Draft Thesis Book 3 PDF

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Child’s Smile Hospital
by
Piangphet Saengtuagkit

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Architecture

School of Architecture and Design
2020-21

KING MONGKUT’S UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY THONBURI

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APPROVAL

Piangphet Saengtuangkit
Child’s Smile Hospital
Bachelor of Architecture

THESIS APPROVED :

Mr. Micheal Paripol Tangtrongchit , Dean
Asst.Prof. Valairatn Gasemsin, Chairman of Architecture

Program
Asst.Prof. Supawadee Boonyachut, Thesis advisor
Date approved :

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C h a p t e r 1
Introduction

Hospitalization plays an important role in the care for children’s health, especially
children that require intensive medical care [1]. It causes long term impact in children's
physical, mental, emotional and societies. Children are vulnerable, incomplete development
and behaviour, and childhood which mean they are in a psychologically vulnerable period.
Children’s thoughts and feeling during hospitalization is the beginning point of their behavior
both positive and negative. Long hours of waiting in the outpatient clinics for medical
consultations and treatments caused anxiety, aggressiveness and tiredness, which resulted
in adding stress to them. In addition, I found that in surgery and medical treatment do not
take the entire range of children’s need; they focus only to the body and the disease, while
ignoring the medical treatment eetcs on the child’s emotions now and in the future [2].
Therefore, many children experience psychological trauma, which can lead to permanent
consequences.
Most hospitals in Thailand, focused on functionality which little attention for patients’
experience. Whether patients were adults or children hardly seemed to matter. Although
most children and youth find hospitalizations stressful, very little is known about how hospital
architecture may heal or worsen this distress. Children are extremely sensitive to the
environment and in general. Thus, great changes in the environment and arriving at the
hospital undoubtedly creates stress and fear to children. Symptoms, such as increased
stress, anxiety and pain experienced are not necessarily part of their illness, but it can
caused by a misfit between hospital environment and the physical, social and psychological
needs of the patients. However, a good designed environment can relieve the stress of
hospital visit by way of design features that meet patient needs.
For this reason, The project aimed to investigate how children experience a hospital
stay, and how architecture can support to improve this experience. Children is the most
important user group, although children’s hospitals are used by many people (patients,
visitors, physicians and nursing staff etc.). They are the ones who have to spend day and
night in order to recover there. Thus, architecture has to be child-friendly, and putting the
child’s perspective as a most important concern.
In focusing on children’s experience of hospital, the design attempts to understand
unpleasant feeling formed during hospitalization by look through the eyes of young patients
in order to perceive the hospital from their perspective.

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Background
There are more than 1,323 hospitals in Thailand. 761 hospitals or 57% passed
quality of medical institution, HA standard. From these hospital group, 622 hospitals under
the Ministry of Health hospital, 57 hospital under other and 82 private hospital [3]. Most of
hospital have pediatrics department but there are few children’s hospital in Thailand where all
of the design are more focusing on the function instead of patience experience.
The idea that hospitals contribute to patients’ well being dates back to 18 century
(Wagenaar,2006) [4]. In the past decades, researchers studying about ‘healing environment’.
The evidence-based design study showed that patient who underwent surgery, recovered
better when their hospital room offered a view on green (Ulrich, 1984) [5]. Young patients are
find to suffer from fears and concerns during hospitalisation. Going to hospital means being
separated from one’s family and unknown surroundings. Inappropriate state treatment and
hospitalization conditions can have bad effects on the child’s emotional development.
Hospital design goal is to reduce hospitalization into minimum and, when it is possible, to
provide least traumatizing treatment during hospital stay.
Thailand has many hospital that have good development in term of medical evolution.
But the sad things is the design do not concern patient’s experience. It may not important to
adult but it is important for young patient. Thus, the physical design of the hospitals are
needed since the surroundings affect their wellbeing both mentally and physically. Although,
there are some of children’s hospital in Thailand but none of them can capture the children
thought and feeling. This project will be a good role model of children’s hospital for Thailand.

