5), 2 ⋅ 4 − 11) = (9, − 3)
 x + x2 y1 + y2 
55. The midpoint of the given line segment is  1 , .
 2 2 
 x + x2 y + y2 
 x + x2 y1 + y2 
The midpoint between ( x1 , y1 ) and  1 ,  is  x1 + 1
2
y1 + 1
2  =  3x1 + x2 , 3 y1 + y2 .
 2 2   ,   4 4 
 2 2 
 x1 + x2 y + y2 
 x + x2 y1 + y2  + x2 1 + y2   x1 + 3x2 y1 + 3 y2 
The midpoint between  1 ,  and ( x2 , y2 ) is  2 , 2 =
 
, .
 2 2  4 4 
 2 2 
 3 x + x2 3 y1 + y2   x1 + x2 y1 + y2   x1 + 3 x2 y1 + 3 y2 
So, the three points are  1 , ,  , , and  , .
 4 4   2 2   4 4 
 3x + x2 3 y1 + y2   3 ⋅ 1 + 4 3( −2) − 1  7 7
56. (a)  1 ,  =  ,  =  ,− 
 4 4   4 4  4 4
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2  1 + 4 − 2 − 1 5 3
 ,  =  ,  =  ,− 
 2 2   2 2   2 2
 x1 + 3x2 y1 + 3 y2   1 + 3 ⋅ 4 −2 + 3( −1)   13 5 
 ,  =  ,  =  ,− 
 4 4   4 4  4 4
 3x + x2 3 y1 + y2   3( −2) + 0 3( −3) + 0   3 9 
(b)  1 ,  =  ,  = − , − 
 4 4   4 4   2 4
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2   −2 + 0 −3 + 0   3
 ,  =  ,  =  −1, − 
 2 2   2 2   2
 x1 + 3 x2 y1 + 3 y2   −2 + 0 −3 + 0   1 3
 ,  =  ,  = − , − 
 4 4   4 4   2 4
57. Use the Midpoint Formula to prove the diagonals of the parallelogram bisect each other.
b + a c + 0  a + b c 
 ,  =  , 
 2 2   2 2
a + b + 0 c + 0  a + b c 
 ,  =  , 
 2 2   2 2
58. (a) Because ( x0 , y0 ) lies in Quadrant II, ( x0 , − y0 ) must lie in Quadrant III. Matches (ii).
(b) Because ( x0 , y0 ) lies in Quadrant II, ( −2 x0 , y0 ) must lie in Quadrant I. Matches (iii).
( )
(c) Because ( x0 , y0 ) lies in Quadrant II, x0 , 12 y0 must lie in Quadrant II. Matches (iv).
(d) Because ( x0 , y0 ) lies in Quadrant II, ( − x0 , − y0 ) must lie in Quadrant IV. Matches (i).

Review Exercises for Chapter P 37
59. (a) First Set (b) y
d ( A, B ) = ( 2 − 2) + (3 − 6 ) =
2 2 8
9 = 3
6
d ( B, C ) = ( 2 − 6) + (6 − 3) =
2 2
16 + 9 = 5 4
d ( A, C ) = ( 2 − 6) + (3 − 3) =
2 2
16 = 4 2
x
Because 32 + 42 = 52 , A, B, and C are the vertices −2 2 4 6 8
−2
of a right triangle.
Second Set First set: Not collinear
Second set: Collinear.
d ( A, B ) = (8 − 5) + ( 3 − 2) =
2 2
10
(c) A set of three points is collinear when the sum of
d ( B, C ) = ( 5 − 2) + ( 2 − 1) =
2 2
10 two distances among the points is exactly equal to
the third distance.
d ( A, C ) = (8 − 2) + (3 − 1) =
2 2
40 60. (a) The point ( x0 , − y0 ) is reflected in the x-axis.
A, B, and C are the vertices of an isosceles triangle
(b) The point ( − x0 , − y0 ) is reflected in the x- and
or are collinear: 10 + 10 = 2 10 = 40.
y-axes.
Review Exercises for Chapter P
{
1. 11, −14, − 89 , 52 , 6, 0.4 } 5. (a) x ≥ 6 denotes the set of all real numbers greater
than or equal to 6.
(a) Natural numbers: 11 (b) x
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(b) Whole numbers: 11
(c) Integers: 11, −14 (c) The set is unbounded.
(d) Rational numbers: 11, −14, − 89 , 52 , 0.4 6. (a) − 4 < x < 4 denotes the set of all real numbers
(e) Irrational numbers: 6 greater than − 4 and less than 4.

(b) x
2. { 15, − 22, − 10
3
, 0, 5.2, 3
7 } −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
(c) The set is bounded.

