The pact of Biak-na-Bato
not be allowed to occupy any point in Jolo
• By mid-May 1897, the Spaniards had retaken
Cavite forcing Aguinaldo and his forces to
transfer to Biak-na-Bato, Bulacan where they
established a republic in July.
• Aguinaldo issued a proclamation where his
republic demanded representation in the Spanish
Cortes, expulsion of friars, return to the
Filipinos the friar lands
• Aguinaldo compromised with the Spaniards in a
pact which provided the voluntary exile of
Aguinaldo and his officers in exchange for
P800,000 for combatants, and another 900,000
for non-combatants
Mock Battle of Manila
• American troops began arriving in the
Philippines in June 1898; 100,000 by the end of
July
• George Dewey entered in a secret agreement
with the Spaniards.
• Spanish governor-general Fermin Jaudenes
agreed to surrender Manila on the condition that
there should be a mock battle. He also insisted
that Filipino troops should be excluded from
participating in the surrender of the city. This
made Filipino leaders suspicious of the
American true intentions.
Bates Treaty
• The Americans were very diplomatic and
cheerful in dealing with the Muslims.
• There was no attempt on the part of the
Americans to conquer the Muslims, because
they knew that it will be very difficult for them
to do so.
• So, they appointed General John C. Bates to
negotiate a treaty with the Sultan so that
Muslims and Americans could co-exist
peacefully.
Tausug Version
• The Sultan of Jolo, through his representatives
Raja Muda (brother) and Habib Mura
(secretary) declared that the Americans should
except the town of Jolo, and that the Muslims
shall continue to collect duties at points not
occupied by the Americans.
• It provided that “The sovereignty of the United
States over the whole archipelago of Jolo and its
dependencies is declared and acknowledged”,
that the “rights and dignities of His Highness the
Sultan and his datus shall be fully respected,”
that the Muslims, “shall not be interpreted with
on account of their religion,” and that no one
shall be persecuted on account of his religious
beliefs.
English Version
• But the English version of this treaty clearly
provides for the establishment of American rule
in Sulu and the acceptance of American
sovereignty by the Sultan and his datus.
• The version allowed the Americans to interfere
in internal affiars, except those pertaining to
religious practices and customs.
• This was made even worse when in 1915, the
Americans came up with the Carpenter-Kiram
Agreement which divested the Sultan of his
political powers.
• He was only allowed to exercise the rights and
duties of a spiritual leader.
• Since under Islam there is no separation of
powers, this created problems for the Sultan. It
would be difficult to truly exercise spiritual
influence without political authority—leading to
emasculation of the Sultan’s powers.
The Campaign for Independence (American)
Jones Law
• In 1916, the Filipinos received the promise of
independence “as soon as a stable government
can be established” by them.
• Filipinization of legislative branch of PH
government
Commission of Independence
First Parliamentary Mission
• In 1919, under President Woodrow Wilson
• Lead by Senate President Quezon and Senator
Rafael Palma with 40 Filipinos
• The Mission came at a bad time– the war had
just ended and the US was more concerned with
problems of political and economic
readjustments resulting from the war.
• While the mission was graciously received in
Washington, Congress were unconvinced that
the Filipinos were ready for independence an
indefinite postponement of the question “until
more convincing proof had been offered of the
ability of the Filipino people to stand alone.”
• The Final action taken by Woodrow Wilson was
a recommendation to Congress in favor of
Philippine independence, which was ignored by
the succeeding Republican administration.
Second Parliamentary Mission
• Lead by Quezon and Osmena
• The second Parliamentary Mission returned to
the Philippines with no more than vague
assurances that there would be no diminution of
Filipino control of their government, but no
advance in their independent plea.
Payne-Aldrich Act of 1909
• Agricultural distress brought by the Great
Depression in 1929 the Philippines was
facilitated with FREE TRADE between the US.
• American agricultural interests from the
beginning found free trade undesirable, for they
viewed the unlimited free entry of Philippine
products into the US a menace to their own
products.
• American farmers viewed Filipino products as
competition, and this competition became
especially glaring on the Americans when the
Great Depression hit them.