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Figure 1.1

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General Information

History of Children’s Hospital

The first children’s hospital in the World is the Hôpital des Enfants Malades (the
Hospital of Sick Children ), which opened in 1801 in Paris [6]. With the aim of reorganising
the hospital, they proposed a new classification based on age. The creation of a hospital “for
the children of both sexes under the age of fifteen years”, they said. But the very first hospital
that separated children with illness was founded in 1600, Paris, the Enfants-Trouvés (the
hospital of found children) [7]. Both hospitals were established in order to help abandoned
child.
After the first children’s hospital were founded at the beginning of the 19 century,
many hospital try to improve hospital condition. In 1970s, social scientists argued that the
windowless, maze-like hallways, medicalized interior landscapes and unusual smell could
generate feelings of “placelessness” and affect to young patients’ distress. Thus, these
arguments have led architect to design children’s hospital where “de-emphasize the look of
medicalized architecture” and support a “sense of friendly” [2].
Finally, at the end of the 20 century, hospitals were invested to minimize the
unfavorable impact of hospitalization. Later in 1986, the European Parliament adopted the
Charter for Children in Hospital, which defines a list of hospitalized children’s right.
Nowadays, children’s hospitals are usually considered to be the place that limit
themselves to the care of sick children. But it is not wholly true, the children’s hospital have
included the activities not only treatment but preventive care as well and have always
emphasized research and teaching.
Figure 1.2 Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, 1801
In Thailand

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Women's Hospital was established on April 16, 1951. It was the first hospital where
giving newborn cares and parenting guidelines. Outpatient Department started to offer cares
for young patients, on September, 1951. At that time, outpatient clinics and wards
combined young and adult patients together. In 1953, Pediatric Department had its own
separate building with a total of 50 beds; 34 patient beds and 16 newborn beds [8].
Because of rapid increasing number of young patients, additional doctor and beds
were needed. The hospital decided to construct 3 two stories building, 1 administration
building and 2 for pediatric patient with 137 beds, in 1954. Children's Hospital received
budget to build a 12 story building for in patient in 1992 and opened for public serviced in
October 1996.
The Children’s Specialty Center in Honor of Her Majesty the Queen’s 80 Birthday
Anniversary was completed in 2014. It is a 27 storey high building. Queen Sirikit National
Institute of Child Health (QSNICH) aim to maintain the quality of their treatments and develop
technologies to treat diseases, and also focus on services that are friendly to children, taking
care of the needs of pediatric patients and their families. There are 3 children’s hospital in
Bangkok which are QSNICH, Samitivej Srinakarin Hospital and Synphaet Children’s Hospital.

Figure 1.3 QSNICH development since 1951 till 2020
Emotion and Experience of Hospitalized School Age Patients
Psychological reaction to hospitalization can be categorized by the child’s age [1].

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1. Infant
Older infants are emotionally attached to their mother or caregiver in the first
months of life. Therefore, when they were separated by hospitalization, the child
is depressed, less active, experience loss of appetite and insomnia, which make
them more prone to infectious diseases. If the child is separated from the mother
for more than 3 months, it is possible that later in life the child will have emotional
difficulties in establishing close relationship with other people.

2. Preschool children
They are quite sensitive to separation from their parents and staying at hospital.
They may develop very strong reaction, be very upset and cry a lot, refuse
medical care and examinations by hospital staff. They may not develop acquired
skill such as walking and talking.

3. Early school age
The child can understand the need of staying at hospital. Nevertheless, children
aged 8-9 years are still cannot adapt to hospital stay.

4. Adolescent
They understand that their parents and hospital staff aim to help in their
recovery, and that hospital stay is necessary. At the same time, they can feel
their parents are overreacting. They may also upset being treated as a child.

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Figure 1.4
The separation reaction

during one-to several -
week hospitalization
observed by Bowlby in
1973.