(a) Natural numbers: none
(b) Whole numbers: 0 7. (a) − 3 ≤ x < 4 denotes the set of all real numbers
(c) Integers: − 22, 0 greater than or equal to − 3 and less than 4.
(d) Rational numbers: −22, − 10 , 0, 5.2, 3 (b) x

3 7 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(e) Irrational numbers: 15 (c) The set is bounded.
3. 8. (a) x ≥ 2 denotes the set of all real numbers greater

0 1 1 3 1 5 3 7 1 9 5
8 4 8 2 8 4 8 8 4
than or equal to 2.
5 7
> (b) x
4 8 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
9
(c) The set is unbounded.
4. (a) − 25 = − 0.36
9. d ( −74, 48) = 48 − ( −74) = 122
− 57 = − 0.714285
(b)
9 10. d ( −112, − 6) = −6 − ( −112) = 106
− 25 > − 57
−5
7
−9
25 11. d ( x, 7) = x − 7 and d ( x, 7) ≥ 4, thus x − 7 ≥ 4.
x
−1 − 0.8 − 0.6 − 0.4 − 0.2 0

12. d ( x, 25) = x − 25 and d ( x, 25) ≤ 10, thus 26. 5( 20 + 7) = 5( 27) = 135

x − 25 ≤ 10.
x 7x 12 x 35 x 47 x
27. + = + =
13. 12 x − 7 5 12 60 60 60
(a) 12(0) − 7 = −7 x 2x 5x 4x x
28. − = − =
(b) 12( −1) − 7 = −19 2 5 10 10 10
3x 5 x 1 x
14. x 2 − 6 x + 5 29. ⋅ = ⋅ =
10 3 2 1 2
(−2) − 6( −2) + 5 = 21
2
(a)
9 1 9 6 54
30. ÷ = ⋅ =
(2) − 6( 2) + 5 = −3
2
(b) x 6 x 1 x
( ) = 3x 2 (64 x9 ) = 192 x11

3
15. − x 2 + x − 1 31. (a) 3x 2 4 x3
(a) −(1) + 1 − 1 = −1
2
5 y6 y 6 −1 y5
(b) = = , y =/ 0
10 y 2 2
(b) −( −1) + ( −1) − 1 = −3
2
32. (a) (3a)

2
(6a3 ) = 9a2 (6a3 ) = 54a5
x
16.
x−3 36 x5 4 ⋅ 9 ⋅ x5 4
(b) 10
= = 5
−3 1 9x 9 ⋅ x 5 ⋅ x5 x
(a) =
−3 − 3 2
(−2 z)
3
33. (a) = −8z 3
3
(b) is undefined.
(8 y )
0
3−3 1
(b) =
y2 y2
17. 0 + ( a − 5) = a − 5
3
Illustrates the Additive Identity Property 34. (a) ( x + 2)  = ( x + 2)
2 6
 
18. 1 ⋅ (3 x + 4) = 3 x + 4
40(b − 3)
5
8 5− 2 8
(b − 3) = (b − 3) ,
3
(b) = b =/ 3
75(b − 3)
2
Illustrates the Multiplicative Identity Property 15 15
19. 2 x + (3x − 10) = ( 2 x + 3 x) − 10

a2
35. (a) = a 2b 2
Illustrates the Associative Property of Addition b −2
20. 4(t + 2) = 4 ⋅ t + 4 ⋅ 2 (b) (a2b4 )(3ab−2 ) = 3a2 +1b4 − 2 = 3a3b2
Illustrates the Distributive Property

62 u 3v −3 36u 3 − (−2)v −3 −1 3u 5
36. (a) = = 3u 5v − 4 = 4
( ) ( )
−2
21. t 2 + 1 + 3 = 3 + t 2 + 1 12u v 12 v
3− 4 m−1n −3 9 2 n3 81 1
Illustrates the Commutative Property of Addition (b) −2 −3
= 4 3
= 2
= 2
9 mn 3 mmn 81m m
2 y +4
22. ⋅ = 1, y =/ − 4
y +4 2
37. (a)
(5a)−2 = ( 5a )
−2 − 2
= ( 5a )
−4
=
1
=
1
Illustrates the Multiplicative Inverse Property ( 5a ) 2 ( 5a ) 4
625a 4
4( x −1 )
−3
23. − 6 + 6 = 0 41−(−2) x 3
(b) = = 43 x 3 −1 = 64 x 2
4 −2 ( x −1 )
−1
x
24. 2 − ( − 3) = 2 + 3 = 5
25. ( − 8)( − 4) = 32

