April 22, 1898

- General Aguinaldo had a private meeting with US Consul Pratt after which he
decided to again take up the mantle of leadership in the Philippine Revolution

Reasons for the Conflict:

- The bombing of battleships of US by the Spanish Navy.
- Brutalities of Spaniards against American soldiers in Cuba.
- Territorial Sovereignty
1898 - American Congress Approved the Resolution declaring State of War against
Spain.
Commodore Dewey and his Ships sailed to Manila Bay to support Aguinaldo.
Dewey's forces attacked Manila Bay. Aguinaldo's Group blockaded Intramuros or the Walled
City.
Dewey's forces attacked Manila Bay.
Aguinaldo's Group blockaded Intramuros or the Walled City.

Without the awareness of Aguinaldo,

Dewey and the Spanish authorities had secret negotiations.
• Jaudenes made an agreement with Dewey about the defeat of Spain from the
American Forces.
• In honor of Spain, a mock battle was made between Spain and the US
• Filipinos should be excluded from the battle.
• Aguinaldo and his forces were surprised of the fireworks between the Spanish forces
and the Americans during the mock battle.
• Aguinaldo's soldiers were evacuated from the scene of battle between the Spanish
forces and US forces
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Spain: Yes, we agree to our demands as long as our honor would be preserved. We don't
want to be defeated by the Indios.
US: Phils, Guam, and Puerto will be under our control. We will pay you $20,000. You should
withdraw from Cuba.
Emilio Aguinaldo - The Malolos Constitution and the First Philippine Republic (1898-89)
(The First Philippine President)

Pay proklama ng Kanarintan sa Kawis Cavite, Hunyo 12, 1898

Left photo: Emilio Aguinaldo -Courtesy Aguinaldo National Shrine
Right photo: An artist conception of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine independence
Courtesy of NHCP

The Temporary Victory of the Filipinos HEADED by President Emilio Aguinaldo

Philippine Independence in Kawit Cavite on June 12, 1898.
The first Philippine Government was established in Barasoain Bulacan in Sept. 15,
• It was a dictatorial Government.
• The Malolos Republic with the Malolos Constitution.
Contents of the Constitution:
1. Separation of Church and State.
2. Bill of Rights
3. Legislative and Judicial bodies
Proponents of the Constitution: Mabini, Paterno, Calderon
Programs Implemented:
• Public schools were built.
• Diplomatic agents were sent to other countries to spread the news of Independence.
• Newspapers for the Filipinos circulated like Herald of the revolution, Phil Herald, and
Phil Gazette

The Filipino-American Conflict....

Reasons for the Conflict:
- Aguinaldo's troops were pulled out at the Manila Bay.
- Filipino soldiers were not allowed to enter the city.
- An American soldier shot a Filipino at the San Juan Bridge
Corner of Sociego and Silencio streets, Santa Mesa District, Manila. The National Historical
Institute placed two plaques (in English and in Filipino) marking this spot as the scene of
the first shot that sparked the Philippine American War. The plaque in English states: "Here
at 9:00 in the evening of February 4th, 1899, Private William Grayson of the First Nebraska
Volunteers fired the shot that started the Filipino American War."

Pvt. William W. Grayson, standing on the spot where he fired the shot that started the
Philippine American War.

MAN, WHO FIRED FIRST SHOT Private Grayson of the First Nebraska straited states.
Tells How He Began the War.
ST. LOUIS, Aug. 1-A San Francisco special to the Globe-Democ says: William W. Grayson, who
enlisted with a Nebraska regiment, but whose home is Louis-the man who fired the shot
which started the war with the Filipino -landed today from the transport Hancock.
Grayson’s abort brought death to a Filipino lieutenant who had been looking for trouble for
two weeks. The shot was fired at Santa Mesa, that suburb of Manila.
Private had been Grapier dealing tells the story as follows:
“I had been doing outpost duty for some time, and was getting rather used to the
straited states. There were four of us on duty at the post in daytime, and the guard
and was doubled the tight. We it was coming, and we all wondered who would be the man
to fire the first shot. That night my completion on outpost was Orville Miller
During the day I had a talk with a Filipino lieutenant. He told me that I would
have to keep back farther. You see, they were enriching on our territory every day and
because we seemed to stand for it, they got brave and impudent “I told the Best can’t I did
not carry Miller and I walked down to the end of the faze, so that our retreat would be
covered.

