14 “ FILIPINO REVOLTS [THOUGH THE FILIPINOS became Spanish subjects and Chris- Avg, they never lost their love for freedom and fighting spirit which t of their imperishable heritage from their valiant Malay ancestors. History reveals that throughout the three centuries of their anil bondage to Spain, they had risen in more than 100 revolts to gain their lost freedom or in defense of their God-given human Tans. Out of these struggles, which unfortunately were suppressed Ee Spanish arms, arose the first heroes of the Philippine libertarian pic, such as Raha Sulayman, Lakan Dula, Agustin de Legazpi, Magat ciamat, Magalat, Tamblot, Bankaw, Sumoroy, Maniago, Malong, Pedro Almazan, Tumalang, Dagohoy, Diego Silang, Gabriela Silang, Palaris, Apolinario dela Cruz (Hermano Pule), Sergeant Samaniego, and others. Causes of Revolts Against Spain. Many of the early revolts against Spanish rule were caused chiefly by_the- people's desire to regain their lost freedom and happiness. Illustrative of these were the Revolt of Lakan Dula and Raha Sulayman (1574), the Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1588), the Malong Rebellion (1660-1661), the Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1829), the Silang Rebellion (1762-1763), and the Palaris Rebellion (1762-1764). Other revolts were caused by Spanish oppression, the hated tri- bute, the forced labor,and the religious persecution. Among the revolts sparked by these causes were the First Pampanga Revolt (1585), the Magalat Revolt (1596), the Revolt of the Irrayas (1621), the Cagayan Revolt of 1639, the Sumoroy Rebellion (1649-1650), and the Maniago Revolt (1660). Some revolts were economic in nature; being caused by agrarian disputes with the friars'who grabbed the lands of the natives. The Flipinos, contesting the land titles of the friar haciendas, rose in arms to fight for their ancestral lands. These agrarian uprisings broke out inthe provinces of Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, and Laguna in 1745-1746, anagiMally some Filipino revolts were religious in character. They red up because of Spanish religious bigotry or because the people in ——180 _nstony oF re nerusue OF ME PRLMPIES certain regions of the country wanted to go back t0 the worship ¢ their ancestral gods. hese religious revol gious Revolt (1601), the Tamblot Religious Revo. (1621-1622 ty Bankaw Religious Revolt (1621), Tapar’s Revolt (1663), and the famou, ‘Revolt of Apolinario de la Cruz (1840-1841). Revolt of Lakan Dula and Sulayman (1578).' The first Filiping uprising against Spain was the Revolt of Lakan Dula and Raha Sula. man, last native kings of Maynilad and Tundok (Tondo), respectively, in 1574, They had made a-pact of peace and friendship with ‘Adelantado Legazpi, who promised that Spain would recognize thir patrimonial lands and treat their people fairly and well. Both Lakan Dula and Sulayman kept their word to remain loyal to Spain, although they lost their kingdoms. When the people of Pan Legazpi. On his part, the sagacious Legazpi kept his promise to both Lakan Dulaand Raha Sulayman successor, Governor Guido « Resenting Lavezaris’ reversal of Legazpi's policy, Lakan Dulaand Syappanatectet to rise in arms. Taking advantage of Lim-Ab jong’s attack on Manila in December 1574, the two rahas proclaimed their revolt and gathered their warriors at Navotas. Although Master of-Camp Juan de Salcedo repulsed Lim-Ah-Hong’s attack on Manila, the Chinese peril still existed because the Chinese pirate leader proceeded to Pangasinan where he established his kingdom. Governor Lavezaris, realizing that he could not drive away Lim ‘Ah-Hong, without the help of the Filipinos, erg and Father Geronimo Marin to the war camp of Lakan Dula and Sulayman at Navotas (0 persuade them to lay down their arms and to promise that all their grievances would be remedied and those who took UP arms would be pardoned. The two rahas, who admired and trusted Captain Salcedo (grandson of Legazpi) and Father Marin, were mollified and stopped their projected uprising. Happily, Lan his word so that peace and friendship were restored.vr Fumo Revours 1 ‘asa gesture of their gratitude and friendship to Salcedo, a real 4 of their people, both Lakan Dula and Raha Sulayman, with wren relatives and warriors, joined the Spanish expedition to ticit on Gulf and drove the Chinese invaders led by Lim-Ah-Hong. vingave First Pampanga Revolt (1585). The abuses of the early encomen- angered the Pampanguefios? Some of the brave Pampanguefio ers connived with the people of Manila and the Borncans, who tery to trade with the city, to ise in revolt. According to ther plot, ust would secretly enter the city of Manila one dark night and trassacre the Spaniards, However, the plot-was not Carried out because a native woman sano-was Tarried t0 a Spanish soldier happened to lear of it and the Spanish authorities. The authorities immediately arres- We the leaders and executed them without any fair trial. Thus the projected uprising was nipped in the bud. Tondo Conspiracy of 1587-883 The first-conspiracy of the ‘nent Filipinos to overthrow Spanish rule in the Philippines and {regain their lost freedom was the famous Tondo Conspiracy of 4587-1588, which may be regarded as the forerunner of Bonifacio’s “Katipunan revolutionary plot which was also spawned at Tondo in 1892-1896. ‘The mastermind of this libertarian_movement was Agustin de Legazpi, nephew of Lakan Dula and son-in-law of the sultan-of Brunei. About the beginning of 1578 he revealed to his first cousin, Martin Pangan, then gobernadorcillo of Tondo, and to his close wlatives and intimate friends his secret plan to regain the lost freedom which their ancestors had enjoyed by means of armed rebel- lion Among the active leaders of the Tondo Conspiracy, aside from Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan, were Magat Salamat, som of Lakan Dula and chief of Tondo; Juan Banal, another Tondo chief and Salamat’s brother in-law; Geronimo Basi and Gabriel Tuambacar, brothers of Agustin de Legazpi; Pedro Balinguit, chief of Pandacan; Felipe Salonga, chief of Polo; Dionisio Capolo (Kapulong), chief of Candaba and brother of Felipe Salonga; Juan Basi, chief of Taguig; Stcban Taes (Tasi), chief of Bulacan; Felipe Salalila, chief of Misil; re Manuguit, son of Felipe Salalila; Luis Amanicaloa, chief of ee Calao, son of Luis Amanicalao; Francisco Acta, chief of Tondo; Nabe Amarlangagui, chief of Caranglan; Omaghicon, chief of “volas and Pitongatan, chief of Tondo. } >b aSTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHBLIPPINES, 182, Through a Japanese Chris ined racy, f | ected Stepan! pth, Juan Gayo, who periodically tragey with Manila. A-secret agreement was concluded, whereby Gayo would furnish arms and Japanese warriors to help the Filip, patriots and recognize Agustin de Legazpi as king of the Philippng ‘in exchange for such aid, he and his Japanese kingdom and, aed be given one-half of the tribute to be collected in the Philip. pines. Out of the many secret meetings of the Filipino conspirators, the