• They wanted either a revision of the tariff
agreement or to give the Filipinos independence
Special Mission
• Lead by Roxas
• Was able to secure Fairfield Bill – 30 years
of autonomy.
OsRox Mission (1931)
• They succeeded, as they brought home the
Hare-Hawes Cutting Act, which provided for
the establishment of a ten-year commonwealth
to serve as a transition government before the
Proclamation of independence on July 4, 1946.
• Osmena and Roxas considered the Hare-
Hawes Cutting Act the best that could be
secured from Congress.
• Quezon disagreed. He was hopeful for a more
favorable bill.
• Reason of Quezon to reject the bill
(1) the provisions on trade relations between
the US and the Philippines would imperil the
economic, social and political institutions of
the country;
(2) the immigration clause was objectionable
and offensive to the Filipino people;
(3) the powers of the High Commissioner were
too indefinite;
(4) the military, naval and other reservations
provided for in the act were inconsistent with
true independence, violated dignity and were
subject to misunderstanding.
Quezon Mission
• This he wasn’t able to do, all that he secured
was a face-saving re-run of the Hare-Hawes
Cutting Act under a different name—the
Tydings McDuffie Act.
• But the important thing was that Quezon
brought it home and he was considered the
hero of his people.
• On May 1, 1934, the Philippine Legislature
accepted the Tydings-McDuffie Act.
• Thus, the Commonwealth Period began.
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
Reasons for colonization:
• Japan needed territories to accommodate its
excess population
• Japan had no large consumer market at home,
Japan had to look for markets abroad
• Japan was poor in natural resources, Japan
needed sources of raw materials to fuel her
industries
• Japan wanted to become the leader of Asian
nations. It established the Greater East Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere where Asian countries
would become cooperating members of the
union.
Fall of Bataan
• After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, they
invaded Luzon, Philippines in January 1942.
Despite insufficient supplies, American and
Filipino troops were able to fight for three
months. Eventually, they surrendered to
Japanese troops and were forced into the Bataan
Death March—where some of the most horrific
war crimes were committed by the Japanese.
Fall of Corregidor
• The fall of Bataan on 9 April 1942 ended all
organized opposition by the United States Army
Forces in the Far East to the invading Japanese
forces on Luzon, in the northern Philippines.
The Declaration of War
• The Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941 led the US to declare war on
Japan
• After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese
aircraft hit the naval station in Cavite and Clark
Air Field where America’s largest array of
planes was stationed destroying America’s air
armada. The Japanese repeatedly attacked US
installations throughout Luzon.
• The Japanese occupied the Philippines in
1942
Impact of the Japanese Occupation on Philippine
Society
• Guerilla groups emerged such as the
HUKBALAHAP which operated in Central and
Southern Luzon
• Some Filipino women were made sex slaves or
comfort women by the Japanese army
The Liberation (Japanese)
• After the fall of Corregidor and Bataan, some
Filipino and American officers organized
guerilla groups.
• They gathered information about Japanese
movements, strengths, weaknesses, and sent
these to General MacArthur’s headquarters in
Australia. These would be used in planning their
return to the Philippines
• Guerrillas killed spies and Japanese
sympathizers
• Guerrilla newspapers were circulated to provide
truthful news reports, which Filipinos could not
get from Japanese-controlled papers and radio
broadcast
The Return of the Americans
• The American forces under Gen. MacArthur
landed in Leyte in October 1944
• October 23, 1944, the Commonwealth was
reestablished in Tacloban, Leyte
• July 4, 1945, General MacArthur declared the
liberation of the Philippines
The Philippine Presidents
First Republic
1. Emilio Aguinaldo (Biak-na-Bato)
• He was the first (and only) president of the
First Republic (Malolos Republic)
• Signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a
truce between the Spanish and Philippine
revolutionaries
Second Republic
1. Manuel L. Quezon
• First President elected through a national
election
• He approved Filipino as the national language of
the Philippines
• He fought for the passage of the Tydings-
McDuffie Act (1934)
2. Jose P. Laurel (Puppet)
• He served president of the Philippines during
the Japanese occupation during World War II.