McKinley’s Benevolent Assimilation (Dec. 21, 1898)

• Intention to stay, exercise sovereignty control and supervision over the Phils
• Contents of the Letter:
• Securing private property
• To announce as a friend not as invaders.
• Those who would surrender would get a reward.
• Filipinos must become loyal to the flag of the US.

The Response of the Filipinos...

Aguinaldo issued a proclamation that Filipino should defend the country.
The Americans sent planes, ships and soldiers in NCR and other parts of the
country.
The Filipinos were forced to go to the North.
Gen. MacArthur captured Malolos on March 31, 1899.

The Schurman Commission:

Autonomy but with the guidance of the US government or continue the war.
Schurman Commission (Enero 20, 1899)
Layunin nito makipag
ayos sa mga Pilipino, siyasatin ang kalagayan ng bansa, at magrekumenda ng pamahalaang
angkop sa bansa. Ayon sa ulat nito sa pangulo, hindi pa handa ang Pilipinas sa pagsasarili
Jacob schurman

Paterno:
We should accept autonomy than independence. Mabini is wrong and must be replaced.
Mabini:
We must fight till the end. Independence than autonomy!!!
Aguinaldo:
You are right Paterno, we must replace Mabini, as a minister of defense. You will replace
him.

The Defeat of the Filipinos by the American Forces

The Bates Treaty:
1. Jolo should be under the sovereignty of US.
2. Rights and dignities of the Sultanates should be respected.
3. Nobody should be persecuted because of religious beliefs.
4. There should be peaceful coexistence between the American and Muslims in Jolo.
The Guerilla Warfare of Aguinaldo's Group was temporarily effective.
• President Aguinaldo was captured because of the Macabebe Scouts.
• After his capture, President Aguinaldo urged the Filipinos to accept the US authority over
the country.

The Philippines Under the American Rule

The American Policy on Filipinization
We will teach the Indios on how to run their government. This would be done by gradually
substituting American personnel by Filipinos in government service.
1. Hindi natin maaaring ibalik ang Pilipinas sa Espanyol. Kaduwagan at laban sa karangalan
ang gawin ito.
2. Hindi natin maaaring ibigay ang Pilipinas sa France o sa Germany – ang mga karibal natin
sa kalakal sa Asia - hindi mahusay na kalakal ito at makakasira ng tiwala
3. Hindi natin maaaring iwanan na lamang ang Pilipinas - hindi sila handing mamahala sa
sarili nila - at madali silang magkakagulo at magkaka abusong masahol pa kaysa sa mga
ginawa ng Espanyol.
4. Wala tayong ibang magagawa kung hindi kupkupin silang lahat at turuan; pangalagaan,
pangaralan at gawing mga Kristiyano at, sa biyaya ng Diyos, gawin ang lahat nang ating kaya
upang mapagbuti natin sila, silang kapwa natin na pinagpahirapan para sagipin ni Jesus
Christ.
-President Mckinley

William Howard Taft

The Taft Commission
- Establishments of municipal governments managed by Filipinos
- Primary Education that was free for all
- The dissemination of English Language as a medium of instruction
The American Colonization
American colonial government
- The Philippines was ruled by the Americans in the following ways:
1. Military government (August 14, 1898 - July 4, 1901) This government was run by
military generals appointed by the American president. There were three military
governors: Gen. Wesley Merritt; Gen. Elwell Otis; and Gen. Arthur McArthur.
US President
Governor General
(American)
Government Institutions
(Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary)
- Legislature were Filipinos with the guidance of the US Congress But not the
executive and judicial appointed by the US
- Manuel L. Quezon was the Senate President
The Commonwealth Government of the Philippines
- The next stage in the political development of the Filipinos was the establishment of
the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines pursuant to an act. Of the United
States Congress on March 24, 1934, commonly known as the Tydings McDuffie Law.
Among other things, the Law provided for a transition period often years during
which the Philippine Commonwealth would operate and at the expiration of said
period on July 4. 1946, the independence of the Philippines would be proclaimed
and established.
Jones Law of 1916
- In its preamble, it was stated "to withdraw the American sovereignty over the
Philippine islands and to recognize their independence as soon as a stable
government can be established."
The Harrison Administration
Francis Burton Harrison-governor general
- "Assisted by Filipinos to a government of Filipinos aided by the Americans."
- Harrison gave autonomy to the cabinet members and refrained from interfering
Congressman William Jones
authored the bill which replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902.
-Governor General Harison

