COCA-COLA AND UNCLE SAM:

THE COMING OF THE

AMERICANS (1898-1901)
The Second phase
 Andrew Carnegie -
John Rockefeller - oil
steelt

Cornelius Vanderbilt Charles Goodyear –

America’s - railroads rubber (tires)
Industrialization
in the 19th Century
Randolph Hearst -
J.P Morgan – bank
newspapers

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 American https://youtu.be/nYmrBmf3wI0

https://youtu.be/DLhrij8MLtk
Beliefs
• Manifest Destiny
• America was destined by
God to expand beyond
North America to the
Pacific
• American Exceptionalism
• America differs
qualitatively from the
rest of the world
• Anglo-Saxonism
• Americans and English
people are a single race
with superior
intelligence who are
destined for world
domination
 5D’s (American Motives for Colonization)

Dollar Defense Destiny Deity Duty

New markets for Strategic location Expansion without Wanted to convert White Man’s
American goods for a naval base appending a the Philippines to Burden
Stepping stone to Military launching- country Protestantism
Asian Market like pad Desire for an
China overseas empire
Source of
materials for Watch video until the end
America’s colonies https://youtu.be/YLM0FLicXfs
 Road to Spanish-US war
• Political
• “Yellow Journalists” from Hearst Newspapers leaked the letter of
Enrique de Lome (Spanish Ambassador to US) to his friend in
Havana that the American President (William McKinley) is a weak
and inferior politican
• Yellow Journalism
• Social
• The Cuban Revolution had won the sympathy of the Americans
• Economic
• Americans had big investment in Cuba
(sugar)

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https://youtu.be/SmamZOAAJ0M
 Watch video until the end

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North Carolina
South Carolina Pennsylvania
Virginia New York
Massachusetts
New Hampshire New Jersey
Maryland Rhode Island Georgia
Connecticut Delaware
 USS Maine Havana
Harbor in Cuba

• On Feb. 15, 1898 the American battleship

USS Maine mysteriously exploded at
Havana Harbor in Cuba, killing 246 men.
Spain was blamed for the mishap
• US Congress passed the Teller Resolution
declaring a state of war between US and
Spain on April 21, 1898
• On April 25, 1898 the Congress of the
United State formally declared the war on
Spain.

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https://youtu.be/DhIFX8xgiM4
 Battle of Manila Bay
(May 1, 1898)
• Commodore George Dewey (US)
– USS Olympia
• Admiral Patricio Montojo (Spain)
– Reina Cristina
 Aguinaldo Returns
• Aguinaldo took McCulloch and arrived at
Manila Bay on May 19
• May 28- After a victory in Imus, Aguinaldo
unfurled the new national flag which was
sewn by Marcela Agoncillo and her
companions in Hong Kong.
• Ambrosio Rianzares Baustista advised
Aguinaldo to create a dictatorial
government
• Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen Basilio Agustin
the terms of an honorable surrender
• Despite orders from Spain to surrender,
Agustin decided to surrender to the
Americans only
• Apolinario Mabini advised Aguinaldo to shift
from dictatorial to revolutionary
government
• Jun 12, 1898 – declaration of Independence
Germany’s Intentions
• They looked for lands to colonize
• 1st plan – place Philippines under German
Prince; 2nd – divide the Philippines among
world powers including Germany; 3rd –
place country among world powers
• Cormoran warship provoked the Americans
when they did not stop at the bay; Dewey
threatened war
• British-American Forces combined stopped
the Germans from entering Manila
 Start of
American
Betrayal
• Pio Del Pilar and Artemio
Ricarte warned Aguinaldo
that the Americans appear to
deceive them and that they
may have to fight the
Americans in the future.
• August 13, 1898-The Mock
Battle of Manila took place by
noontime; Gov. Gen Fermin
Jaudenes along with other US
officials discussed the terms
of surrender in San Agustin
Church
Watch video until the end
https://youtu.be/CkLd9HWD228
 Treaty of Paris
(December 10,
1898)
• Spain turned over the Philippines,
Guam and Puerto Rico to the United
States for the sum $20,000,000 as a
payment for the improvement made
by Spain in the Philippines
• Allowed Spain to ship commodities
to the Philippines for a period of 10
years
• Did not take effect until the US
Congress ratified it.
• Filipino Diplomats exerted efforts to
stop its ratification in Washington

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 Malolos Congress

• Pedro Paterno – President of

the Congress
• 135 members, 42 elected
while the rest were
appointed
• 3 drafts- Mabini, Paterno and
Felipe Calderon