1 1 1 1 y y
(x + y −1 )
−1
38. (a) = = = = = 1⋅ =
x + y −1 1 xy 1 xy + 1 xy + 1 xy +1
x + +
y y y y
−1
 x −3  x   1  y  1
(b)    =  3   = 4 , y =/ 0
 y  y   x y  x  x
39. 274,400,000 = 2.744 × 108 2 x3 2 x3 x 3

46. (a) 3 = 3 = 2
27 33 3
−1
40. 0.3048 = 3.048 × 10
(b) 5
64 x6 = 5
( 2 x)6 = 2x 5 2x
8
41. 4.84 × 10 = 484,000,000
47. (a) 12 x 3 + 3x = 4 x 2 ⋅ 3x + 3x
−3
42. 2.74 × 10 = 0.00274 = 2 x 3x + 3x
= ( 2 x + 1) 3x
( )
2
= (3) = 9
3 2
43. (a) 27 2 = 3
27
(b) 27 x3 − 3x3 = 9 x 2 ⋅ 3x − x 2 ⋅ 3x
( )
3
= (7) = 343
3
(b) 493 = 49
= 3x 3 x − x 3 x
= (3 x − x ) 3 x
64 43 4
44. (a) 3 = 3 =
125 53
5 = 2 x 3x
81 92 9
(b) = = 48. (a) 8 x3 + 2x = 2x 2x + 2 x = ( 2 x + 1) 2 x
100 102 10
(b) 18 x5 − 8 x3 = 3x 2 2x − 2x 2x
( ) ( )
3 3
= (6) = 216
3 3
= (3 x − 2 x ) 2 x
3 3
45. (a) 216 = 6 2
= x 2 x (3 x − 2)
( )
4
4 4
(b) 324 = 32 = 32
49. These are not like terms. Radicals cannot be combined

by addition or subtraction unless the index and the
radicand are the same.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
50. A = wh = 8 3 242 − 8 3 = 8 3 384 = 8 3 8 6 = 64 18 = 64 3 2 = 192 2 in.2
3 3 3 3 3 3
51. = ⋅ = =
4 3 4 3 3 4(3) 4
3
12 12 42 12 3 16
52. 3
= 3 ⋅ = = 3 3 16 = 3 3 8 ⋅ 2 = 6 3 2
4 4 3
42 4
1 1 2+ 3 2+ 3 2+ 3 2+ 3
53. = ⋅ = = = = 2+ 3
( 3)
2
2− 3 2− 3 2+ 3 2
2 − 4−3 1
1 1 5 −1 5 −1 5 −1
54. = ⋅ = =
5 +1 5 +1 5 −1 5−1 4
( )
2
7 +1 7 +1 7 −1 7 − 12 7 −1 6 3
55. = ⋅ = = = =
2 2 7 −1 2 7 −1 2 7 −1( 2 ) ( ) ( 7 −1 ) 7 −1

2 − 11 2 − 11 2 + 11 2 − 11 9 3
56. = ⋅ = = − = −
3 3 2 + 11 2 + 11 ( 2 + 11 ) 2 + 11
( )
3
57. 163 2 = 163 = 16 = ( 4) = 64
3 63. Standard form: −12 x 2 − 4
Degree: 2
1 1 1 1 Leading coefficient: −12
58. 64−2 3 = = = =
( ) (4)
2 2
3
642 3
64 16
64. Standard form: −7 x 2 + 12 x + 6
Degree: 2
( )( )
59. 3x 2 5 2 x1 2 = 6 x 2 5 +1 2 = 6 x9 10
Leading coefficient: −7
60. ( x − 1) ( x − 1)
13 −1 4
= ( x − 1)
4 12 − 3 12
= ( x − 1)
1 12
( )
65. − 3 x 2 + 2 x + (1 − 5 x) = −3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 − 5 x
= −3 x 2 − 7 x + 1
61. Standard form: −11x 2 + 3
Degree: 2 66. 8 y − 2 y 2 − (3 y − 8) = 8 y − 2 y 2 + (3 y − 8)
Leading coefficient: −11 = −2 y 2 + 11y − 8
62. Standard form: − 5 x5 + 3x3 + x − 4 ( ) ( )

67. 2 x x 2 − 5 x + 6 = ( 2 x) x 2 + ( 2 x)( −5 x) + ( 2 x)(6)
Degree: 5 = 2 x − 10 x 2 + 12 x
3
Leading coefficient: −5
( )
68. 3x3 − 1.5 x 2 + 4 ( −3x) = (3x)( − 3x) − 1.5 x2 ( −3x) + 4( − 3x) = − 9 x 4 + 4.5 x3 − 12 x
69. (3x − 6)(5 x + 1) = 15 x 2 + 3 x − 30 x − 6 73. ( 2 x − 3) = ( 2 x) − 2( 2 x)(3) + 33