I would rather have our country run like hell by Filipinos than a Philippines run like heaven
by Americans!"

“Since the news of my proposal to [fast-track independence from the United States) was
published, voices in opposition to it have been heard both in public and in private [ They
have nothing to fears long as the essentials of freedom are not sacrificed and they must not
be sacrifice under any consideration-the formula for securing and enjoying it may well be
debated upon”
- Manuel L. Quezon, 1937
On Philippine independence from the US

The Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934)

The Commonwealth Government of 1935
The Provincial Code or Act No. 83 in Feb. 6, 1901 - Provincial Government
Governor by Filipinos)
- A ten-year transition program under the US government
- A tariff on Philippine exports to America
- An annual quota of fifty Filipino migrants to America
- Control of Philippine currency by America
- A representative of US on the Commonwealth government
Pinirmahan ang Constitution ng Pilipinas, Marso 23, 1935. Kasama si Roxas, tinuring na
tagapagmana ni Quezon
- American Historical Collection
Philippine Democratization
Military Government
- The Military Governor governed the country under the direct authority of the US
President as Commander-in-Chief of the USAF. 1898-1901
The Philippine Commission
• Tasked to make a survey if the Philippine conditions
& to achieve the peaceful extension of American sovereignty in the country
• Schurman Commission
• Taft Commission
Civil Government
• By virtue of the Spooner Amendment, the authority to govern the Philippines passed
from the President to Congress.
• Filipinos were given greater participation in the governance of the country.
Commonwealth Government
• Tydings-Mcduffie Law authorized the Philippine Legislature to call a Constitutional
Convention to draft the constitution of the Philippines
• The 1935 Constitution was written, passed, and ratified during this period.
Influences of American Regime to Philippine Government
• Educational system (free education for Filipinos, American teachers, techniques,
literacy on the English language, etc.)
• Public health and Welfare (medical techniques against malaria, cholera, etc.)
• Trade, Commerce and Industry (export and import with Americans)
• Transportation and Communication (roads, communication systems, cars, railroads,
radio telegraph, telephones, ships, etc.)
• Individual Freedoms (religious worship, press, assemble, speech, etc.)
• Political consciousness (democracy, election, ballot system, political rights, etc.)
• American lifestyle (materialistic, extravagant spending, movies, gangsterism
promiscuity graft and corruption Hollywood lifestyle, colonial mentality, liberal
mentality)
Japanese Occupation
1940s - The rise of the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan)
World War II - The objective was to colonize weak countries and declare them as the most
superior races in the world.
December 6, 1941- President Roosevelt appealed to Emperor Hirohito of Japan to stop the
impending conflict between US and Japan.
The reply was the bong at the Pearl Harbor

The Beginning of the American - Japanese War

• Japan attacked the naval facilities of Dutch and British in Southeast Asia
• Japan at the same attacked Davao, Baguio, Tarlac, Zambales, and Clark Air base at
Pampanga through air bombings.
 • Japan continued the attack in Intramuros, Manila.
• Many people were killed and properties were destroyed because of indiscriminate
bombings.
President Manuel L. Quezon's Escape to Corregidor
The Philippine government had moved from Manila on General Douglas MacArthur's
recommendation, with President Manuel L. Quezon himself continuing to lead the
government from Corregidor in cooperation with the U.S. commander of the Far East.
Quezon had originally declined MacArthur's request to withdraw from the capital, claiming
that his first duty was to take care of the civilian population and maintain public order
while MacArthur was fighting the enemy.