plan of war was finally adopted First, a secret delegation wouig be sent to Borneo to secure the military aid of the Brunei sultan in the form of combat troops and ships. And second, ae be sent to Laguna and Batangas to obtain the aid of their inhabitans in the coming libertarian struggle. Once the support of Borneo and of the people of Laguna and Batangas was assured, the armed rebellion would begin when the Bornean ships with warriors on board enter Manila Bay. The conspirators with their armed warriors would then pounce on the city of Manila and start killing the Spaniards and setting the city on fire. To implement the first part of the war plan, a delegation com sisting of Magat Salamat, Juan Banal, and Agustin Manuguit was sent to Borneo. On the way to Borneo, Salamat and his companions stopped at Cuyo, Calamianes, to contact its native chief named Sumaclob. This chief joined the conspiracy and pledged to contri 2,000 men for the cause. Magat Salamat made a mistake in trying convert another Cuyo native, Antonio Surabao, who proved to bea Judas Iscariot. Pretending to be a supporter of the freedom cause, he gained their confidence. Salamat innocently revealed to him the secret plan of the rebellion. Without loss of time, this e to his master, Captain Pedro Sarmiento, the Spanish encomendero ot Saamianes about” the secret mission of Salamat, Banal, and inuguit. Immediately, Captain Sarmiento arrest three emis ssaries. He rushed to Manila and informed Govener oar tagede Ved ‘on October 26, 1588 of the existence of the conspiracy against Spani rule. Alarmed by the awful news of the conspiracy, whose existenc? was unknown to the Spanish authorities for fifteen vronthe, the gover nor immediately ordered the arrest of all persons implicated in revolutionary plot, including Dionisio. Fernandez, Japanese int®™ preter. All these suspects were thoroughly investigated, tried in i~ ee Fumo Revours 183 joa wore given aa in consonance with Iberian vindic- teres aitors,” but to the Filiping ee, Pen: werayts OF 8 lost cause. sil stin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan, the two leaders of the spore rebelion for freedom, were brutally hanged. ‘Their heads ore cut off and exposed on the gibbetin iron eages; their properties were seized by the government; and the sites of their homes were plowed and sown with salt so that they would remain barren. Dionisio Fernandez, the Japaneseinterpreter and friend of Agustin de Legazpi, was hanged and his property confiscated. Alsonexecuted were Magat Salamat (son of Lakan Duta), Gagne = (brother of Agustin Legazpi), and Esteban Taes (chief of Bulacan). ‘The rest of the Filipino patriots were given lighter penalties. — heavy fines and some years of exile to various places in the Philippines, far from their native towns. Dionisio Capolo (Kapulong), chief of Candaba (Pampanga) was sentenced to exile from his town and pay- ment of heavy fine. Governor Santiago de Vera pardoned him. Later he collaborated with Spain by serving as guide and interpreter for two Spanish expeditions to the Igorot country in 1591 and in 1594. Finally, five of the leading members of the “Tondo Conspiracy of 1587-88," were exiled to Mexico — Pedro Balinguit (chief of Pandacan), Pitonggatan (chief of Tondo), Felipe Salonga (chief of Polo), Calao (chief of Tondo), and Agustin Manuguit (chief of Tondo). ‘They were the first Filipinos to reside in Mexico. Ri a Sibllociasneainermebecn ‘the tribute collectors. .ose of Cagayan, who had been bellicose,” related Father Sufiga, “killed many Spaniards; those of the valley of Dingras in the pro- vince of Hocos resisted the collectors of the tribute and killed six men who came from Villa de Fernandina, ... and Don Santiago de Vera pacified the rebels, tempering the punishment with cle- Mency.”4 inst the Tribute. | ‘These were the first native revolts against the hated tribute and the corrupt tribute collectors. Although they were easily suppressed Y Zovernment troops, more revolts ofa similar nature were to come ne after another in subsequent years.t j 104 __HESTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. Magalat’s Revolt (15965 In the year-1596, during the ry Governoe Franeiseo Tello (1596-1602), two brothers incited the me of Cagayan to rise against Spain. One of the brothers was pyytt Mogalat. ‘The revolt was put down, and the rebellious brie: including their kinsmen, were kept in Manila as exiles. \e Dominican missionaries of Cagayan, moved to pity by plight of the two Brothers, persuaded Governor Tello to pardon thes ‘The request was granted, and the governor allowed them to rotun home. But no sooner had Magalat reached Cagayan than he once mary incited the people to rebellion. With the help of the other chiefs from Tuguegarao and other settlements, he killed many Spaniards and loys Filipinos. Hearing of the disturbed state of affairs in Cagayan, Governor Tello sent Captain Pedro de Chaves against the rebels. Magalat, how. ever, was too good a leader to be crushed in open battle. Failing to defeat by force of arms, the Spaniards hired native assassins, who murdered the valiant leader in his own house. His death caused the failure of the revolt. “Had Magalat not been killed,” said Dr. Morga, “the war would have dragged on for many years, but with his death the province became quiet and peace was maintained.”* Religious Revolt of the Igorots (1601).” In November 1601, the Igorots of Northern Luzon revolt “opposed alll attempts to Christianize them. To pacify them, Governor Francisco Tello dis patched an expedition under Captain Mateo de Aranda. Accompany: ing the expedition was Fr. Esteban Marin, first Au; of Batac, locos Norte, who was well-versed in the Igorot dialect. Think- ing that he could mollify the natives by preaching to them, Father Marin boldly approached the revolting village. He counselled its people to submit to Spain and Christianity, but instead of listening '0 him, the Igorots put him to'death. Captain Aranda avenged this death by inflicting a crushing defeat on the Igorot rebels. Revolt of the Irrayas (1621).* In November 1621 the Irrayas (not Gaddangs as mentioned in Spanish sources) of Northern Isabela in the Cagayan Valley rose in arms because they were oppressed by vicious Spanish officials. Their leaders were two valiant brothers named Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay. The Irraya villages which rallied to their cause were Abuatan, Batauag, Bolo, and Pilitan. Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas, Dominican missionary, tried ' pacify them, but the rebels, who respected him and other friars. Tefused to heed his words of peace. The leaders, Dayag and Cutabs)Furno Revours 185 NL ted Father Santo Tomas and his missionary companions with osity and respect. Their fight was not against these friars who wel to them but against the abusive Spanish officials. They allowed these friars to depart unmolested, with all their ornaments ind jewels of the churches. Their kindness to the missionaries impressed the Dominican historian, Fray Diego Aduarte, who wrote: this was no small generosity from an excited group of insurgents. they provided him (Father Santo Tomas —Z.) with boats, and men jo row them, and the friars went down the river to the friendly villages." After the departure of the missionaries, the Irrayas began their uprising with fire and sword. They killed the oppressive encomen- eros and officials and burned their homes. After a bloody orgy of looting and killing, the rebels went up to the Basili River and built their fortification on a rocky hill. Father Santo Tomas, despite his old age, returned to the scene of insurrection, accompanied by the alcalde mayor of Cagayan and a detachment of Spanish soldiers. To avoid bloodshed and violence, he went alone to the war camp of the rebels and exhorted the leaders to lay down their arms and promised them that the government would pardon them and remedy their grievances. This time the old missionary was able to persuade the rebels, so that the revolt ended without a fight. 7 At the head of the Irrayas, who had laid down their arms, Father Santo Tomas proceeded down the river and founded the town of Maquila. Later, he also founded another town called Cabagan. These ‘so towns were settled by the former Irraya rebels. Religious Revolt of Tamblot (1621-22). In the year 1621 the flames OF a religious revolt engulfed the island of Bohol. ‘This distur- was incited by a Filipino babaylan or priest named Tamblot, the people to return to the faith of their forefathers and, Convinced them “that the time has come when they could free them- from the oppression of the Spaniards, inasmush as they were ®ssured of the aid of their ancestors and diutas, or gods.” Around 2,000 Poholanos responded to Tamblot’s war call and began the uprising ata time when most of the Jesuit fathers, the spiritual administrators Of the island, were in Cebu celebrating the feast of the beatification *. Francis Xavier. News of the revolt reached Cebu, and immediately the alcalde 'Yor, Don Juan de Alearazo, rushed an expedition to Bohol, consisting bh~ PHUPPINES 108 _ron oF eu of errs i Filipinos. On New Yea, of 50 Spaniards and more than 1,000 On Mew Yeira ye 1622, the government forces began the campaign 2B2Inst the rep. Ina fiereebattle, fought ina blinding rain, Tamblot and his foe were crushed. The gallant valor of the Cebuano solders inthis > gave victory to Spain. igious Revolt (1621). When Tamblot'’s revo}, a rol ake neighboring island of Leyte BUPtiningyye! tionary flames. The leader of this rebellion was the aged chieftain gy Limasawa, Bankaw, who in 1565 received with friendly welcom, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the Spaniards who ane to his islang supplying them with what they needed, for which Philip ll sent him royal decree, thanking him for the kind hospitality which he shoe to those first Spaniards. He was converted to Christianity and became loyal to Spain. But in his old age, he returned to the religious beliy of his forebears. With the help of his sons and a native priest (name Pagali), he incited the people of Carigara, Leyte, to rise in arms in defense of their old gods and religion. From that town, the revolt spread like wildfire to other towns until the whole island was plunged into a chaos of armed resistance. The Jesuit Fr. Melchor de Vera hurried to Cebu and warned the Spanish authorities of the uprising. Alcalde-Mayor Alcarazo equipped a flotilla of 40 vessels, manned by hundreds of Cebuanos and some Spanish arquebusiers, and sailed to Leyte. The rebels were offered peace, but they spurned the peace offer, and fled to their fortification in the hills. The Spanish-Filipino forces pursued them and defeated them in a decisive battle. The aged Bankaw perished in the fight, together with his first son and Pagali; his second son was: beheaded as a traitor; and his daughter was taken captive. Bankaw’s head was severed from his body and placed on a stake and exhibited in public as a punishment for his infidelity and apostasy.” Revolt of Ladia (1643). In 1643 Pedro Ladia, a native of Borneo, who Claimed to be a descendant of Raha Matanda, instigated the people of Malolos, Bulacan, to rise in arms against Spain. He won EEA Tolowers. But before he could strike, his plan was foiled by Ft Cristobal Enriquez, who urged the people to remain loyal to Spain. Ladia was arrested and sent to Manila-where he was executed. Sumoroy’s Rebellion (1649-50). In 1649 Governor Diego Fajardo (1644-54) ordered the alcaldes mayores of the Visayas to send men to Cavite to work in the shipyards. The Visayans resented theitr Fumo Revours 187 because of the hardship of leavin : egneh ts n wih r cu,e ero ns requ 0% pa deat eo to their pea, t Governor Fajardo injudiciously 2 when the people of Palapag, Samar, f "7 elie ol te a tts Poe gumoroy ote te ae began the hostilities on June 1, 1649, with the Fining of the unpopular curate of the town, The fires of revolt spread i chly toother towns andislands ~ Zamboanga, Northern Mindanao, axis, Masbate, Camiguin, Albay, and Camarines. 4 Governor Fajardo was alarmed, and he sent his best Spanish and filipino troops (0 Samar. The Zamboanga fleet, consisting of four Fiffoaos (vessels), with a crew of some Spaniards and 400 Lutaos were catfed 10 the rebellious island. The Lutaos were led by their able fative commanders, Francisco Ugbo (master-of-camp) and Alonzo Racobo (sargento-mayor). sumoroy proved to be a brilliant leader, and won several victories over the Spanish-Filipino forces. He became the idol of his ple. Atone time, the Spanish commander offered a largereward for Sumoroy’s head. In derision, the Visayan rebels sent him the head of a Gumoroy fortified himself in the mountains where he defied BE sh power for abouta year. In uly 1650, under cover of darkness 3P% rain, the combined Spanish-Filipino forces assaulted his fort. The pels, caught by surprise, fought with the fury of comered lions, put in the end they were beaten. Sumoroy's mother perished during thebattle. Sumoroy, however, was taken aliveand executed. __Maniago’s Revolt (1660). Inthe year 1660, the Pampangueios rose in revolt against Spain. Their leader was the valiant warlord, cause of this uprising were (1) the natural love of the Pampanguesios for freedom, (2) the frequent recruitment of the men to cut timber in the mountains for the construction of Spanish galleons and (3) the hated bandala. ‘The term “bandala” (written vandala in Spanish records) isan old native word which means no peter ore force.” In Philippine history, it signified the compulsory sale of native products “from the provinces. ‘the government ir farmers in promissory notes which were never redeemed. Of the provinces, Pampanga suffered the most because by 1600 the govern: rent owed the Pampanga farmers the huge sum of P200,000.October 1660, the Pampangiss an “uprising by setting fire to their own houses and swearing “by the of ved fae their rash intention’ to fight for their Tights et both missionaries and officials liberty. Ignoring the efforts 0 ea paaly ther, they pitched their