2 2
= 15 x 2 − 27 x − 6 = 4 x 2 − 12 x + 9
70. ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2) = x 3 − 2 x + 2 x 2 − 4 74. (x − 4) = x3 − 3 x 2 ( 4) + 3 x( 4) − 43

2 2
= x3 + 2 x 2 − 2 x − 4 = x3 − 12 x 2 + 48 x − 64
71. (6 x + 5)(6 x − 5) = (6 x) − 52 = 36 x2 − 25
2
75. x2 + x + 5
× x2 − 7x − 2
72. (3 5 + 2 x)(3 5 − 2 x) = (3 5) 2 − (2 x) 2 − 2x2 − 2 x − 10
− 7 x3 − 7 x2 − 35 x
= 45 − 4 x 2 x4 + x3 + 5x2
x4 − 6 x3 − 4x2 − 37 x − 10
76. (6 x 4 − 20 x 2 − x + 3) − (9 x 4 − 11x 2 + 16) = 6 x 4 − 20 x 2 − x + 3 − 9 x 4 + 11x 2 − 16
= (6 x 4 − 9 x 4 ) + ( −20 x 2 + 11x 2 ) − x + (3 − 16)

= −3 x 4 − 9 x 2 − x − 13
77. 2500(1 + r ) = 2500( r + 1) = 2500 r 2 + 2r + 1 = 2500r 2 + 5000r + 2500

2 2
( )

78. (a) The surface is the sum of the area of the side, 2π rh, and the areas of the top and bottom which are each π r 2 .
S = 2π rh + π r 2 + π r 2 = 2π rh + 2π r 2
r
(b) S = 2π (6)(8) + 2π (6) = 96π + 72π = 168π ≈ 527.79 in.2

2
79. Area = ( x + 12)( x + 16) 89. x3 − x 2 + 2 x − 2 = x 2 ( x − 1) + 2( x − 1)

= x 2 + 16 x + 12 x + 192 = ( x − 1)( x 2 + 2)
= x 2 + 28 x + 192 square feet
90. x3 − 4 x 2 + 2 x − 8 = x 2 ( x − 4) + 2( x − 4)
80. ( x + 5)( x + 3) = x 2 + 3x + 5 x + 15
= ( x 2 + 2)( x − 4)
2
= x + 8 x + 15
This illustrates the Distributive Property. 1
91. The domain of is the set of all real numbers x such
x +1
( )
81. x3 − x = x x 2 − 1 = x( x + 1)( x − 1) that x ≠ −1.
82. x( x − 3) + 4( x − 3) = ( x − 3)( x + 4) 1
x +6
83. 25 x 2 − 49 = (5 x) − 72 = (5 x + 7)(5 x − 7)
2
such that x ≠ − 6.
84. 36 x 2 − 81 = 9( 4 x 2 − 9) 93. The domain of x + 2 is the set of all real numbers x

such that x ≥ − 2.
= 9 ( 2 x) − 32 
2
 
= 9( 2 x + 3)( 2 x − 3) 94. The domain of x + 4 is the set of all real numbers x
such that x ≥ − 4.
85. x3 − 64 = x3 − 43 = ( x − 4) x2 + 4 x + 16 ( ) x 2 − 64 ( x + 8)( x − 8) = x − 8 ,
95. = x =/ − 8
5(3 x + 24) 5 ⋅ 3( x + 8) 15
(
86. 8x3 + 27 = ( 2 x + 3) 4 x 2 − 6 x + 9 )
87. 2 x 2 + 21x + 10 = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 10) x 2 + 27 ( x + 3)( x 2 − 3x + 9)
96. =
x2 + x − 6 ( x + 3)( x − 2)
88. 3 x 2 + 14 x + 8 = ( x + 4)(3 x + 2) x 2 − 3x + 9
= , x =/ − 3
x−2
97.
x 2 − 7 x + 12 x + 4
⋅ 2 =
( x − 3)( x − 4) ⋅ x + 4
2
x + 8 x + 16 x − 9 ( x + 4)
2
( x + 3)( x − 3)
x − 4
= ,x ≠ 3
(x + 4)( x + 3)
2x − 6 3− x 2x − 6 2x + 4 2( x − 3) 2( x + 2) 4
98. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ = − , x ≠ − 2, 3
3x + 6 2x + 4 3x + 6 3 − x 3( x + 2) − ( x − 3) 3

2 6 2 6 3x 2 3x 2
99. + = − 100. − = −
x −3 3− x x −3 x −3 x − 4 4− x x − 4 − ( x − 4)
4 3x 2
= − = +
x −3 x − 4 x − 4
3x + 2
=
x − 4
   