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Graphs below showed the study from May 2007 till July 2008 and included patients aged
7-19 hospitalized and treated at University Department of Pediatrics, Sestre milosrdnice
University Hospital [1]. It showed that the hospitalized children and adolescents most
frequently were thinking of their home, parents, school and friends. They fear from pain and
suffering of other children than their own pain. They also interested in activities and people ih
hospital.

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Number of Children in Thailand

As early as the 1960s, Thailand began to promote family planning. This campaign
was successful and resulted in a dramatic drop in the number of birth. “Many children leads
to poverty” became a motto that is still commonly heard. As a result, most women in the
second half of the last century had fewer children: the current average number of birth per
woman had dropped to 16. and is continue to drop to 1.3 by 2040 if the current trend
continues [9].
Figure 1.10
Number of annual birth 1964-2040
Overall, there is a decline in the rate of new born each year. More people are
choosing to remain single or delay marriage until they have reaches a certain academic level
or economic status. Which age condition, it can lead to infertility problem. Assisted
reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination to other options are available in
Thailand, However, only those with good financial are able to access them.
The effects of population decline include decreasing of care facilities but in the same
time they have more money to support their family well being. Families with children will
move to larger cities because of better education and career progress.

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Figure 1.11 Statistic compare between annual total population and number of children
(0-14 years olds)

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Bangkok Urbanization

From the transitional period in the reign of King Rama V (1868-1910), the
urbanization of the city has transformed Bangkok into modern city influenced by the western
developments to achieve the goal of “civilization.” [10].
Figure 1.12 Expanding of Bangkok since 1800-2015

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Bangkok is expanding in all directions, with car being the most popular vehicle.
Because it convenience and it shows financial status of driver. Which is evidence from the
large department store, industrial factories and villages that located along the roadside. The
development of the surrounding neighborhood causing the area to become a new
community center called Suburban Downtown [11].
Figure 1.13 Bangkok expanding

direction
Figure 1.14 Population in Bangkok by

district
Figure 1.15 Population growth rate In

Bangkok

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Figure 1.16 Birth number In Bangkok by district (2554)
The bar chart above show the number of birth In Bangkok by district. Pathum Wan
has a highest newborn, following by Bangkok Noi and Ratchathewi. [11]
Figure 1.17 Number of Immigrants in Bangkok by District (2554)
Bang Khun Thian have the most number of immigration people. While most of

district, number of immigration people are least than emigration people [12].

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Thesis Intention
Thesis Statement

The primary goal of Children’s Hospital is to provide the least traumatizing during
hospital staying. Good design can bring a huge difference in their health outcome and patient
experience
Thesis Question

How to create child friendly hospital in order to avoid psychosocial and enhance
children development in the future during being admitted to a hospital?
Thesis Objective

1. To minimize children’s anxiety during hospitalization.
2. To offer a good environment for hospitalized children, while contributing their
medical recuperation and support children development.

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Children’s hospital are health structures that design to protect children’s physical and
psychological health and to make treatment of their disease. There are tons of department in
Children’s Hospital but in this project we want to focus on hospitalization problem. The most
pediatric hospital stays were for newborn. According to figure 2.1 In 2010, the most
common causes of hospitalization among children aged 1-4 and 5-9 years, was diseases of
the respiratory system such as asthma and pneumonia. Mental disorders were the most
common cause of hospitalization among children aged 10-14 years and the second most
common cause among adolescent aged 15-19 [13].
Figure 1.18 Major Cause of Hospitalization, by Age, 2010
According to National Hospital Discharge Survey, this project will focus on
department as following;

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Scope of Work
Project of Zoning
Zone 1 : Front Praza and Landscape
● Drop off and Public Landscape : Space for drop off via cars, buses and
public landscape area for people for relaxing and use as park.
Zone 2 : Entrance and Lobby
● Lobby : transitional space and screening point

● Shop and cafeteria
Zone 3 : Administration Office
Zone 4 : Department
● General Pediatric and Well Baby Clinic