camp at Bacolor, closed ge rivers with stakes to stop commerce with Manila, rues o the people of Pangasinan and Ilocos, urging teag Iiberate themselves from the fetters of Spanish domination, Maniago’s revolt, Governor Manti de Lara rushed to Macabebe, and conferred with Juan Makapapa) powerful chief of Arayat and a descendant of Lakan Dula. As a resi, PP this conference, and in return for certain honors granted to hi including an appointment as master-of-camp in the Spanish army, Makapagal remained loyal to Spain. I's fidelity to Spain was a serious blow to Maniago’s _ cause. Displeased at this turn of events, Maniago sent an Augustinian friar, Fr. Andres de Salazar, as ambassador of peace to Governor Lara, with a message that he would lay down his arms if his demands were granted. ‘The governor, wishing to prevent unnecessary blood- shed, acceded to Maniago’s terms, which were as follows: (1) general pardon to all rebels; (2) payment of P14,000 to the Pampangueros 4 initial installment of the total government indebtedness amounting 200,000; and (3) the cutting of timber was to continue, but the Pampanguenos were given time to attend to their domestic activities, On the basis of this liberal agreement, the Pampanguefios stopped their revolt. Maniago thus succeeded in obtaining redress for his people's grievances. “Malong’s Rebellion (1660-61).!" Repercussions of the Pampanga revolt were felt in Pangasinan. Because of Spanish oppression, Andres Malong of Binalatongan (now the town of San Carlos), a Filipino master-of-camp in the army, incited the people to rise in arms against Spain. The first cry of the rebellion was sounded at Lingayen on December 15, 1660. From Lingayen, the revolt swept the whole province. Malong’s men killed several Spaniards, including the alcalde-mayor, who had tried to escape in a boat. Inspired by his early success, Malong proclaimed himself king of Pangasinan, He appointed Pedro Gumapos as count, Francisco Pacadua as judge, and Jacinto Macasiag and Melchor de Vera as army generals. He then sent inflammatory letters to the prople of the Ilocos, Zambales, Pampanga, and Cagayan, ~ Intheearly daysof To prevent the spread ofv Fimo Revours 189 ing, them to join his cause, The Zambals rallied to his call and pv his allies. a ishing, to extend is sovereignty beyond the frontiers of aan Malong sent Vera with E00 nan to Pampanga and ra pos with 3,000 men to locos and Cagayan, He remained in ume" an with 2,000 men. The sending of these expeditions proved pone plunder, for they depleted his forces and thus weakened his {0 ee. Hard-pressed by two government armies led by Don Felipe de jeand Don Francisco Esteban, he fled from Binalatongan, capital His Kingdom. He sent swift messengers to Vera and Gumapos to eum atonce. But before help could come, he was pursued into the retains by the Spanish-Filipino forces and was caught alive. He mow eecuted, together with Vera, Pacadua, and Macasiag, in 1661, at inalatongan. Later, Gumapos was also captured and executed at vigan- The Tlocos Revolt (1661),” Inspired by Malong’s revolutionary propaganda, the locanos rose in revolt in January, 1661, under the jeadership of Pedro Almazan, Juan Magsanop, and Gaspar Cristobal. ‘Almazan was proclaimed king of the Ilocanos, with his eldest son as the crown prince. The rebels began their uprising on the towns of San Nicolas, Bacarra, and Iauag, where they killed the friars and burned the churches. In the end, the revolt was surpressed by the Spanish troops, with the help of many loyal Filipinos. Like Malong, Almazan ended his reign in the gallows. geld Tapar's Religious Uprising (1663)."" In the year 1663, a Visayan babaylan and sorcerer named Tapar, who was dressed as a woman, founded a religious cultin Oton, Panay. This strange religious cult was a heretical form of Christianity which mesmerized the peasant folks, Within a short time, he gained hundreds of fanatical followers. ‘The Spanish friar of Oton, Fray Francisco de Mesa, opposed the new religious movement and was killed by Tapar’s men. In the ensuing tumult, the government troops came and sup- pressed the religious revolt after a bloody fight. Tapar and. his leading. followers were killed and their corpses were impaled on stakes. ‘The Zambal Revolt (1681-83)." In 1681 Governor Juan de Vargas, desiring to punish the warlike Zambals for their help to Malong in 1660-61 and for their depredations and ravages in Pangasinan and Nlocos, sent a strong expedition of Spaniards, Pampanguefios, and Mardicas (Ternate Malays) against them. ‘The commanders of the Punitive expedition were Captains Alonzo Martin Franco and Simon de90 _ eon oF nt wore of ne rae sy their valiant leader named 7) Torres. ‘The Zambals, under their val = sted, b mre defeated. Tumalang, was taken pris resisted, but they were eer as a traitor; and his daughier’ et his second son was be hea ‘Asa precaution against uprisings, @ Spanish fort and garrison yy established at Playa Honda. But the warlike Zambals were not conquered. In 1683 they agai, plunged the province into great tumult. The Dominican mi i i h words of Fr, Domingo Perez tried to pacify them wit peace na Toate of charity, but in vain, On November 12, 1683, a 2a Chieftain named Calignao and a Negrito named Quibacat shot thy friar with poisoned arrows, causing his death three days later, Ty Spanish commandant ofthe fort sent some soldiers to seize the guy Calignao. The latter, however, escaped with the aid of his Zamby followers. Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1829)2° In 1746, the island of Boh, became once more the arena of a serious insurrection against Spain, In that year Father Gaspar Morales, Jesuit curate of Inabangan, ordered ‘ constable to capture a man who had abandoned his Christin religion. ‘The brave constable pursued the fugitive, but the later resisted and killed him inaduel. Hiscorpse wasbroughtto town. Father Morales refused to give the dead constable a burial because he died in a duel and this was banned by the Church. Francisco Dagohoy, brother of the deceased, was so infuriated at the priest that he instigated the people to rise in arms. The signal of the uprising was the killing of Father Guiseppe Lambert, Italian Jesuit curate of Jagna, on January 24, 1744. afterwards Father Morales was killed by Dagohoy. The rebellion rolled over the whole island like a tropical typhoon. Bishop Miguel Lino de Espeleta of Cebu, who exercised ecclesiastical authority over Bohol, tried vainly to pacify the rebellious Filipinos. defeated the Spanish-Filipino forces sent against him. f He established a free government in the mountains, and had 3,000 followers, who subsequently increased to 20,000. The patriots re mained invincible in their mountain stronghold, and even aftet Dagohoy’s death, they continued to defy Spanish power. Twenty Spanish governors, from Gaspar de la Torre (1739-45) Juan Antonio Martinez (1822-25) tried to quell the rebellion and failed. In 1825, General Mariano Ricafort (1825-30), a_kind and able adm nistrator, became governor of the