 3a   3a 
 2   2 
 a − 1 a − x
    3ax 2
101.  x  =  x  = 3a ⋅ x
⋅
x
= 2 ,x ≠ 0
a
 − 1


a − x
 
2
1 a − x a − x ( a − x)( a − x)
x   x 
 1 1   2x + 3 2x − 3 
 −   − 
102.  2x − 3 2x + 3 
=  ( 2 x − 3)( 2 x + 3) ( 2 x − 3)( 2 x + 3) 
 1 1   2x + 3 2x 
 −   − 
2x + 3 
 2x  2 x( 2 x + 3) 2 x( 2 x + 3) 
2x + 3 − 2x + 3
=
( 2 x − 3)( 2 x + 3)
=
6
⋅
2 x( 2 x + 3)
=
4x
, x =/ 0, −
3
2x + 3 − 2x (2 x − 3)( 2 x + 3) 3 2x − 3 2
2 x( 2 x + 3)
 1 1 x − ( x + 6)
 − 
 2( x + h) 2 x  2 x( x + h) −h 1 −1
103. = = ⋅ = , h =/ 0
h h 2 x( x + h ) h 2 x( x + h)
 1 1  x −3 x + h −3
 −  −
104.  x + h −3 x − 3
=
( x − 3)( x + h − 3) ( 3)( x + h − 3)
x −
h h
1
x −3− x − h + 3 1
= ⋅
( x − 3)( x + h − 3) h
−h
=
h( x − 3)( x + h − 3)
−1
= , h =/ 0
(x − 3)( x + h − 3)
y y
105. 106.
(− 3, 6) 6 6 (0, 6)
(5, 5)
4
4
2
(− 2, 0) 2 (8, 1)
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 x
−2 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
−6 (− 3, − 3) − 4
(− 1, − 7) (5, − 4)
−8 −6

107. x > 0 and y = − 2 in Quadrant IV. 112. (a) y
8
108. xy = 4 means x and y have the same signs. This occurs (1.8, 7.4)
4
in Quadrants I and III. x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
y −4
109. (a)
−8
(−3, 8)
8
(−0.6, −14.5)
−16
(1, 5)
4
2
(b) d = (1.8 + 0.6) + (7.4 + 14.5)
2 2
x
= 5.76 + 479.61 = 485.37
−4 −2 2 4
 1.8 − 0.6 7.4 − 14.5 
(c) Midpoint:  ,  = (0.6, − 3.55)
(− 3 − 1) + (8 − 5)
2 2
(b) d = = 16 + 9 = 5  2 2 
 −3 + 1 8 + 5   13  113. ( 4 − 4, 8 − 8) = (0, 0)
(c) Midpoint:  ,  =  −1, 
 2 2   2
(6 − 4, 8 − 8) = ( 2, 0)
110. (a) y (4 − 4, 3 − 8) = (0, − 5)

(−2, 6) 6 (6 − 4, 3 − 8) = ( 2, − 5)
2
114. (0 − 2, 1 + 3) = ( −2, 4)
x (3 − 2, 3 + 3) = (1, 6)
−4 −2 2 4 6
−2 (0 − 2, 5 + 3) = (−2, 8)
(4, −3)
−4 (−3 − 2, 3 + 3) = (−5, 6)
(b) d = (−2 − 4) + (6 + 3)
2 2
 x + x2 y1 + y2 
115. midpoint =  1 , 
 2 2 
= 36 + 81 = 117 = 3 13
 2013 + 2015 6.8 + 6.1 
 −2 + 4 6 − 3  3 =  , 
(c) Midpoint:  ,  = 1,   2 2 
 2 2   2
= ( 2014, 6.45)
y
111. (a) In 2014, Barnes & Noble had annual sales of $6.45
(0, 8.2) billion.
8
6 116. (a) y
Apparent temperature (in °F)
150
4 140
130
2 120
(5.6, 0) 110
x 100
−2 2 4 6 90
80
70
x
(b) d = (5.6 − 0)2 + (0 − 8.2)
2
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Actual temperature (in °F)
= 31.36 + 67.24 = 98.6
Change in apprarent temperature = 150°F − 70°F
 0 + 5.6 8.2 + 0 
(c) Midpoint:  ,  = ( 2.8, 4.1) = 80°F
 2 2 
117. False, ( a + b) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ≠ a 2 + b 2

2
There is also a cross-product term when a binomial sum

is squared.