through a national election
• Jose P. Laurel is the only Philippine president
who served the three branches of government
– he became a senator-congressman, associate
justice, and president
3. Sergio Osmeña Sr.
• 2nd president of the Commonwealth
• Founder of the Nacionalista Party
• Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated, and
the country joined the International Monetary
Fund during his presidency
Third Republic
1. Manuel L. Roxas
• Congress accepted the Philippine Rehabilitation
Act and Philippine Trade Act laws under his
term
• Manuel Roxas was inaugurated as the first
president of the New Republic after World War
II
2. Elpidio Quirino
• Hukbalahap Guerrilla movement was active
during his presidency
• He created the Social Security Commission
• He created the Integrity Board to monitor graft
and corruption
• During his term, Quezon City became capital of
the Philippines in 1948
3. Ramon Magsaysay Sr.
• He was the first president who sworn into the
office wearing Barong Tagalog
• He led to defeat the Hukbalahap movement
(Land Reform)
• His presidency was referred to as the
Philippines’ “Golden Years” for its lack of
corruption
• The Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s
clean and well-governed countries during his
presidency
• He established the National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among
other agrarian reforms
4. Carlos P. Garcia
• This Bohol native was a lawyer, poet, and
professor and
• served as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific
War
• Carlos P. Garcia was known for promoting
“Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino
businesses over foreign investors
5. Diosdado P. Macapagal
• Diosdado Macapagal was a great economist, he
established the first Land Reform Law,
allowing for the purchase of private farmland to
be distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the
landless
• He placed the Philippine peso on the free
currency exchange market and encouraged
exports
• The Philippine representative to the United
Nations General Assembly three times
• He signed the Minimum Wage Law
• Diosdado Macapagal signed the law to create
the Philippine Veteran’s Bank
6. Ferdinand E. Marcos
• By 1980, the Philippine GNP was four times
greater than 1972
• Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s government also
completed 20 power plants so that the
Philippines would be independent of the surging
prices of oil and electricity
• Marcos Sr. signed the Emancipation of
Tenants from the Bondage of the Soil
(Presidential Decree No.27) in 1972
7. Corazon C. Aquino
• The first woman to be president of the
Philippines or any Asian country
• She signed the Family Code of 1987, a major
civil law reform, and 1191 Local Government
Code, which reorganized the structure of the
executive branch of government
8. Fidel V. Ramos
• FVR was widely credited as the most effective
president because he led the Philippines to
economic growth
• The Philippine Stock Exchange became an
international favorite during his presidency
9. Joseph E. Estrada
• First film actor to become a president in the
country.
• During his years in office, economic growth was
slow, and he faced impeachment proceedings.
• He became the first president in Asia to be
impeached from an executive role.
10. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
• Philippine Peso became the best-performing
currency of the year in Asia in 2007
• during her term eVAT Law was implemented
under her term
• Gloria Arroyo oversaw higher economic growth
than the past three presidents before her
11. Benigno Aquino III
• He created the no “wang-wang” (street siren)
policy
• Noynoy initiated shifting to K-12 education in
the Philippines
12. Rodrigo R. Duterte
• He initiated decongesting the Ninoy Aquino
International Airport in Manila, the country’s
main gateway
• Boracay Island was rehabilitated during his
term
• Launched the Build! Build! Build!
Infrastructure Program
• Duterte signed the TRAIN Law and
Comprehensive Tax Reform Program
13. Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr.
• Marcos Jr. authored landmark laws such as the
Philippine Archipelagic Baselines Law (R.A.
9522)
• BBM is an advocate of renewable energy and
sustainable development, the Bangui Windmill
Farm was one of his astonishing energy
development projects
MARTIAL LAW (New Society)
• Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972
• General Order 2A of P1081 – arrest and
detention
• Presidential Decree (Sept. 26)
1. # 2 – Land Reform
2. # 4 – National Grains Authority
3. # 6 – Curfew

The 1972 Constitution

(Marcos Constitution/ constitutional
authoritarianism)
(to abolish the legislative branch of government)
• Proclamation No. 1102 – Ratification
• Proclamation No. 1103 – Interim National
Assembly
• Proclamation No. 1104 – continuation of martial
law

People Power Revolt (Feb. 22-25, 1986)

• Feb. 7, 1987 - ratification of “Freedom
Constitution” or the “1987 Constitution”