Philippines. Upon his ordet Alcalde-Mayor Jose Lazaro Cairo, at the head of 2,200 Filipino-Sparish ~____Furmo Revours n May 7, 1827. The brave de-Mayor Cairo won several engage 1828, another Spani: sition under Captain Manvel Sane landed in Bohol ale, more eta year of hard campaign, he finally subdued the patriots. By ipigust 31, 1629, the rebellion had ceased. Governor Ricafort, with srivalric, magnanimity, pardoned 19,420 survivors and permitted to live in the new villages of the lowlands. These villages are sow the towns of Batuanan, Balithan, Cabulao, Catigbian, and Vilar. Dagohoy will always live in the pages of Philippine history, not only as@ good brother and a heroic man, but also as the leader of the est Filipino revolt on record. His rebellion lasted 85 years (1744- 1829). i Agrarian Uprisings of (1745-46)" Between 1745 and 1746 there rose a series of Serratia in the provinces around Manila, tspecially in Bulacan, Batangas, Laguna, and Cavite. These insurrec- tions were said to have been provoked by “the usurpation of Indian lands” by the religious orders. Ecclesiastical historians and their sym- jzers asserted that the friars had legal claims to these lands, but the Filipinos who occupied them believed otherwise. ‘The first sparks that ignited the agrarian uprisings appeared in the Jesuit estates of Lian and Nasugbu in Batangas province when, in September 1745, the Filipinos rose in rebellion to recover the lands which they considered their birthright. Under the leadership of Matienza, the people plundered and burned the Jesuit convents, devas- tated the ranches, and committed other acts of violence. The uprising gathered momentum, spreading as far as Taal, and subsequently, reverberated in other towns of the neighboring provinces, notably: Bintan, Imus, Silang, Kawit, Bacoor, San Mateo, Taguig, Parafiaque, and Hagonoy. Troops were sent from Manila to Batangas to quell the disturbance. Matienza and his-lieutenants were shot, and many who surrendered were pardoned, The agrarian conflicts reached the ear of King Philip VI who ap: | Paited. Oidor Pedro Calderon Enriquez to investigate the charges ought against the religious orders and to ascertain the validity of their titles to the lands in question. “The friars, ordered to submit their titles toa secular judge,” said Professor C.H. Cunningham, ‘to comply, claiming ecclesiastical exemption.” In the face of theit opposition The governor general dispossessed the friars of the lands which they were said to have usurped and which they were —oo 7 g to hold without legitimate title, restoring the Crown. The case was appealed by the friars to the Royal Ay “Manila and that tribunal upheld the first decision; then the ~ further appealed to the Council of the Indies in Spain and againg decision was confirmed. But the whole matter did not 3 tee subsequently, the friars won theircaseand retained the disputed jg and their ownership of them remained intact even after the eng Of the. Spanish regime. i i 2 The most serio Rebellion of Diego Silang (1762-63) aah revoits during the British occupation was the locos rebellion of te 63 under Diego Silang, one of the greatest heroes of ocandia, ‘man of remarkable ability and intelligence, Silang was well-known in Manila and the Iiocos because he had been a trusted mail carrie, between Manila and Vigan for many years. After the capture ¢f Manila by British arms on October 5, 1762, he requested the Sparig, authorities of Vigan to abolish the hated tribute and to organize the Tocos troops to fight the British, since Spain could no longer defend ty colony. For this action the r (Don Antonio Zabsls) considered him but his friends and followers worked successfully for his early release. Enraged by his brief imprisonment, leto action. Upon Spanish refusal of his demands, Silang unfurled his fag of rebellion on December 14, 1762. With the support of the patriotic Tlocanos, he expelled the alcalde-mayor from Vigan, and proclaimed the abolition of the excessive tribute and faieitibor: He made Vigan the capital of his independent govern- ment, and spread his revolutionary movement to Pangasinan and Cagayan. Silang proved to be an able military leader. He successfully ‘gan from Spanish reprisals and virtually became the un- ‘crowned king of llocandia. ‘The success of Silang reached the ears of the British in Manik Needing his help against Don Simon de Anda, who was the soul of Spanish resistance against England, the British sent him several gifts A letter of the British authorities, dated May 6, 1763, solicited his allegiance in the fight against the Spaniards, PREg-Rite WHO WS massing forces to attack him, Silang accepted the British offer of friendship and protection, ‘The Spanish authorities and the friars were alarmed at Silang’s growing power. Since they could not destroy him by force of arms, they1 id jn’s gratitude and riguel Viers 5 es ne ccassin. With th sh Mouse at Vigan on ‘died Silang, the gu in tus 0co ae volt did not die with j santa, Hocos Sur, on March ng her youth, she was Seeply religious, being noted for Qus and charitable qualities. f 20, ced by her parents to marry a rich old an, who died shortly afterwards, leaving her a wealthy young, widow’ ae. Shortly before the arrival of the British in Manila, a beautiful romance sprang between the dashing Silang and the pretty Gabriela, jeading to their marriage in 1757. When the revolt broke out in 1762, Gabriela: discarded her life of ease and comfort, and accompanied jer husband to the battlefields. The assassination of Silang only made er redouble her effort to seck Tocano liberty, for now she had another mission — to avenge her husband's murder. Nicolas Carifto, Silang’s uncle, temporarily took command of the bel forces. He and Gabriela attacked Santa and won a brilliant victory over the government forces. After the battle, Gabriela. went to the wilds of Abra and recruited the savage Tinggians” (Itnegs). Atthe head of these Tinggian lancers, she joined Carifio, Estrada, and Bolargas at Cabugao, where another battle was fought against the government troops. This time the rebels were beaten. Carifio was Shin, and Gabriela and her shattered forces fled to Abra. Undaunted by the Cabugao disaster, she organized a new army of Ilocanos and Tinggians and marched towards Vigan. Like Joan of Arc, she rode ona fast horse as she led her men into the fray. The loyal archers, "pulsing her attack, saved Vigan for Spain. Once more she fled to the untains with her followers. Don Manuel de Arza, lieutenant-governor of northern Luzon, ind his flying brigade of Cagayan warriors pursued the fleeing Cine, and, with the-aid’ of the Apayaos and Kalingas, captured surviving followers. On September 20, 1763, the brave (bricla and her companions were executed at Vigan. Thus ended the “ve career of ocandia’s Joan of Arc.Ee STORY OF THE REPUBUC OF THE PHILIPPINES ‘The Palaris Revolt (1762-65).