Port Area of Manila in flames after a Japanese air raid when President Quezon left Manila
for Corregidor on December 24, 1941. (PHILIPPINES Vol. 2 No. 1_0004)

The Fall Lof of Bataan

• Gen. Douglas MacArthur led the Filipino patriots and American soldiers in fighting
the Japanese forces. They retreated to Bataan.
• After several months, the US forces were defeated because of the strategic
positioning of the Japanese forces.
• The Filipino and American forces were defeated by the Japanese forces in 1942.
President Quezon and his family were picked by a US Submarine (Swordfish) and were
brought to Australia.

The Philippines
• Initial strike on 8 December 1941 destroys U.S. aircraft
• General Douglas MacArthur evacuates Manila
- Retreats to Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor Island
- 12 March-MacArthur evacuates with family to Australia under orders from FDR in a
Navy patrol boat
- U.S. and Filipino forces lead to the Bataan Death March
Influences of Japanese Occupation to the Philippine Government

Results of the Japanese Occupation

 • Economic condition had worsened.
• Social Conditions (rape, comfort women, torture, inhuman treatment)
• Cultural Aspects (the removal of the American influences)
Political aspects (limited freedoms)

The End of the Japanese Occupation

1945- General MacArthur led the attack against
Se Japanese forces.
August 6, 1945- US and the Allied forces (Great Britain, China, and others) launched heavy
attack at Japan's ports and cities like Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka.
US dropped uranium bombed on the Hiroshima that destroyed many cities and killed
almost 60,000 people and wounded 100,000 others.
Emperor Kantaro Suzuki refused to surrender and was even arrogant to fight back at the
powerful forces of the allied forces.

September 2, 1945- Japan signed the terms and conditions of surrender on US with General
MacArthur leading the historic ceremonies that ended the war.

GUIDE 9
• The Filipino people went through a lot of stages, both forceful and peaceful, in their quest
for political maturity and independence.
• The government began as a simple unit called Barangay.
• The term barangay was derived from the Malay word barangay or balangay, which means
sailboat. The barangays were used to transport the early Filipinos and their cargoes to the
various sections of the Philippine archipelago.

The Barangay
- The Philippine Archipelago was ruled by the Datus (Tagalogs) Sultan or Rajah
Mindanao). They were the highest chief of their respective communities.
Distribution Number of Powers of Rules on succession Size of Laws of the Land
of Political people who the ruler Jurisdiction
Power decide in
governance
Barangay System moderately- Few Legislave, inherita be, merits, One, two or Can be
changed
tribal system) centralled Judicia bravery or council of the more by the ruler and
Executive ald baranggays councils
(more
flexible)
Dynasty/Emperor moderately- Few Legislative, inheritance, merits, Numerous clans Can be
changed
centralized Judiciary, bravery, or council of the or families by the ruler and
(more Executive elders councils
flexible)
Monarchy Highly One Legislative, Inheritance or through One or more Can be changed
centralized Judiciary, the decisions of the countries or by the ruler and
absolute) Executive church officials colonies councils
(