( )
118. False, x n − y n = ( x − y ) x n −1 + x n − 2 y +  + y n −1 for odd values of n, not for all values of n.
x − y = (x
n n n 2
+ y n 2
)( x n 2 − y n 2
) for even values of n.
Problem Solving for Chapter P

1. (a) Men’s
4
π (65) ≈ 1,150,347 mm3
3
Maximum Volume: V =
3
4
π (55) ≈ 696,910 mm3
3
Minimum Volume: V =
3
Women’s
4
π (55) ≈ 696,910 mm3
3
Maximum Volume: V =
3
3
4  95 
Minimum Volume: V = π   ≈ 448,921 mm3
3 2
(b) Men’s
7.26
Maximum density: ≈ 1.04 × 10−5 kg mm3
696,910
7.26
Minimum density: ≈ 6.31 × 10−6 kg mm3
1,150,347
Women’s
4.00
Maximum density: ≈ 8.91 × 10−6 kg mm3
448,921
4.00
Minimum density: ≈ 5.74 × 10−6 kg mm3
696,910
(c) No. The weight would be different. Cork is much lighter than iron so it would have a much smaller density.
2. Let a = 5 and b = −3. Then a − b = 5 − ( −3) = 8 and a − b = 5 − −3 = 2. Thus, a − b > a − b .

Let a = 11 and b = 3. Then a − b = 11 − 3 = 8 and a − b = 11 − 3 = 8. Thus, a − b = a − b .
To prove a − b ≥ a − b for all a, b, consider the following cases.
Case 1: a > 0 and b < 0 Case 2: a < 0 and b > 0

a −b = a + b > a − b a −b = a + b > a − b
Case 3: a > 0 and b > 0 Case 4: a < 0 and b < 0
(i) a > b (i) a > b  b > a
Then, a − b = a − b Then, a − b = b − a > a − b
(ii) a < b  a < b (ii) a < b
Then, a − b = b − a > a − b Then, a − b = a − b
Therefore, a − b ≥ a − b for all a, b.
3. To say that a number has n significant digits means that the number has n digits with the leftmost non-zero digit and ending
with the rightmost non-zero digit. For example; 28,000, 1.400, 0.00079 each have two significant digits.

Problem Solving for Chapter P 45
4. Perimeter: P = 2l + w + π r Amount of glass = Area of window

13.14 = 2l + 2 + π (1) 1 2
r = 1 ft A = lw + πr
13.14 − 2 − π 2
l = ≈ 4 feet 1
= ( 4)( 2) + π (1)
2
l 2
2
≈ 9.57 square feet
2 ft
60 24 365.25 76.4
5. Men: 70 beats × × × ×
1 1 1 1 lifetime
beats
= 2,812,834,080
lifetime
So, the number of beats in a lifetime for a man is 2,812,834,080.
60 24 365.25 81.2
Women: 70 beats × × × ×
1 1 1 1 lifetime
beats
= 2,989,556,640
lifetime
So, the number of beats in a lifetime for a woman is 2,989,556,640.
y
6. (a) Year, x Population, y
300
U.S. census population
250
1960 179.32
(in millions)
200
150 970 203.30
100
50 1980 226.54
x
1990 248.72
60
70
80
90
00
10
19
19
19
19
20
20
Year
2000 281.42
The population of the United States has been 2010 308.75
increasing each year.
(b) From 1960 to 1970, the population increased by 203.30 – 179.32 = 23.98 million people.
From 1970 to 1980, the population increased by 226.54 – 203.30 = 23.24 million people.
(c) The population increased the most from 1990 to 2000. The population increased the least from 1980 to 1990.
23.98 million people
(d) From 1960 to 1970, the percent increase in population was ≈ 0.134 = 13.4% .
From 1970 to 1980, the percent increase in population was ≈ 0.114 = 11.4% .
32.7 million people
From 2000 to 2010, the percent increase in population was ≈ 0.097 ≈ 9.7% .
(e) The percent increase of population was the greatest from 1960 to 1970. The percent increase of population was the least
from 2000 to 2010.

14
 3225 
7. r = 1 −   ≈ 0.280 or 28%
 12,000 
8.
Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter
x 0.387 0.723 1.000 1.524 5.203
x 0.622 0.850 1.000 1.235 2.281