* Occurring simultaneously wi the Silang revolt was the uprising in Pangasinan, which bopay November 3, 1762 at the town of Binalatongan under the leadership? Juan de la Cruz Palaris. The causes of this revolt were simitgr those of Silang’s, as follows: (I) Spain’s loss of prestige due to 4 British occupation of Manila; (2) excessive tribute; and (3) a the alcalde-mayor and other officials. From Binalatongan the flan, of insurrection spread to other towns in Pangasinan, The Dominican friars tried to pacify Palaris, but he refused 4, listen to them. Instead, he urged his people to carry on the fight ting them that the Spaniards were very weak because of their defeat the hands of the British. And he succeeded in driving the Spaniards and friars out of the rebel towns. For over one year, he was master of the province. In 1764, after quelling Silang’s revolt in the locos, Don Manuel de ‘Arza went to Pangasinan with 3,000 loyal llocano soldiers. The revo of Palaris was suppressed, and he and his remaining followers were put to death. The Cagayan Uprising (1763)2* As a result of the British inva sion and the revolutionary propaganda of Silang and Palaris, the flames of rebellion spread to Cagayan. The people of Ilagan proclaimed their independence on February 2, 1763, defying the tribute collectors and Spain. The insurrection spread to Cabagan and Tuguegarao. Under their chieftains named Dabo and Juan Marayac, the rebels committed various acts of violence on the Spanish off ials and the friars. But the revolt did not last long, for Don Manuel de Arza and his loyal Filipino troops came and quelled it. The leaders were executed. The Basi Revolt (1807).” The establishment of the government mondpoly of wine in 1786 aroused deep indignation among the people of Ilocandia, whose free manufacture of the popular basi (wine fermented from sugarcane) was curtailed. Owing to the wine mono- poly, the Ilgeanos were prohibited to drink homemade basi and were compelled to buy their wine from government stores. On September 16, 1807, the Hocanos of Pidding, Ilocos Norte, rose in arms in defense of their favorite basi: This unique revolt, the only one of its kind in the annals of the Philippines, resembled in principle the Whisky Rebellion of 1794 in American history. Itspread to the neighboring towns, notably Badoc and Santo Domingo. The Spanish alcalde-mayor, who was residing in Vigan, sent a force of 36r Fiupmo Revours 195 ors and two columns of civilian guards with a cannon to attack ii Nore the rebels were entrenched.-A sanguinary fight took at and the rebels crushed the government force and captured the on ‘iter winning the battle of Badoc, the basi-drinking patriots ned to attack Vigan and later Manila, On September 28, 1807, the petemayor, leadinga strong force of regular troops, attacked them skal “idelfonso. The fighting Hocanos were defeated and their revolt san a vsquelieds revolt in Defense of a Constitution (1815), This unique revolt philippine history was the bloody uprising which erupted on March '*')g15.in defense of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. This cons- sfation, it should be remembered, was promulgated by the Spanish Cortes (Parliamend), approved and signed on March 19, 1812 by 184 Geegates of Spain and her overscas colonies (including the Philippines). ‘ne ofits signers was Ventura de los Reyes, Philippine delegate. This Spanish Constitution was very much influenced by the jitical legacies of the French Revolution — Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. It granted human rights to both Spaniards in Spain and the inhabitants of Spanish overseas colonies. Significantly, it was the first ssritton constitution ever to be applied to the Philippines. The Filipino yple, who had been oppressed for many years by both Spanish colonial officials and bad friars, naturally liked it because: it safeguarded their human rights. Unfortunately the liberal Spanish Constitution did not last long. King Ferdinand VII, upon regaining his despotic powers, issued a royal decree on May 4, 1814 abolishing the constitution. When this tragic news reached the Philippines, the Filipino people, particular! the loeanos, occived it with great sadness. Inthe bela that such hows was a sinister trick of the corrupt: Spanish officials to deprieve them of their human rights, more than 1,500 Hocanos of Sarrat (flocos Norte) under the leadership of Simon Tomas rose in arms o1 3, 1815. The revolt spread to other towns, including Batac, Paoay, Pidding, San Nicolas, and Vintar. The valiant Hocanos plundered the houses of rich Spaniards and pro-Spanish natives, looted the churches, and killed some friars and officials. Upon learning of the bloody uprising in Hocandia, the Spanish f0vernment rushed infantry and cavalry forces to the rebellious (O*"s. The rebels fought with fierce courage, but they wi feated 'y the superior arms of Spain's forces. The revolt ended on a. >196 __vesvony OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHUPPINES many of vanquished rebels, including. the 6, 1815, and vod. leaders, were severely pu! of the Bayot Brothers; (1822) The early decades 19th ah saw the rising tempo of the feeling of di antagonism between two classes of Spanish residents: inthe: Philippa a the peninsulares and the creoles, The peninsulares were Spanien bom in Spain of Spanish parents. The creoles, on the other hand, also Spaniards of Spanish parents but they wore born in the con The enmity between peninsulares and creoles began in the 19, century when the creole class emerged as @ distinct social cay feeauce their namber continuously increased. The peninsular Spay, pads, who happened to be born in Spain, looked down on the cress asifthelatter were inferior beings. This enmity between peninsular and ereoles was an abominable social phenomenon in all Spanish colonies, What irked the creoles in the Philippines, as well as in othe colonies of Spain, was not only the social snub which they reccing from the peninsulares, but also the Spanish. government policy o pointing the peninsulares and other job-seekers from Spain to hig Prerative offices in the government and the armed forces, this depriving the creoles of the same opportunities. Asa matter of fat te ‘creoles considered themselves as the true “sons of the country” (ies del pais). No wonder, the creoles resented the arrogant peninsulaes ‘who mostly came to the Philippines to geta job and to escape from thei poverty in Spain. ‘The bitter feeling between the peninsulares and the creoles was aggravated by the successful revolutions for independence in the ‘Spanish colonies in Latin America from 1808 to 1826. These revolutions, which were truly “Wars of Independence,” were led by patriotic cree leaders, such as Father Miguel Hidalgo, Father Jose Maria (priest general), and Agustin Iturbide in Mexico; General Simon Bolivar in Bolivia; General Antonio Josede Sucre in Peru; and General Jose deSan Martin in Argentina. Evidently inspired by the splendid achievements of the creole liberators, particularly in Mexico, and influenced by the liberal ideals of the French Revolution (1789-1799), the three Bayot brothers — Manuel, Jose, and Joaquin — who were creole