Barangay as a Social and Political Unit

- It was an independent settlement consisting of thirty to one hundred families
usually situated along a river bank or at the mouth of a river spilling out to the sea.
• The political development of the archipelago was such that there was no national or
central government yet. In other words, there was no datu strong enough to consolidate
considerable power and to unite the archipelago into one nation.
- Sodatus we more powerful than others and, consequently, were duly respected and
exercise tremendous influence.
• 1 primary duty the datu was to rule and govern his subjects and to promote their
wellbeing.
• In times of peace, he was the chief executive, legislator, and judge. And, in times of conflict,
he was the supreme commander of the warriors.
 - In Western Visayas it was not uncommon for the datu to be the babaylan, as well.
The very influence and mystical ability of the babaylan, especially if he was a man,
made him the most likely candidate for community leadership.
Scope of Power and Terms of Limit of Datu/Raja/Sultan
According to Renato Constantino, the datus was not an absolute ruler. The scope of his
authority was given limits by traditional body of customs and procedures. His fales to the
community pursued him respect so that services were willingly
me reasons, he was
and incapable of leading the m his position was
The subjects, on their part ered the dats during wars
and Mowever, ther paid trib to their datu in
the form of farm products
The date oually obtained his position by inheritance. However, one
duty through display a prowess and s
battle, or her traits ustal for the
barangay'survival
matters of succession in the vent of the day's death, the first son
qually succeeded him. If the first son died without leaving an beir,
the second son succeeded as data. In the absence of any male heir,
the eldest daughter could become a chieftain. This clearly indicates
that women's rights and abilities were recognized during pre-Spanish
times. If a dats dind without any heir, the people of the barangay
choose a man to become the new chieftain on the basis of his

The Laws of the Land

The Code of Kalantiaw", was named after its supposed author, Datu Kalantiaw, who
allegedly wrote it in 1433. Datu Kalantiaw was a chief on the island of Negros.

1) Great penalty shall be imposed on laziness Land shall be cultivated and planted
2) A lazy person shall be amnestied and sold as a slave to work in the folds
3) When a slave becomes industrious and an able worker, the purchase money shall be
returned to his purchaser and the slave shall be freed his own land
4) When a man, after gaming his freedom, again becomes lazy and improvident ho shall be
mamested and thrown into the deepest forest to keep him from associating with his own
people
5) Theft and mapping plants grown and cultivated by others shall be severely punished and
the person found guilty shall have his lingers cut
6) Marriage to as many as three women may be permitted in the beginning in order to
increase the population. Afterwards only those who can support many wis and children
may be permitted more than one wife
7) Poor persons shall not have more than two children Children of the poor in costs of two
in number, shall be killed or thrown to swift river
8) The authorities shall amest a man who dishonors a woman, runs away and does not
marry her
9) If the man is not found, the legitimata child shall be killed and they shall both be buried
in one grave
10) Parents shall no longer take of their children who boget ogitimate children

Political
Loss of freedom on the part of the Filipinos
Establishment of a highly centralized government and bureaucratic set-up
The high influence of the Catholic Church
- The union of church and state
- The role of Spanish priest in colonial administration was given a de facto recognition
- High influence of the church on the state was exposed by Filipino reformers
The effects of Governor – General Type of Government
• Human Rights Violation
• Suppression of Freedom
• Racial Discrimination
• Patronage system/Political dynasty
• Appointment of unqualified public official
 • Corruption
• Bribery
• Extreme Punishment
• Forced Labor
• Rape and abuses of women and children
• Excessive taxation
• Encomienda system
Jose Rizal and the Reformists
• Nationalism
• Freedom from Spanish Government
• Restoration of Human Rights
• Promotion of Democracy through proper
• presentation in the government
• Separation of Church and State
• The change in government should be gradual, not violent.
Nole Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Subversive)
Noli Me Tangere in Spain
• The novel was fiercely attacked in the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish
Cortes.
Senators:
-General Jose de Salamanca
-General Luis de Pando
- Sr. Fernando Vida
Vicente Barantes-Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government
position in the Philippines bitterly criticifed the novel in an article published in the Madrid
newspaper, La Espana Moderna.

The Philippines experienced the first period of representation in the Cortes from 1810 to
1813. The first Philippine delegate is Ventura de los Reyes.
The second and third od representation were not fruitful or beneficial for t are of the
colony.
The representation of the overseas colonies in the Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837,
since then Philippine conditions worsened.
Graciano Lopez Jaena and his compatriots plead fervently for the representation in the
Spanish Cortes, but they were just ignored.

What is the essence of Reform?

