AMERICAN

PERIOD
 THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
THE US HELPS CUBA
• One year before the historic Cry of Pugad
Lawin, a revolution broke out in Cuba -another
Spanish Colony that rose against the rampant
abuses of the Spaniards.
• It became independent in 1898 after three
years of revolt, with the help of United States.
 THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

• Spain and United States declared a war on

each other.
• The American had control of portions of the
Philippine islands.
• The Spanish-American War ended with the
Treaty of Paris.
 THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
• Dewey entered Manila Bay almost undetected.
• The Spaniards were raising the white flag in
surrender.
• Spaniards, lost 167 men and had 214 others
wounded.
• The Battle of Manila Bay is considered one of the
easiest encounters ever won in world history.
 THE SIEGE OF MANILA
• By June 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo had
captured the whole of Luzon and was ready to
storm Manila.
• Aguinaldo’s men surrounded the walls of Intramuros.
• The Spaniards hoped for the arrival of
reinforcements from the Spanish mainland, but none
ever came. Therefore, Aguinaldo started planning
for the declaration of the Philippine Independence
 MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
• A committee headed by Felipe Calderon and aided by
Cayetano Arellano, the constitution was drafted.
• This paved the way to launching the first
Philippine Republic. It established a democratic,
republication government with three branches - the
Executive, Legislative and the Judicial branches.
• It called for the separation of church and state. The Chief
justice of the Supreme Court was to be elected by the
legislature with the concurrence of the President and his
Cabinet.
 FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
• The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in
Malolos, Bulacan on January 21, 1899.
• After being proclaimed president, Emilio
Aguinaldo took his oath of office. The
constitution was read article by article and
followed by a military parade.
• Apolinario Mabini was elected as a prime
minister
 THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ANTHEM
• Aguinaldo commissioned Julian Felipe, a composer from
Cavite province was asked to write an instrumental march
for the proclamation of independence ceremony.
• The original title was "Marcha Filipina Magdalo". This was
later changed to "Marcha Nacional Filipina".
• The lyrics was added in August 1899 based on the poem
titled "Filipinas" by Jose Palma. The original lyrics was written
in Spanish, then to English then was translated to Tagalog,
which underwent another change of title to “Lupang
Hinirang”, the Philippine National Anthem
 FILIPINO-AMERICAN HOSTILITIES
• An American soldier named Robert Grayson, saw 4 armed
Filipino men on San Juan Del Mote Bridge and ordered them to
stop, but they ignored him. This prompted Grayson to fire at the
men, who immediately fired back. The following day MacArthur
ordered his troops to openly engage the Filipinos in battle.
• The Filipino American War was on.
• General Antonio Luna and his men showed great heroism when
they attacked Manila on the night of February 24, 1899.
• The death of Antonio Luna. He was acknowledged as the best
and most brilliant military strategist of the Philippine Revolution.
• General Luna was buried at the nearby churchyard. Aguinaldo's
role on his death is not clear and his killers were never charged
or investigated.
• Aguinaldo Flees. Philippine military strategies began to fail with
the death of Antonio Luna. The generals started to disagree
among themselves, and the Filipinos began losing battles.
• On November 13, 1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo fled to
Calasiao, Pangasinan. However, he soon realized that being
constantly on the run put the women in his group at
great disadvantage. So, on December 25, 1899, he surrendered
them to the American.
 END OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
AGUINALDO IS CAPTURED
• Gen. Funston plotted the capture of Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo.
• Aguinaldo have no idea of his impending capture
until Tal Placido of the Macabebe Scouts embraced
him.
• The Americans then declared the arrest of
Aguinaldo and his men in the name of the United
States government.
• On April 19, 1901 he finally pledged allegiance to
the United States.
 THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION ENDS

•The first to yield to the Americans was

by General Simion Ola.
• He surrendered to Colonel Harry
Bandoltz in Guinobatan Albay on
September 25.1903. Other
revolutionaries soon followed.
 MILITARY GOVERNMENT
• General Wesley Meritt was the highest-ranking
American official in the Philippines after Spaniards
surrendered Manila on August 13, 1898.
• He established a military government and became
the first American Military governor of the Philippines.
• The government in the Philippines can be classified
into opposition and collaboration.
• The Americans used propaganda and other means
to win the Filipinos to their side.
 THE SCHURMAN
• The first commission was chaired by Dr. Jacob G.
Schurman, president of Cornell University.

• Thus it became known as the Schurman Commision.

• The US Congress adopted all the recommendation

of the Schurman commission.
 THE TAFT COMMISSION
• On March 16, 1900, United States President William
McKinley appointed the then Judge William Howard
Taft to head the second Philippine Commission,
• McKinley wanted to hasten the transition of the
Philippine military government into a civil one.
• The Taft Commissions was given executive and
legislative powers it could use to achieve the
President’s objective.
 THE SPOONER AMENDMENT
• The modification sponsored by Senator John
Spooner, allowed the US president to fully
administer the Philippines.
• Thus, the military government of the Philippines
was replaced with a civil one albeit temporary
pending the legislation of
permanent colonial government by the United
States.
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT UNDER TAFT
• The Philippine civil government was inaugurated on July 4,
1901, with William Howard Taft as its first governor, the
powers and duties of a governor were passed on to Taft.
• The Taft Commision continuing functioning as
legislative body.
• Cayetano Arellano was the first Filipino to hold a high
position of government he was named Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court.
• Gregorio Araneta was appointed as Secretary of Justice
and finance.
 THE PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902 -
COOPER ACT
• United States Congressman Henry Allen
Cooper sponsored the Philippine Bill of 1902,
also known as the Cooper Act.
• The bill proposed the creation and
administration of a civil government in the
Philippines.
• President Theodore Roosevelt signed it into
law.
 THE PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY
• The assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907
at the Manila Grand Opera House, with US secretary
of War William Howard Taft as guest of honor.
• Sergio Osmeña was elected Speaker while Manuel
Quezon was elected Majority Floor leader.
• The Recognition of the Philippine Assembly paved
the way for the establishment of the bicameral
Philippine Legislature.
 THE JONES LAW

• To further train the Filipinos in the art of government,

the U.S Congress enacted the Jones Law on August
29, 1916.
• The Jones Law or the Philippine Autonomy act,
Replace the Philippine bill of 1902 as the framework
of the Philippine government. It provide for the
creation of the executive powers.
 CREATION OF THE COUNCIL OF
STATE
• Upon the recommendation of Manuel
Quezon and Sergio Osmeña, Governor General
Francis Burton Harrison issued an executive order on
October 16, 1981, creating the first Council of State
in the Philippines.
• It was the Council’s duty to advise the governor
general on matters such as the creation of policies
for administering government offices.
 THE OS-ROX MISSION
• The Os-Rox group went to the United States in 1931
and was able to influence the U.S. Congress
to pass a pro-independence bill.
• The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law provided for a 10-year
transition period before the United States would
recognize Philippine independence.
• U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not sign the bill;
but both Houses of Congress ratified it.
 THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH ERA
• The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional
period in Philippine history from 1935 to 1945 in
preparation for independence from the United
States as provided for under the Philippine
Independence Act or more popularly known as the
Tydings-McDuffie Law. Manuel L. Quezon
• The Commonwealth era was interrupted when the
Japanese occupied the Philippines in January 2,
1942.