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 Cabinet Members
Mabini Cabinet
Foreign Affairs and Gov’t
Council – Apolinario Mabini
Interior – Teodoro Sandiko
War and Navy – Baldomero
Aguinaldo
Finance – Mariano Trias
Development – Gracio Gonzaga
Paterno Cabinet
Gov’t Council – Pedro Paterno
Foreign Affairs – Felipe Buencamino
Interior – Severino de las Alas
War and Navy – Mariano Trias
Finance – Hugo Ilagan
Public Administration – Aguedo Velarde
Public Works and Communications –
Leon Ma. Guerrero
Industry, Commerce and Agriculture –
Maximino Paterno
 Malolos Congress
President – Pedro
Paterno; Ambrosio
Bautista
Vice Pres – Benito
Legarda
Secretaries – Gregorio
Araneta, Pablo
Ocampo
 Malolos Republic
• First Republic in Asia
• Unicameral Legislature
• 93 delagates, 35 elected
while the rest were
appointed when the Watch video until the end

Congress convened https://youtu.be/2QcI35ZSE-o

• Legislative branch is more
powerful than the
executive branch
 Audiencia dela Capital
(Supreme Court)
Presidente - Gracio Gonzaga
Presidente de la Sala - Juan Arceo, Felix
Ferrer
Magistrados - Deogracias Reyes, Juan
Tongco, Pablo Tecson, Ygnacio
Villamor
Delegado Fiscal - Arsenio C. Herrera
Abogados Fiscales - Ambrosio Delgado,
Epifanio Santos
46 regional judges
• Universidad
Scientifico Literaria
inside Barasoian
Church in Malolos
(law, medicine,
pharmacy, liberal arts-
English, French and
Spanish)
• Instituto Burgos – High
school and
Trade/vocational
school
• Academia Militar by
Antonio Luna – headed
by Col. Manuel Sityar
 Autonomy over Independence
• Autonomy – protectorate under US vs. absolute
independence
• Aguinaldo was waiting which side would have the
majority
• Only Antonio Luna and Apolinario Mabini were pro-
independence
• Gracio Gonzaga over Mabini as Chief Justice
 President McKinley did not know what to do with
the Philippines
But he was surrounded by men who had interest in
making the Philippines an American colony

Mckinley : “the islands were a gift from the gods”

Cannot be returned to Spain- cowardice and
dishonorable
Cannot be turned over to France or Germany – bad
business and discreditable
Cannot leave them to themselves – unfit for self-
government
“There is nothing left for us to do but to take them all,
and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize
and Christianize them, and by God’s grace, do the
very best we could by them, as our fellowmen whom
Christ also died.”
Benevolent Assimilation (Dec 21, 1898)

• With the signature of the treaty of peace between the United

States and Spain by their plenipotentiaries at Paris on the 10th
instant, and as a result of the victories of American arms, the
future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine
Islands are ceded to the United States”.
• It will be the duty of the commander of the forces of occupation to
announce and proclaim in the most public manner that we come,
not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to protect the
natives in their homes, in their employments. And in their personal
and religious rights.
• All persons who, either by active aid or by honest submission, co-
operate with the Government of the US to give effect to these
beneficent purposes will receive the reward of its support and
protection. All others will be brought within the lawful rule we
have assumed, with firmness if need be, but without severity, so
far as possible.
 Anti-Imperialist League Pro-Imperialists
Mark Twain Henry Watterson
• Poet • Editor of the Louisville Courier-
Journal
Andrew Carnegie Theodore Roosevelt
• Businessman
• Cavalry commander in Cuba
William Jennings Bryan Alfred J. Beveridge
• Legislator • Senator
 White Man’s Burden by Rudyard
Kippling
(April 1, 1899)
TAKE up the White Man’s Burden
Send forth the best ye breed
Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captive’s need;
To wait, in heavy hairness,
On fluttered folk and wild
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child
 Filipino-American war
• Feb. 1, 1899 – a group of American Engineers was
arrested and detained by Filipinos troops because
they were found within the latters’ lines
• Feb. 2, 1899 – General Arthur MacArthur protested
the presence of some Filipino soldiers within the
American lines.
• Feb. 4, 1899. Private Willie W. Grayson shot two
unarmed Filipino soldiers on the corner of Sociego
& Silencio Streets in Santa Mesa, Manila
• Filipinos who were employed by American firms
were fired
• Many of the Filipino commanders were not at their
posts
• On Feb. 4, 1899 American newspapers said that it
was the Filipinos who started the war.
• On February 6, the Senate voted to pass the Treaty
of Paris.
Watch video until the end
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 Aguinaldo’s Declaration
of War on the US (Feb 4,
1899)
• Summoned by this unexpected provocation, urged by
the duties imposed upon me by honor and patriotism
and for the defense of the nation entrusted to me,
calling on God as a witness of my good faith and the
uprightness of my intentions, I order and command:
– 1. Peace and friendly relations between the
Philippine forces and the American forces of
occupation are broken, and the latter will be
treated as enemies, within the limits prescribed by
the laws of war.
– 2. American soldiers who may be captured by the
Philippine forces will be treated as prisoners of
war
– 3. This proclamation shall be communicated to the
accredited consuls of Manila, and to Congress, in
order that it may accord the suspension of the
constitutional guarantees and the resulting
declaration of war.
 Our fighting blood
was up, and we all
wanted to kill niggers
and gugus
• The Americans won in the Battle of La
Loma, near the Chinese cemetery where
Major Jose Torres Bugallon died in combat
• La Loma in his hands (MacArthur),
proceeded to Caloocan where he was met
by General Antonio Luna’s force.
• Luna was defeated in this battle (Battle of
Caloocan)
Battle Date Leader Result