In one of his writings, Rizal said: "Peoples and government are correlated and
complementary an aimless government would be an anomaly among a righteous people,
just as corrupt people cannot exist under just rulers and wise laws.
This highly significant passage reveals the fact, that even after countless sufferings at the
hands of the Spanish authorities, Rizal did not openly advocate an overthrow of the colonial
system. On the contrary, he had a deep and abiding love for Spain, its language, its Catholic
faith, and its culture. Nonetheless, a thoroughgoing program of reform was necessary, it, as
Rizal observed, Filipinos were to remain loyal to the Spanish crown

The Propaganda Movement

- The Propaganda Movement (1872-1892) called for the assimilation of the Philippine
as a province of Spain so that the same laws will be applied in the Philippines and
that the inhabitant of the Philippines will experience the same cities and rights as
that of a Spanish citizen.
- Men like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Jose Rizal bombarded both
the Spanish and Filipino public with nationalist literature. Rizal's novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo became the bibles of Philippine nationalism.
Andres Bonifacio and the Katipuneros
- The Katipunan Objectives
- Political - The freedom of Filipinos from the Spaniards
- Moral teachings. Integrity, honesty, self-worth
- Civic-Self-help, defense of the poor and the oppressed
- Kapatiran -members are obliged to help one another specifically the sick comrade.

Katipunan was a Democratic Form of Government

Structure of the Katipunan:
Administrative bodies Supreme Council, Provincial Council, Popular Council
Judicial Council - the body that passed judgment to those who violated the laws.

Teachings of KARTILYA
1. living life with a purpose
2. doing what is right things that must be kept secret"
3. the true meaning of kindness.
4 equality among people
5. what honor should mean for a Katipunero , A true Katipunero values Honor more his
personal interests."
6. "A Katipunero who has a sense of shame must be be a man of his own word."
7. A Katipunero must give importance to time. For the Katipunan, a time lost will never be
back
8. A Katipunero must protect the weak and fight for those who oppress the weak
9. "A Katipunero is careful with what he says and keeps the things that must be kept secret"
10. "A Katipunero must lead his family to the right path. If the leader is consumed by evil, so
does his followers"
11. "A Katipunero must give importance to woman He must not see her as an object, nor pat
time That whenever a Kanipunero sees a woman, he will remember his mother who
matured him."
12. A Katipunero must not do the things that he does not want to be done by harm
13 "A Katipuneros life is not measured by what is his status in life sex with the things he
possess. Instead, it is in his character md his love for the native land

Government
- Within 5 days of returning the Philippines he claimed control of all Filipino forces
and established a Dictatorial government with, him as Dictator
- He wrote the Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence
- He then established a "Revolutionary Government" with himself as President
 - Tried to help the Philippines through fiscal reform, educational reform,
Constitutional Reform, and the reorganization of local governments
- Established the Philippine Republic
The First Philippine Republic (Dictatorial Government with elements of parliamentary
system)
- Philippine Independence in Kawit Cavite on June 12, 1898.
- The First Philippine Government was established in Barasoain Bulacan in Sept. 15,
1898.
- It was a dictatorial Government with parliamery clents through the Assembly
- The Malolos Republic with the Malolos Constution.
Contents of the Constitution:
- Separation of Church and State.
- Bill of Rights
- Legislative and Judicial bodies
Proponents of the Constitution: Mabini, Paterno, Calderon
Programs Implemented:
- Public schools were built.
- Diplomatic agents were sent to other countries to spread the news of independence.
- Newspapers for the Filipinos circulated like Herald of the revolution, Phil Herald, and
Phil Gazette
Mabini's Form of Government and The Constitution
• Mabini was opposed to diminishing the power of the President by the Congress (Executive
and judicial powers).
• He doubted the power of the representatives to bring positive changes to our country.
• The President should have greater power over the Congress and other branches of the
government.