● Pediatric Cancer Center
● Pediatric Cardiology Clinic
● Newborn and Pediatric Surgery Center
Zone 5 : Treatment
● Examination Room
● Operation Room
● Consulting Room
● Induction Room
● Waiting Room
Zone 6 : Support Area
● Patient room
● Family living room
● Playroom
● Patient classroom
Zone 7 : Service area
● WC
● Storage

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● Parking
● Security Rooms
Zone 8 : System
● Ventilation System : A/C System and Ventilation Flow of the building

● Water Treatment System
● Electricity and Backup System
● Waste Management System

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References

Chapter 1 Introduction

[1]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40021894_Emotions_and_experiences_of_hos
pitalized_school_age_patients
[2]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953609007588
[3]https://www.hfocus.org/content/2016/03/11857
[4]Wagenaar, C. (2006). The Architecture of Hospitals: Healing by Architecture. Rotterdam:
NAi Publishers.
[5]https://www.healthdesign.org/sites/default/files/article-pdfs/Ulrich-1984-CHD-KPS.pdf
[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker%E2%80%93Enfants_Malades_Hospital
[7]https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_des_Enfants-Trouv%C3%A9s
[8]http://www.childrenhospital.go.th/html/2014/en/our-history
[9]https://thailand.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/State%20of%20Thailand%20Populati
on%20report%202015-Thai%20Family_en.pdf
[10]http://thairealestate.org/content/detail/375/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%
E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B
8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AF-250
[11]http://203.155.220.230/m.info/bkkstat/stat_2559_thai.pdf
[12]http://www.nso.go.th/sites/2014/DocLib13/%e0%b8%94%e0%b9%89%e0%b8%b2%e
0%b8%99%e0%b8%aa%e0%b8%b1%e0%b8%87%e0%b8%84%e0%b8%a1/%e0%b8%
aa%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%82%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%9b%e0%b8%a3%e0%b8%b0%e0%
b8%8a%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%81%e0%b8%a3/%e0%b8%81%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%a3
%e0%b8%a2%e0%b9%89%e0%b8%b2%e0%b8%a2%e0%b8%96%e0%b8%b4%e0%b9
%88%e0%b8%99/2562/Full_report_2562.pdf
[13]https://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa12/more/downloads/pdf/hs.pdf

C h a p t e r 2
Literature Review

Department
Children’s hospitals are health structures that are designed to protect children’s
physical and psychological health and to make treatment of their disease. There are tons
of departments in Children’s Hospital but in this project we want to focus on the
hospitalization problem. The most pediatric hospital stays were for newborn. According to
figure 2.1 In 2010, the most common causes of hospitalization among children aged 1-4
and 5-9 years, was diseases of the respiratory system such as asthma and pneumonia.
Mental disorders were the most common cause of hospitalization among children aged
10-14 years and the second most common cause among adolescents aged 15-19 [1].
Figure 2.1 Major Cause of Hospitalization, by Age, 2010
According to National Hospital Discharge Survey, this project will focus on
department as following;
Pediatric Pulmonary Clinic
Pulmonary means "pertaining to the lungs." This department will provide diagnosis
and comprehensive care for the full range of lung and respiratory disorders including
asthma, chronic lung disease (which can lead to lung cancer), cystic fibrosis, chronic
cough, respiratory insufficiency, and sleep disorders [1]. If surgery is needed, pulmonary
problems will be taken care of by a cardiothoracic surgeon. Pneumonia acute bronchitis
and asthma were the top three common causes of hospitalization in children according to
a report from the Healthcare Research and Quality [2].
Functional Organization [3]
There are 8 functional areas:
1. Reception Area
These areas include registration functions, waiting, and opportunities for
patient education. The reception control area shall be located where
receptionists can observe the waiting area. Outpatient areas should be
separate from inpatient circulation and holding areas when they need to
use the same exam rooms. Exam rooms also need to separate from
service traffic. Family waiting area should be located close to the exam
room in order to make it easy for physicians to visit families and discuss
results and treatment options. The Consult Room should be located close
to Waiting. These areas should have access to natural light and be
positively attractive to improve the experience in these spaces.
2. Pulmonary Medicine
The main function of this area is to test respiratory function. Patients can
move directly from the Waiting to the test room. After that Patient will go to
consulting room which located between Waiting and test room to discuss
about test result. This area must provide privacy and prevent infection.