captains of the Kings Regiment and sons of Colonel Francisco Bayot, a prominent creole citizen of Manila, conspired with other creole officers of the Battalion Real Principe (composed of mestizos) to rise in.arms at dawn of April‘The objectives of the uprising were (1) to overthrow the 1 at which vas dominated by the pninsulares 28 what ne Hidalgo a flow rece compat did in Mesico, and fi aim lependence of the Phi - ae Foe Colonel Bayot as king. isippies tncier a goer ‘ .w days before April 17, the plan of the Bayot conspiracy ed out Forwarned, Governor Mariano de Folgueras immediately josked OC utionary measure. He alerted the Quoen’s Regiment and sok Pread the barracks of suspected rebels with loyal troops and aborteu, fe ston cannons: a a they were imprisoned after a trial. a x ‘the Novales Mutiny (1823).” The separation of Mexico from ggsin in 1821 its repercussions in the Philippines. The old Philip- eMesian ties were cut.off. Beginning in 1821, the Spanish mon- pred the Philippines directly from Madrid. A new Spanish gover- arand captain-general was thus appoinied to succeed Governor ax yoras who had been ating as goveror since 1816. ‘The new governor, Juan Antonio Martine, afield marshal of the nigh army, arrived in Manila from Madrid and assumed the erynatorial office. He brought many peninsular military officers tne king's instructions to reorganize the colonial armed forces, He newly-arrived peninsulares. Those creole and ere retained in the army were either placed 1 were assigned to rd inhich were given to the Mexican officers who we ‘nder the command of the peninsular officers 0 remote garrisons in the provinces. s, the Mexican. and. creole. army el -veral secret meet jscuss their deplorable "Manila, who were prominent situation. Many creole residents of ixnewsmen and lawyers, sympathized with their cause, News of their clandestine meetings reached the ears of Governor Martinez viho, after consultation with the government spies, found out that the ring leader of the discontented military officers was Captain Andres Novales, who was either a Mexican ora creole. Without losing, time, the Spanish governor assigned Captain Novales to Misamis, Mindanao, to fight the On June 1, 1823, ‘of his commanding officer, boarded the ship rm hit Mindanao. It so happened that a sto Manila Bay, o that the ship was unable to proceed on its voyege-‘OF THE PHILIPPINES: HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC 198 Before midnight of the same date, Novales secretly ‘ity of Manila and held an emergency meeting of his soba "bout 800 officers and men of the First Regimen Line and other military units. By 11:00 P.M., the mutiny their sergeants raided the home uads of Novales’ men led by the : h eonish civil and military officials, taking them prisoner, Hae of Novales, Lieutenant Ruiz, who was commander fond atthe city of gates that night, joined the mutiny, by some soldiers, he rushed to the home of former Governor} Parnandez de Folgueras to get the keys to the city gate. When, resisted, Lieutenant Ruiz killed him and got the keys. Novales led his main forces toward Fort Santiago. te his greats dismay, his own young brother, Lieutenant Mariano to ie him Fort Santiogo and declared his loyalty to Spain. to the impregnable defenses of Fort Santiago, Novales turned back} forces and seized the Cabildo (City Hall), the Governor's Palace, the Manila Cathedral. Everywhere he struck with success, crushing the loyalist defenders. Flushed by their initial success, the Victorious mutineers claimed their leader as “Emperor of the Philippines.” They exclaime, “Long live Emperor Novales!” So Captain Novales, like Genenl Agustin de Iturbide of Mexico, became an “emperor” but his te proved to be a much briefer one than that of Emperor Iturbide’s. Meanwhile, the courageous Governor Martinez, who was then billeted at Malacafiang Palace, outside the city walls, to escape the summer heat, assaulted the beleaguered city (Intramuros) with his loyal forces — the crack Pampanga Regiment, the Queen’s Regiment, and the artillery corps. Furious fighting raged at the streets until Novales and his rebellious troops were crushed in the morning of June 2nd. | The ill-starred Captain Novales was captured alive. After a hurried court-marital, he was found guilty of treason and sedition. At five o'clock in the afternoon of June 2, 1823, he and his brave comrade at-arms Sergeant Mateo, were shot to death at the Luneta. The following day, Lieutenant Ruiz and 14 surviving sergeants, were also executed at the Luneta. Governor Martinez pardoned the rest of the survivors, except sergeants who were likewise shot to death. ‘Thus ended the tragic story of Captain Novales, who valiantly fought against racial} discriminationlin the armed forces and died aftet a turbulent reign as “emperor” for a few hours. In the words ofa 0 Revours 199 peo renee of the bloody event, Dr. Paul P. de la Gironiere, aMjcian and Surgeon-Major of the First Light Regiment: “At ay ight he was outlawed; at two o'clock in the morning proclaimed aro and at five in the evening shot" ‘As an aftermath of the Novales Mutiny, liberal-minded é- prominent ManileRo creoles, who ere involved in it were amt sted and exiled to Spain. Among them were Luis Rodriguez Varela, aman as the Conde Filipino (Filipino Count), whom Retana regarded ine “precursor of the redemptorist movement" Domingo Roxas, snillionaite industrialist; Francisco Rodriguez, British-educated and wealthy business magnate; Jose Maria Jugo, lawyer; and Jose Ortega, ctor of the Royal Company of the Philippines. They were accom vanied in the voyage to Spain by the three Bayot brothers (Manuel, ff and Joaquin) who had languished in prison since their abortive Bnspiracy in 1822. Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-41) The first major revolt in the Philippines which was in fact a struggle for religious freedom was led by Apolinario de la Cruz in Tayabas (now Quezon Province) in 1840-1841. Better known as Hermano Pule, this religious jeader was born in Barrio Pandak, Lukban, Tayabas Province, on july 22, 1815. His parents, Pablo de la Cruz and Juana Andres, were devout Catholics of peasant stock. Since early boyhood, Apolinario had wanted to become a priest. In 1839, at the age of 24, he went to Manila to enter a monastic order. No monastery would accept him because he was an Indio (native). ‘Atthat time alll religious orders were closed to all indios, whom biased Spaniards considered as inferior human beings. Frustrated in his venture, Apolinario worked in the Hospital of San Juan de Dios as a servant. During his spare time he studied the Bible and other religious tooks and listened attentively to the church sermons of distinguished preachers. In this way he came to learn many things about Catholic theology. In June 1840, he returned to Lukban and founded the Cofradia de San Jose (Confraternity of St Joseph), a kind of religious brotherhood for the adoration of St. Joseph, whose feast day isthe 19th of March. It was a nationalist brotherhood, in the sense, that