Apolinario Mabini argued that under the decree of its creation, the Congress was a
mere consultative body

GUIDE 10
What are the impacts of the Commonwealth Republic to our Political System
• Political dynasty/patronage system
• Corruption
• mudslinging in politics during election/assassination of political rivals
• Sipsipan system
- Colonial mentality (high admiration to colonizers), Americanism, import and export, slave
mentality
- Dollar dependent economy
•The rise of the oligarchs (rich haciendero, famous personalities) and famous in politics
• Domination of Tagalog-based politicians (regionalism)
• The use of newspapers and media as propaganda Instrument

Assimilation versus Independence

It began during the Spanish Colonization and continued until present. The problem was how
to become totally independent from US economically and politically
TAKES
OATH OF
1901 ALLEGIANCE AGUINALDO TO U.S.
Mckinley's Benevolent Assimilation (Dec. 21, 1898)
- Intention to stay. Exercise sovereignty, control and supervision over the Phils.
- Contents of the Letter
- Securing private property
- To announce as a friend not invaders
- Those who would surrender would get a reward.
- Filipinos must become loyal to the flag of the US
American Regime (The Commonwealth) 1935 Constitution
•Assimilation took place.
• Was US a vanguard of
democracy?

The American Colonial Period: 1898-1946

• The American regime saw the introduction of new newspapers published mostly by
American journalists: The Manila Times (1898), The Bounding Billow and Official Gazette
(1898), Manila Daily Bulletin (1900), and Philippine Free Press (1908).

The Commonwealth Republic and the 1935 Constitution

- The 1935 Constitution speaks of our nation's decision to establish a political order
based on democratic principles of representation, accountability, and the rule of law.
- The 1935 Constitution, which featured a political system virtually identical to the
American one, became operative.
- The system called for a President to be elected at large for a 4-year term (subject to
one re-election), a bicameral Congress, and an independent Judiciary
The Assembly
In 1907 the Philippine Commission, which had been acting as both legislature and governor-
general's cabinet, became the upper house of a bicameral body. The new 80-member
Philippine Assembly was directly elected by a somewhat restricted electorate from single-
member districts, making it the first elective legislative body in Southeast Asia.

September 16, 1935. This was the first election since the
enactment of the Tydings McDuffie Act, a law that paved the way for a transitory government,
as well as the first nationwide at large election ever held in the Philippines.
Emilio Aguinaldo runs for president against Quezon
- I do not have any political party behind me, my party is composed of the humble sons
of the people, flattered before elections and forgotten after triumph. What more
could I ask for?
-General Emilio Aguinaldo in his acceptance speech June 1905
Aguinaldo did not want to accept his defeat and even released a statement that if he were
defeated at the polls. He and his followers would resort to force. Quezon and his party
criticized Aguinaldo on the death of Bonifacio during the Spanish war. Quezon was criticized
by Aquinaldo for collaborating with the Americans. Quezon was supported by the Americans.

Japanese Occupation (1942-1945)

- Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when
they declared the Philippines an independent republic. Most of the Philippine elite,
 with a few notable exceptions, served under the Japanese the puppet republic was
headed by President Jose P. Laurel Philippine collaboration in puppet government
began under Jorge B Vargas, who was originally appointed by Quezon as the mayor of
City of Greater Manilla before Quezon departed Manila. During the occupation, most
Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, and war crimes committed by forces of
the Empire of Japan against surrendered Allied forces and civilians were documented.
- Throughout the Philippines more than a thousand Filipinos, composed of mothers,
girls, and gay men, some aged 10, were imprisoned, forcibly taken as "comfort women,
and kept in sexual slavery for Japanese military personnel during the occupation. Each
of the Japanese military installations in the Philippines during the occupation had a
location where the women were held, which they called a "comfort station One such
place where these women were imprisoned was Bahay na Pula

The 1943 Constitution was the constitution of the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic of
the Philippines (1943-1945). It was recognized as legitimate and binding only in Japanese
controlled areas of the Philippines but was ignored by the United States government and the
Philippine Commonwealth government in-exile.

Jose P. Laurel Tanauan, Batangas (Puppet president) (1943) (1 year presidency)

Economy
Food shortage hunger. Prices of essential commodities rose to unprecedented heights.
The Japanese made the mission of Laurel's administration incalculably exasperating and
perilous.