y 0.241 0.615 1.000 1.881 11.862
3 y 0.622 0.850 1.000 1.234 2.281
The square root of the distance from a planet to the sun is equal to the cube root of the period of the planet.
9. Volume: V = lwh
2 x + x − 8 x − 4 = lw( 2 x + 1)
3 2
2 x3 + x 2 − 8 x − 4
= lw
2x + 1
x 2 ( 2 x + 1) − 4( 2 x + 1)
= lw
2x + 1
( x 2 − 4)(2 x + 1) = lw
2x + 1
lw = x 2 − 4 = ( x + 2)( x − 2)
Let l = x + 2 and w = x − 2.
Surface Area: S = 2lw + 2lh + 2 wh
= 2(lw + lh + wh)
= 2 ( x + 2)( x − 2) + ( x + 2)( 2 x + 1) + ( x − 2)( 2 x + 1)
= 2  x 2 − 4 + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 2 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 2
= 2 5 x 2 + 2 x − 4
= 10 x 2 + 4 x − 8
When x = 6 inches: S = 10(6) + 4(6) − 8 = 376 cubic inches.
2
2 x1 + x2 2y1 + y2
10. The distance between ( x1 , y1 ) and , is
3 3
2 2
 2 x1 + x2   2 y1 + y2 
d =  x1 −  +  y1 − 
 3   3 
2 2
 x1 − x2   2 y1 + y2 
=   +  y1 − 
 3   3 
1
= ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2 
9
1 1
( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 ) which is of the distance between ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ).
2 2
=
3 3
  2 x1 + x2   2 y1 + y2  
  + x2   + y2  x + 2 x2 y1 + 2 y2 
The second point of trisection is   3  ,  3   =  1 , .
 3 3   3 3 

Problem Solving for Chapter P 47
11. (a) (1, − 2) and ( 4, 1) (b) (−2, − 3) and (0, 0)

The points of trisection are: The points of trisection are:
 2(1) + 4 2( −2) + 1   2( −2) + 0 2( −3) + 0   4 
 ,  = ( 2, −1)  ,  =  − , − 2
 3 3   3 3   3 
 1 + 2( 4) −2 + 2(1)   −2 + 2(0) −3 + 2(0)   2 
 ,  = (3, 0)  ,  =  − , −1
 3 3   3 3   3 
x2 2 − 3x 2
12. y1 = 2 x 1 − x 2 − y2 =
2
1− x 1 − x2
When x = 0, y1 = 0. When x = 0, y2 = 2.
Thus, y1 =/ y2 .
2 x 1 − x2 x3
y1 = −
1 1 − x2
2 x 1 − x2 1 − x2 x3
= ⋅ −
1 1 − x2 1 − x2
2 x(1 − x 2 ) − x3
=
1 − x2
2 x − 2 x3 − x3
=
1 − x2
2 x − 3x3
=
1 − x2
x( 2 − 3 x 2 )
=
1 − x2
x( 2 − 3 x 2 )
Let y2 = . Then y1 = y2 .
1 − x2
1.6 × 107
13. One golf ball: ≈ 0.101 pound
1.58 × 108
0.101(16) = 1.616 ounces
14. (a) Either graph could be misleading. The scales on the vertical axes make it appear that the rise in profits is either dramatic or
small, but the total increase is only 2-6 units.
(b) If the company wanted to gloss over the dip in profits during July, as at a stockholders meeting, the first graph could be
used. If the company wished to project an image of rapidly increasing profits, as to potential investors, the second graph
could be used.

Practice Test for Chapter P

− 42 − 20
1. Evaluate .
15 − − 4
x z
2. Simplify − .
z y
3. The distance between x and 7 is no more than 4. Use absolute value notation to describe this expression.
4. Evaluate 10( − x) for x = 5.

3
5. Simplify ( − 4 x 3 )( − 2 x − 5 ) (161 x).

6. Change 0.0000412 to scientific notation.
7. Evaluate 1252 3.
8. Simplify 4 64 x 7 y 9 .
6
9. Rationalize the denominator and simplify .
12
10. Simplify 3 80 − 7 500.
(
11. Simplify 8 x 4 − 9 x 2 + 2 x − 1 − 3x3 + 5 x + 4 . ) ( )
(
12. Multiply ( x − 3) x 2 + x − 7 . )
2
13. Multiply ( x − 2) − y  .
14. Factor 16 x 4 − 1.
15. Factor 6 x 2 + 5 x − 4.
16. Factor x3 − 64.
3 x
17. Combine and simplify − + 2 .
x x + 2
x − 3 x2 − 9
18. Combine and simplify ÷ .
4x x2
1
1− 
19. Simplify  x .
1
1−
1
1− 
 x
20. (a) Plot the points ( − 3, 6) and (5, −1),

(b) find the distance between the points, and
(c) find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points.