Quingua April 23, Gen Gen Franklin Bell was

(now 1899. Gregorio del defeated forces and
Plaridel) Pilar Col. John Stotsenberg
was killed

Pulang Lupa Sept 13,1900 Col. Captured 50 American

Maximo soldiers under Capt.
Abad Deveraux Shields

Mabitac, Sept. 17, Gen. Juan Col. Benjamin

Laguna 1900 Cailles Cheatham’s forces
were defeated

San Mateo December 18, Gen Licerio General

1899 Geronimo Lawton was killed in
the battle

Filipino troops have few victories

Defeats of the Filipinos

VICTORY OF THE SCHURMAN ASSASINATION OF

AUTONOMISTS COMMISSION ANTONIO LUNA (JUNE
2, 1899)

BATTLE OF TIRAD PASS CAPTURE OF

(DEC 1, 1899) AGUINALDO (APRIL 1,
1901)

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https://youtu.be/2DR4kdATQbE
Schurman Commission
• Led by Dr. Jacob Schurman on
March 4, 1899
• Arrived at the time of Filipino-
American War
 Mabini’s Reply to the
Schurman Commission
(April 15, 1899)
You see well that the North American
Government pretends to impose its
sovereignty over the Philippine Islands,
invoking a title completely void…Moreover , in
this cession no intervention was allowed to
the representatives of the Filipino people, to
whom belongs the sovereignty of the islands,
according to natural rights and international
laws.. It seems that it pleases them more not
to have an agreement , so that they may treat
us as they please after having subjected us to
their domination…Open your eyes my beloved
countrymen, while there is time.. It matters
not if we die in the midst or at the end of a
painful journey; the generations to come,
while praying over our tombs, will grant us
tears of love and gratitude, not of bitter
reproach. https://youtu.be/cqNzWC87Xk4
Bates Treaty (Aug 20, 1899)

Allowed the Americans 1

Sultan of Sulu and Gen
to occupy Jolo John Bates negotiated

Sultan was allowed to

Tactic by the Americans
collect taxes and fly his
to focus their attention 3 own flag in areas
on the war in the
unoccupied by the
northern islands
Americans

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 Aguinaldo’s
Proclamation of
Surrender to US
(April 19, 1901)
The country has declared
unmistakably in favor of peace; so
be it. Enough of blood; enough of
tears and desolation. This wish
cannot be ignored by the men still
in arms if they are animated by no
other desire than to serve this
noble people which has clearly
manifested its will…
By acknowledging and accepting
the sovereignty of the US
throughout the entire Archipelago,
as I now do without any
reservations whatsoever, I believe
that I am serving thee, my beloved
country. May happiness be thine!
 Open your
mouth! Gugu!

Water Curing
• Done by forcing water into the stomach of a person until it gets filled.
• The person would then be asked to lie on his back & an American soldier
would jump on his stomach
• Placing a rope around a person’s neck & then twisting it to choke him.
• Beating the victim until he become blue in the face.
• Many Filipinos were recruited as guides, spies ex. Ex-guardia civils, and
Pampango soldiers in the Spanish army
Gen. Jacob Smith – “Pacify Samar… the more you
kill and burn the better it will please me”
Balanggiga Massacre
• The revolutionaries
surrendered gradually
(Lukban, Malvar, Ola)
• Sakay’s Tagalog Republic
• Millenarians (Dios-Dios,
Pulajanes, Babaylanes)
• Philippine Constabulary
composed of old Spanish
guardia civils and
Macabebe scouts
• Irreconcilables (Mabini,
Tandang Sora)