Salvador Laurel was the fifth son and eighth child of Jose P. Laurel, who served as president
during the Second Philippine Republic

The major problem of the Filipinos is how to become totally independent from US
economically and politically.
- Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators
Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for an early national election to
choose the president and vice president of the Philippines, as well as the members
of Congress
• President Sergio Osmena called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session.
- Congressman Jose C. Romero, who delivered the keynote speech accused Senate President
Manuel Roxas and his followers of fanning the flames of discontent among the people, of
capitalizing on the people's hardship, and of minimizing the accomplishment of the
[Osmenal Administration. These men with the Messiah complex have been the bane of the
country and of the world. This is the mentality that produces Hitlers and Mussolinis, and in
their desire to climb to power they even want to destroy the party which placed them
where they are today.
- Senator Carlos P. Garcia, who delivered the nomination speech for President Sergio
Osmena, made a long recital of Osmena's achievements, his virtues as public official and as
private citizen. Entering the convention hall at about 7:30 p.m, President Osmena,
accompanied by the committee on notification, was greeted with rounds of cheer and
applause as he ascended the platform. President Osmena delivered his speech which was a
general outline of his future plans once elected He emphasized that as far as his party is
concerned, independence is a close issue. It is definitely coming on July 4, 1946.

Problems and Issues during the Roxas Administration

1. Issue of collaboration
2. Graft and corruption in the government, as evidenced by the Surplus of War Property
Scandal "Chinese Immigration Quota Scandal". "School Supplies Scandal
3. The failure to put an end to the communist insurgency and Huk Movement
4. High unemployment rate

Elpidio Quirino - Commonwealth Regime (Independent nation) (5 years presidency)

Vigan city ilocos sur
Lawyer, member of House of Representatives in 1919-25 and a senator in 1925-31. In 1934
he was a member of the Philippine independence mission to Washington, D.C, headed by
Manuel Quezon.
On April 15, 1948, following a speech before an audience of assembled airmen at Clark
Field Air Base, President Roxas died of a heart attack Vice President Elpidio Quirino
assumed the presidency on April 17, 1948.
Cory Quirino
Is a Filipino television host, author and beauty pageant stakeholder. She is currently the
president and national director of Mutya ng Pilipinas.
Issues
The widespread poverty and acts of graft and corruption in some government offices also
contributed to the declining faith of the people in government. Scandalous transactions of
some government officials lowered the prestige of government. On top of all these was the
increasing threat of the Huks who burned and ransacked towns and barrios.

Ramon Magsaysay- Commonwealth Regime (Independent nation) (almost three years)

(1953)
Iba Zambales
Son of a blacksmith and Chinese mesting schoolteacher, muse Middle Class family

- Clean reputation, a person of integrity, well-loved by most Filipinos except for the
oligarchs (rich families).
- A fully democratic government
Carlos P. Garcia - Commonwealth Regime (Independent nation)
PRIMARY PROBLEMS that Garcia's Administration Faced
The main problem that was facing the Garcia administration was the current economic
situation during that time. Corruption was also prevalent in the country since he had just
inherited the Magsaysay administration. Several cases of corruption were found with the
government offices during his administration. The imports that were coming in the country
greatly outnumbered the exports that we were shipping out of the country, making the
Philippines highly dependent on foreign products that required dollars to purchase.

Diosdado Macapagal
Commonwealth Regime (Independent nation)
A native of Lubao, Pampanga, Macapagal graduated from the University of the Philippines
and University of Santo Tomas, both in Manila, after which he worked as a lawyer for the
government. He first won election in 1949 to the House of Representatives, representing
the 1st district in his home province of Pampanga. In 1957, he became vice president under
the rule of President Carlos P. Garcia, whom he later defeated in the 1961 election. Middle
class family.
Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)
• Anti-corruption drive
- One of Macapagal's major campaign pledges had been to clean out the government
corruption that had proliferated under former President Garcia.
- The administration also openly feuded with Filipino businessmen Fernando Lopez and
Eugenio Lopez, brothers who had controlling interests in several large businesses.
- The administration alluded to the brothers as "Filipino Stonehills who build and maintain
business empires through political power, including the corruption of politicians and other
officials"! In the 1965 election, the Lopezes threw their support behind Macapagal's rival,
Ferdinand Marcos, with Fernando as Marcos' running mate.