Solution Manual For College Algebra 10th

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Solution Manual For College Algebra 10th

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CHAPTER P

Section P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties..................................... 2

Section P.2 Exponents and Radicals ......................................................................... 5

Section P.3 Polynomials and Special Products ......................................................... 9

Section P.4 Factoring Polynomials..........................................................................16

Section P.5 Rational Expressions ............................................................................22

Section P.6 The Rectangular Coordinate System and Graphs ............................... 31

Review Exercises ..........................................................................................................37

Problem Solving ...........................................................................................................44

Practice Test ...............................................................................................................48

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7. −9, − 72 , 5, 23 , 2, 0, 1, − 4, 2, −11 12. (a) 8.5

(d) Rational numbers: −9, − 72 , 5, 23 , 0, 1, − 4, 2, −11 (c) −4.75

(a) Natural numbers: 12, 5

(d) Rational numbers: −7, − 73 , 0, 3.14, 54 , − 3, 12, 5 16

(d) Rational numbers: 2.01, 0.6, −13, 1, − 6 16. − 87 < − 73

(d) Rational numbers: (c) The interval is unbounded.

(e) Irrational numbers: 12 π

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-College-Algebra-10th-Edition-by-Larson

(c) The interval is unbounded. 32. 6 − 2 = 4 = 4

(c) The interval is bounded. 35. 5 − 5 = 5(5) = 25

(c) The interval is bounded. 47. d ( x, 5) = x − 5 and d ( x, 5) ≤ 3, so x − 5 ≤ 3.

26. y ≤ 25; ( −∞, 25] x + 10 ≥ 6.

27. 10 ≤ t ≤ 22; [10, 22]

28. −3 ≤ k < 5; [−3, 5)

29. −10 = −( −10) = 10

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50. $2162.7 billion $3457.1 billion 2162.7 − 3457.1 = $1294.4 billion

51. $2450.0 billion $3537.0 billion 2450.0 − 3537.0 = $1087.0 billion

52. $3021.5 billion $3506.1 billion 3021.5 − 3506.1 = $484.6 billion

(b) −(1) + 5(1) − 4 = −1 + 5 − 4 = 0

67. x(3 y ) = ( x ⋅ 3) y Associative Property of Multiplication

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2x x 8x 3x 5x 76. (a) Because the price can only be a positive rational

Section P.2 Exponents and Radicals

9. (a) 5 ⋅ 53 = 54 = 625 4 ⋅ 3−2 16

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-College-Algebra-10th-Edition-by-Larson

21. (a) (5 z )3 = 5 3 z 3 = 125z 3 27. (a) ( x + 5)

31. 10,250.4 = 1.02504 × 104 35. 9.46 × 1012 = 9,460,000,000,000 kilometers

32. −0.000125 = −1.25 × 10−4 36. 9.0 × 10 − 6 = 0.000009 meter

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6.0 × 108 45. (a) 72 x3 = 36 x 2 ⋅ 2 x

49. (a) 2 20 x 2 + 5 125 x 2 = 2 4x2 ⋅ 5 + 5 25 x 2 ⋅ 5

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67. (a) ( x − 1)1/ 3 ( x − 1) 2 / 3 = ( x − 1)3 / 3 = x − 1 8 14.00

(b) ( x − 1)1/ 3 ( x − 1) −4 / 3 = ( x − 1) −3 / 3 9 14.50

71. False. When x = 0, the expressions are not equal.

Section P.3 Polynomials and Special Products

4. First terms; Outer terms; Inner terms; Last terms

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-College-Algebra-10th-Edition-by-Larson

6. (a) Standard form: 3 3x + 4 4

(c) Trinomial 18. ( 2 x 2 + 1) − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 2 x 2 + 1 − x 2 + 2 x − 1

Standard form: −3x3 + 2 x + 8 = 7t 3 − 5t − 1

12. 5 x 4 − 2 x 2 + x −2 is not a polynomial because it includes 20. ( 4 y 2 − 3) + ( − 7 y 2 + 9) = 4 y 2 − 3 − 7 y 2 + 9

21. (15 x 2 − 6) + ( − 8.3 x 3 − 14.7 x 2 − 17) = 15 x 2 − 6 − 8.3 x 3 − 14.7 x 2 − 17

= − 8.3 x 3 + (15 x 2 − 14.7 x 2 ) + ( − 6 − 17)

= (15.6 w4 + 16.9 w4 ) + ( −14 w − 9.2 w) + ( −17.4 + 13)

23. 5 z − 3z − (10 z + 8) = 5 z − (3z − 10 z − 8)

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-College-Algebra-10th-Edition-by-Larson

24. ( y3 + 1) − ( y 2 + 1) + (3 y − 7) = y 3 + 1 − ( y 2 + 1) − (3 y − 7)

28. −3 x(5 x + 2) = −3 x(5 x) + ( −3 x)( 2) (

46. (8 x + 3) = (8 x) + 2(8 x)(3) + 32