Figure 2.1 Testing Lab, Pulmonary Function, Floor/Equipment

Figure 2.2 Testing Lab, Extended Pulmonary Function,
Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.3 Physiology Lab, Pulmonary Exercise,Floor/Equipment Plan

3. Bronchoscopy Patient Area
The main function of this area is to provide bronchoscopy procedures.
This room includes special equipment which attach the ceiling (ceiling
mounted booms) in order to keep the floor area around as clear as
possible. The room should provide direct access to the recovery room and
a service corridor where you can access the equipment cleaning room.
This area must provide privacy and prevent infection.

Figure 2.4 Respiratory Therapy Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.5 Procedure Room, Bronchoscopy Floor/Equipment Plan

4. Sleep Study Patient Area
This area should be located in a quiet zone away from other hospital
activity. Patients who require a sleep lab test normally access the test area
after normal clinic hours because it takes time. They will go directly from
Waiting to the Sleep Study Prep Room to prepare the electrodes before
entering the Sleep Study Room.

Figure 2.6 Sleep Study Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.7 Monitoring Room, Sleep Study, Floor/Equipment Plan

5. Support Area
The clean and soiled utility room is required to support each patient area,
preparation room and recovery room. This room should be located near to
each patient area to minimize staff travel distance. Rooms for gas cylinder
storage and ventilator storage are needed to support pulmonary medicine.
Gas cylinder storage should have two rooms, one for full and on for empty
cylinders. For bronchoscopy patient area, This area needs an equipment
cleaning room where scopes are cleaned and packaged for transport to
the Sterile Processing Department (SPD). In addition, this room needs an
eyewash station which should be located along the staff corridor. It also
needs a storage room for equipment such as argon plasma coagulation
and c-arm etc and a respiratory therapy room where instruments for
pulmonary tests are stored and tested.
6. Prep and Recovery Area
This area is located between public areas and the controlled environment
that support treatment areas. It is a small room where a nurse station can
monitor. It should provide maximum acoustic and visual privacy by using a
sliding glass door. In addition, physician consultation can be combined in
this area using curtains or other elements which easily move for separated
zoning. Thus, family members or friends can access this room. Inpatients
may be at a higher acuity level than outpatients so their pathways should
be separate.

Figure 2.8 Recovery Room, Patient Prep, Floor/Equipment Plan

7. Staff and Administrative Area
Key offices include room for director, physician, nurse and chief
technician. This area should group all staff offices in order to improve
teamwork and control natural light for staff satisfaction and stress
reduction. Administrative areas include reading and consultation areas for
physician and nurse, located near the procedure area. The staff lounge
and staff locker room are important to reduce stress. It should be located
separate from patient areas.
8. Education Area
This area includes a conference/class room and office for interns.

Figure 2.9 Pulmonary Medicine Service Functional Diagram
Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine also has a relationship with other many services
and other medicine in order to make the most efficient treatment.
Table 2.1 Functional Relationship Matrix

Legend
Relationship
1. Adjacent
2. Close/same floor
3. Close/Different Floor
4. Limited Traffic
5. Connection needed
X. Separation Desirable
Reason:
A. Common use of resources
B. Accessibility of supplies
C. Urgency of contact
D. Noise of vibration
E. Presence of odors
F. Contamination harzard
G. Sequence of work
H. Patient convenience