it was ©clusively for the native Filipinos. White Spaniards and mestizos Were denied membership in it. This religious brotherhood fostered ‘he practice of Christian virtues, including attendance in the religious200 ‘HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES: Masses and novenas, most particularly the High Mass on March 1g the feast day of its patron saint. J The Spanish authorities, Governor General Marcelino Oraa ang Archbishop Jose Segui, upon the recommendation of ‘the Spanish friars who regarded the Cofradia as a heresy, banned it. Herman Pule, undaunted by the religious bigotry and intolerance of ty government authorities, carried on his religious movernent, The more the government persecuted it, the more it became popular among the masses. Hermano Pule was aided by Father oeico de los Santos (Filipino secular priest), Don Domingo Roxas (rich Manila industrialist), and Octavio Ignacio de San Jorge, nickname “Purgatorio” (secretary of the Cofradia). In defense of religious freedom, Hermano Pule rallied his perse- cuted followers at Barrio Isabang on the slope of Mount Banahaw. His army of more than 4,000 men, armed with bolos and anting-antng (amulets) was commanded by the valiant “Purgatorio”. This Cofadis army was reinforced by a band of Negrito archers. In the afternoon of October 23, 1841, Alcalde-Mayor Juan Ortega of Tayabas Province, with a government force of 300 men fought with remarkable valor, crushing the attackers and killing the Spanish alealde-mayor. The victorious Cofradia defenders captured a rich booty of rifles, cannons, and ammunitions of the vanquished govern- ment forces. To redeem the shameful defeat of the Spanish army, Governor General Oraa promptly sentaa stronger army to Tayabas Province. This army, reinforced by a contingent of crack Pampanguefio infantrymen, was led by Lt. Col. Joaquin Huet, a veteran Spanish combat com mander. Meanwhile Pule moved his war camp to a more formidable site at Alitao at the foot of forested Mount Cristobal. On November 1, All Saints Day, Colonel Huet launched his mas- sive assault on Alitao. Pule’s freedom fighters resisted with ferocious courage, but they were overwhelmed by the superior armaments of the enemy. Aside from annihilating the Cofradia forces, Huet brutally massacred hundreds of defenseless old men, women, and children who had joined Pule in Alitao. Hermano Pule escaped the bloody carnage and fled to Barrio Tanga, where he was captured the following evening. On Novembet 4, 1841, he was executed by a firing squad at the town of Tayabas-or Fumo Revours 204 “King of the Tagal i sted the iS ‘agalogs” by his folloy he died as a Great 1 the nable cause of religious freedom, sui Ben Mutiny of the Tayabas Regiment (1843). The non-commis- ioned officers and soldiers of the Tayabas Regiment, which was quar- rod in Malate, wete entaged by the wanton killing of old. folks, a ind children in Alitao by the Spanish troops. Many of these wjortunate victims were their relatives. To avenge their massacre, the soldiers from Tayabas secretly planned to rise in arms and shassacte, in turn, the hated Spaniards. They were able to obtain the mpport of other Tayabense soldiers in other army units. (On the evening of January 20, 1843, the Tayabas Regiment began its mutiny under the leadership of seipeaee nee sacle. {raving their Malate barracks, they rushed toward the Santa Lucia Gate of the walled city (Intramuros). When they found the gate closed, they'scaled the walls and Killed the Spanish officers of the city ‘hey. promptly took possession of Fort Santiago with the felp of their comrades who were then on guard duty. The following morning (January 21), Governor Oraa_ who was living at Malacafiang Palace, learned of the mutiny. Immediately, he ordered the loyal troops to attack the rebellious regiment. For a time, the Tayabas soldiers, fighting with indomitable courage, foiled the attack. Unfortunately, some artillerymen who were loyal to Spain opened the gates of Fort Santiago. Through these gates, the loyal government troops rushed in and engaged the numerically inferior mutineers in furious combat. Above the din of the terrific fighting, the rmutineers shouted to their compatriots to join them and fight for their country’s independence. “This was the first time,” recounts French Consul Fabre, an eyewitness of the event, to the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, “that the word, independence, had been said in the Philippines as a rallying cry."™ ‘After a few hours of sanguinary fighting, Samaniego and his men were routed. The survivors — Samaniego, Sergeant Neri (his assistant) and 80 of his followers — were captured alive and were shot to death at the Luneta at sundown of January 21, 1843. Why the Revolts Failed. The early revolts and uprisings ended isasirously. This was mainly because of the absence of nationalism among’the Filipinos and their lack of national Teaders /Nationalism was not yet developed in them prior to the mar of Fathers202 __HESTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PRLIPPINES and Zamora in 1872 and Rizal’s execution in 189, aes es ee hostility among them, which Spain encouraged by her policy of di, ctimpera (vide and rule). Instead of helping each other ina como, Cause, they sided with their oppressors in suppressing, the revol of their blood brothers. Thus the Pampangueiios aided the Spaniards in putting down the Tagalog uprising, and when the Pampangueiog themselves rose in rebellion, the Tagalogs retaliated by helping the Spaniards. The Tlocano revolt under Silang in 1762-63 would have Shecoeded if the other Iocanos and Cagayanes had not helped the Spaniards. Furthermore, there were then no national leaders who could gal vanize the Filipinos into one nation and lead them to their libertarian oal. Lakan Dula was a Tagalog; Bankaw, a Visayan; Maniago, a Pam. panguefio; Malong, a Pangasinan; Silang, an Hocano; De la Cruz, a Tagalog; and Samaniego, another Tagalog. These revolutionary Ieaders were not considered as national liberators in their days. Their influence and power were confined within their tribes. What the Filipinos needed were leaders under whose command all of them would rally in arms as one people. Such leaders as Rizal, M.H. del Pilar, Lopez Jacna, Bonifacio, Jacinto, Mabini, Aguinaldo, and Antonio Luna emerged later during the twilight years of the 19th century. Significance of the Early Revolts. Notwithstanding their failure, the early Filipin« revalis weve vast significance. Indubitabl they proved that the Filipinos were nctestiliedanreeneine rere ney dependent people and that if given a-chance f0 do so, they never hesi: r dignity, liberty, and happiness. Moreover, out of the ashes of the unsuccessful revolts of the Filipinos arose the spirit of dynamic nationalism. The failure of theit periodic uprisings taught them the bitter lesson that they could never free themselves from Spanish misrule by struggling separately a5 separate tribes, but that they had to unite and fight the common welfare of the fatherland,