AMERICAN

COLONIAL
PERIOD
Group 4
AMERICAN COLONIZATION
1898-1946
OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN
WAR 1898

• Failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in Cuba

• Mysterious explosion of the battleship U.S.S Maine in Havana
Harbor

• The Philippines had become dependent on the US economically,

and had no armed forces of its own.
• Cultural suppression, economic exploitation, and political
subjugation
TREATY OF PARIS
• Tratado De Paris
• Allowed temporary control of Cuba, and ceded ownership of
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine islands.
• Cession of the Philippines involved apayment of $20 Million to
Spain
• Signed by Spain and the United Stateson December 10, 1898
• It came into effect on April 11, 1899
 DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
PREPARED, WRITTEN, AND READ IN
SPANISH
-Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
PEACE PROTOCOL BETWEEN THE US AND SPAIN FLAG OF THE
The United States will occupy and hold The PHILIPPINES
Made by Marcel A. Agoncillo, Lorenza
city, bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the
Agoncillo, and Deifina Herboza
conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall
determine the control, desposition, and
LUPANG HINIRANG
government of the Philippines"
Also known as the Marcha Filipina
Magdalo
TENSION BETWEEN THE
-Composed by Julian Felipe
US AND THE REVOLUTIONARY FORCES
Aguinaldo's ill-fated
attempts to fight against
the American troops.

JUNE 12, 1898

Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed
the Philippine Independence
BATTLE OF
MANILA
The battle that took place in Manila during the Philippine-Spanish War is
commonly referred to as the “Mock battle of Manila”. This unique and
covert operation was meticulously planned by the local commanders of the
Spanish and American forces, who were legally at war with each other.
Their clandestine collaboration aimed to orchestrate a simulated battle that
would facilitate the transfer of control over the city center from the Spanish
to the Americans, all while ensuring that the Philippine Revolutionary Army
would be kept at bay.”

-Took place in Manila on August 13, 1898.

-American forces won the battle
-As a result of the battle, American forces gained
control of Intramuros, the center of Manila, while
being surrounded by Philippine revolutionary
forces. This event set the stage for the Battle of
Manila in 1899 and marked the beginning of the
Philippine–American War.
BENEVOLENCE ASSIMILATION
Benevolent assimilation refers to a policy
of the United States towards the
Philippines as described in a proclamation
by US President William McKinley that
was issued in a memorandum to the U.S.
Secretary of War on December 21, 1898,
after the signing of the Treaty of Paris,
which ended the Spanish–American War.”
➢ It succinctly stated that “future control,
disposition, and government of the
Philippine islands were ceded to the
United States” and that “the military
government is to be to the whole of the ceded
territory”
PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
•The Philippine–American War, known
alternatively as the Philippine
Insurrection, Filipino–American War, or
Tagalog Insurgency, was fought
between the First Philippine Republic and
the United States from February
4, 1899, until July 2, 1902.
•The fighting with Filipino rebels began
as a result of the U.S. refusal to
include the Filipino nationalists in
negotiations over the future of the
Philippines.
•The war resulted in at least 200,000
Filipino civilian deaths, mostly from
famine and diseases such as cholera.
•The war, and especially the following
occupation by the U.S, changed the
culture of the islands, leading to the
disestablishment of the Catholic
Church in the Philippines as a state
region, and the introduction of English
to the islands as the primary language
of government, education, business
industry, and on the future decades,
among upper-class families and educated
individuals
SCHURMAN COMMISSION
HEADED BY JACOB GOULD
SCHURMAN
Also known as the First
Philippine Commission
•Was established by
President William Mckinley
on January 20,1899.
•Tasked to study the
situation in the Philippines
and make
recommendations on how
the U.S. should proceed
after the sovereignty of
the Philippines was ceded
to the U.S.
TAFT COMMISSION
Appointed by Mckinley on March
16, 1900
•Recommended the •Headed by William Howard Taft
establishment of a civil
government having a •Was granted legislative as well as
bicameral legislature, limited executive powers
autonomous governments
on the provincial and > Between September 1900 and
municipal levels, and a August 1902,
system of free public it issued 499 laws, established a
elementary schools. judicial
system, including a supreme court,
drew up a legal code, and
organized the civil service
ESTABLISHMENT OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT
•On March 3, 1901, the U.S. Congress
•A highly centralized public school
passed the Army Appropriation Act
system was installed in 1901, using
containing the Spooner Amendment
English as the medium instruction
which provided the President with
and 600 teachers from the U.S.A.
legislative authority to establish of a
(Thomasites)
civil government in the Philippines.

•On July 1, 1901, the civil government

was inaugurated with William H. Taft
as the Civil Governor.

•On February 3, 1903, the U.S.

Congress would change the title of
Civil Governor to Governor-General.
OFFICIAL END TO THE PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR

The Philippine-American War officially ended with a

proclamation by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt on
July 4, following the assassination of President McKinley
in 1901. Roosevelt granted a full pardon and amnesty to
all individuals in the Philippine archipelago involved in
the conflict. Philippine President Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo later declared on April 9, 2002, that the war had
formally concluded on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of
General Miguel Malvar.
THE INSULAR GOVERNMENT

Insular Government of the Philippines, established in

1901 and dissolved in 1935, operated under the authority
of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs. It succeeded the
United States Military Government and preceded the
Commonwealth of the Philippines. Governed by the
Philippine Organic Act of 1902, it had a governor-general
appointed by the U.S. president and a bicameral
legislature with an appointed upper house (Philippine
Commission) and an elected lower house (Philippine Assembly).
THE PHILIPPINE
COMMONWEALTH (1935-1936)
The Philippine Commonwealth, spanning from 1935 to 1946,
marked a significant era in Philippine history. Manuel L. Quezon,
representing the Nacionalista Party, assumed the presidency in
1935, leading a government modeled on principles akin to the U.S.
Constitution. It replaced the Insular Government, established
under the Tydings-McDuffie Act. Initially unicameral, the
legislature later became bicameral, dominated by the
Nacionalista Party. Tagalog was chosen as the basis for the
national language in 1937, and women's suffrage was adopted.
Despite economic recovery to pre-Depression levels, the
Commonwealth faced the challenge of Japanese occupation
during World War II. In 1946, the Commonwealth ended, and the
Philippines claimed full sovereignty as outlined in the 1935 Constitution.