Pediatric Cardiology Clinic
Pediatric cardiology is concerned with diseases of the heart in the growing and
developing individual. It offers diagnosis and treatment of various types of cardiovascular
disease such as congenital heart disease, abnormal heart rhythm, heart muscle
inflammation from various causes, pericardial disease, valve disease, aortic
disease-aneurysm, rheumatic disease and Kawasaki disease [5]. Congenital heart
disease is the most common heart disease in children and cause of death among children
with congenital disabilities. According to statistics, 70-80 percent of children have
congenital heart disease. In Thailand, it was found that every year there are 7,000 -
10,000 new born children with heart disease. Therefore, congenital heart disease is a
major health problem in Thailand [6].
Cardiovascular Banoratories are composed of two major exams and procedures
defined as non invasive and invasive. Non-invasive rooms are a testing and diagnostic
exam which require minimal preparation. Tests do not penetrate the skin except for minor
needle punctures. For invasive rooms, it is used for invasive diagnostic tests. Procedure
include use of catheters which require sedation at different levels. It also requires clean
and sterile accommodation and equipment which is similar to a surgical environment.
1. Reception Area
2. Non invasive Cardiology Patient Area
This area provides testing and exams generally for outpatients. Patients will
travel from Waiting to the test room and return to reception for a follow up
appointment. Room include electrocardiogram(EKG) Testing room,
Pacemaker ICD Interrogation Room, Holter Monitor Room,
Echocardiography Room (ECHO), Stress Echocardio Room (Stress
ECHO), Stress Testing Treadmill Room, Tilt Table Testing Room, general
exam room and a Muse Reading Station.

Figure 2.9 EKG Testing Room, Floor/Equipment Plan
Figure 2.10 Holter Monitor Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.11 Tilt Table Testing Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.12 Stress Echocardiography Room, Floor/Equipment Plan
Figure 2.13 Stress Testing Treadmill Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

3. Non invasive Cardiology Support Area
Support spaces include Event/Holter Monitoring Work Room, Soiled Utility,
clean Utility, Equipment and Storage, Non-Invasive Cardiology Supplies.
These should all be located near the patient test and exam rooms to
minimize staff travel distance and avoid patient traffic when they deliver
clean goods or remove soiled waste.

Figure 2.14 Event/Holter Monitor Work Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

4. Invasive Cardiology Patient Area
This area requires specific care and infection control. It should be
organized with a patient access corridor around and a staff and service
circulation zone in the core. Separate access for patients and staff. Waste
should be removed through the door into the staff and service zone and
follow pathways to the soiled holding room and then out of the clinical
area.

These three functional spaces, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory (Cath
Lab), Control Room Cardiac Catheterization and Scrub/Gowning Area,
must be planned as one working unit. Cath Labs requirements are similar
to operating rooms. It requires spaces for scrub and dirty circulation. It also
requires a control room which must provide good visibility of the patient
through glazed panels. This room should have a door to the service zone
and Cath Lab. Cath Labs use fluoroscopy which requires radiation
shielding for walls, doors and glazed openings. Staff may wear a shield
cloth such as an apron while in the room.

Electrophysiology (EP) rooms and their control rooms are organized similar
to Cath Labs. It requires clean and dirty paths and a sterile environment
within the room.

The Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) room uses ultrasound
probes inserted in the esophagus to assess cardiovascular function. The
TEE room should be located close to the probe wash-down room where
probes are cleaned and packaged before transport to the Sterile
Processing Department (SPD). This room should have a door directly to
the TEE probe Storage room too.

For cardiac CT and MRT, they are less invasive, This procedure is quicker
than invasive procedures with little or no prep or recovery time. It requires
a control room and should control magnetic items in or near the room.

Figure 2.15 Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.16 Control Room, Cardiac Catheterization Lab,
Figure 2.17 Transesophageal Echocardiography(TEE) Room,


Figure 2.18 Procedure Room, Electrophysiology Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.19 Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE), Procedure Room

5. Invasive Cardiology Support Area
Room include an an instrument room for storage and maintenance of Cath
and TEE instruments, System Component Rooms to control electronic
system for Cath and TEE (This room should have direct access from the
control room, Viewing Room for physicians to view all image and data that
get from procedures, a Sterile Supply Room, an Equipment Cleaning
Room, a Digital Quality Control Area to support and storage of the
electronic records and Medication Area. Medication Area stored
medication for Cath Labs and EP rooms. Clean and soiled utility rooms
shall be located for convenient access for staff and from the service zone.
Figure 2.20 System Component Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

6. Invasive Cardiology Prep and Recovery Area
This area is located between public areas and the controlled environment
that support treatment areas. It is a small room where a nurse station can
monitor. It should provide maximum acoustic and visual privacy by using a
sliding glass door. In addition, physician consultation can be combined in
this area using curtains or other elements which easily move for separated
zoning. Thus, family members or friends can access this room. Inpatients
may be at a higher acuity level than outpatients so their pathways should
be separate. Clean and soiled utility rooms should be located for easy
access. It can be a sharing within the service in order to shorten staff
distance.
Figure 2.21 Recovery Room, Patient Prep, Floor/Equipment Plan

7. Staff and Administrative Area
Key offices include room for director, physician, nurse and chief technician.
This area should group all staff offices in order to improve teamwork and
control natural light for staff satisfaction and stress reduction.
Administrative areas include reading and consultation areas for physicians
and nurses, located near the procedure area. The staff lounge and staff
locker room are important to reduce stress. It should be located separate
from patient areas.
8. Education Area
This area includes a conference/class room and office for interns.

Figure 2.22 Cardiology Service Functional Diagram

Pediatric Cardiology Clinic also has a relationship with other many services and
other medicine in order to make the most efficient treatment.
Table 2.1 Functional Relationship Matrix with Cardiology Clinic

Legend
Relationship
1. Adjacent
2. Close/same floor
3. Close/Different Floor
4. Limited Traffic
5. Connection needed
X. Separation Desirable
Reason:
A. Common use of resources
B. Accessibility of supplies
C. Urgency of contact
D. Noise of vibration
E. Presence of odors
F. Contamination harzard
G. Sequence of work
H. Patient convenience

Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic
Gynecology deals with non pregnant women, while obstetrics deals with pregnant
women and their unborn baby. Gynaecology is about physiology and medicine which
deals with the functions and disease specific to women and girls, especially the
reproductive system. Gynecology patients require a more lengthy pelvic examination. This
department requires a large staff, as each physician needs one or two nurses. For
obstetrical patients usually make monthly visits, in order to follow up. The obstetric unit
will require access to the operating unit for emergency cases [8].
1. Reception Area
2. Patient Care Area and Birthing Area
The rooms are for visiting doctors like paediatrician, Gynaecologist and
Laparoscopic surgeon etc. This area will have an ultrasound room for
carrying an Ultrasound test. The room is attached to the toilet. This area
includes labour, delivery, recovery (LDR) room where patient use for labour
and birth including hours of recovery and labour, delivery, recovery and
postpartum (LDRP) room where patient will give birth and stay with baby
until ready to go home.
Figure 2.22 LDR/LDRP Room, Floor Plan

3. Unit Support
The room includes a laboratory, medication room, Nourishment room and
storage. The clean and soiled utility room is required to support each
patient area, preparation room and recovery room. This room should be
located near to each patient area to minimize staff travel distance.
4. C-Section area
It is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. The time taken to travel to
the operating room from the birthing area should not exceed 3 minutes.
5. Nursery Area
The general care nursery will provide for the general care of healthy babies
such as feeding, bathing the baby, taking care of the baby while sleeping
during the day. The clear space between the costs should be at least 1
metre. The area will provide education to staff and parents
6. Staff and Administration
Key offices include room for director, physician, nurse and chief
technician. This area should group all staff offices in order to improve
teamwork and control natural light for staff satisfaction and stress
reduction. Administrative areas include reading and consultation areas for
physicians and nurses, located near the procedure area. The staff lounge
and staff locker room are important to reduce stress. It should be located
separate from patient areas.

Sterile Processing Service (SPS) [4]
The Sterile Processing Service main function is to ensure that all medical
equipment is cleaned and disinfected before using in procedure rooms. Thus, instrument
sets, patient care equipment and other medical devices must be transported accurately
and in a timely manner. SPS workflow begins with the retake of all Reusable Medical
Equipment (RME) at the point of use and ends with processing and packaging of sterilized
RME before delivery to the point of use.
SPS’ functions is organized in 6 functional area:
1. Decontamination Area
This area is where RMEs are received from the point of use. A soiled
transition is provided as well as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) area
to let staff change their clothing before entering the area. The room
arranges RME flow one direction. It has storage space for chemicals and
cart washers. The provision of two seperate rooms is the preferred option.
One room for dirty activity and one room for clean activity. This way can
reduce risk of infection and provide a very clear operation between clean
and dirty. Ventilation and air quality are very important too. Air movement
should travel from a clean to dirty area.

Figure 2.10 Decontamination Room Functional Diagram

Figure 2.10 Decontamination Work Area

Figure 2.10 Decontamination Room, Axonometric View
2. Scope Processing Area

The flexible endoscopes are reprocessed in this area. Equipment in this
area have to perform high level disinfection
3. The preparation and Assembly Area
Area where RME items are inspected and packaged for sterilization.

References

Chapter 2 Literature Review

[1]https://weillcornell.org/pedspai
[2]https://www.mdedge.com/chestphysician/article/98753/pediatrics/respiratory-disorder
s-most-common-cause-childhood
[3]https://www.cfm.va.gov/til/dGuide/dgPulmonary.pdf
[4]https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/VA/VADEGUID/spsls.pdf
[5]https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/roles-doctors/paediatrics/pae
diatric-cardiology
[6]https://www.thaichildhealth.com/knowledge/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A
3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%
E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%83%E0
%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%
B9%81.html
[7]https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/VA/VADEGUID/cardiovascular.pdf
[8]https://www.ecronicon.com/ecgy/pdf/ECGY-08-00308.pdf
C h a p t e r 3
Program Preparation
Organization Chart
The organization chart below shows the number of the overall staff and
relationship hierarchy of each department in Smile Chest Children Hospital.
Hospital Water Tank Calculation
The table 3.1 shows that hospitals need to store 45 litre per staff on duty. The
total number of staff is 99.

Total water storage (litre) = 99 x 45 = 4,455 litre
The table 3.2 shows that every 5000 litre will require an 18 sq.m room area with
2 m. high.

Type of Building Storage per occupant (litre)
Hospital per staff on duty 45
Hostels 90
Hotels 135
House and flat 135
Offices with canteen 45
Restaurant (per meal) 7
School, boarding 90
School, day 30
Table 3.1 Estimation of Cold Water Storage per Occupant

Storage Tank height
(Litre) 1.5 m. 2 m. 3 m.
5,000 18 sq.m. 18 sq.m. -
10,000 31 sq.m. 23 sq.m. -
20,000 50 sq.m. 40 sq.m. -
40,000 72 sq.m. 60 sq.m. 50 sq.m.
60,000 - 80 sq.m. 60 sq.m.
Table 3.2 Water Storage Room Area

Area Requirement

Table 3.1 Area Requirement of the programs in Smile Chest Children’s Hospital

Programming Relationship Diagram
Overall Function Diagram

C h a p t e r 4
Site Consideration

Site Selection

Site Selection Criteria
Location
According to Chapter 1, Child’s Smile CHest should be located on the Thonburi side.
- Accessibility : public transport, traffic route and highway interchange
- Facility : busy retail district, shopping mall or restaurant. Convenience
makes a better overall patient experience and contributes to the likelihood that
they will return.
- Near residential or community area
- High Visibility from passing traffic
Site Quality
- Healing environment consideration : avoiding health effects such as noise and
smell pollution. It should provide good air quality, landscape and natural light.
- Site orientation : the building facing south will receive more wind.
- Site shape
Land Size
- Enough land for facilities such as parking, drainage and future growth.
Distance from other hospital
- It should be within 15-30 min traveling time.(radius 25 km). In order to transfer
patients that our hospital cannot handle and support the other hospital
-
Site Choices
1. Site 1 Prannok rd. (7500 sq.m.) located 2 minute from MRT Fai Chai
Figure 4.1 Site 1 Location, Bang Khun Sri, Bangkok Noi

In a radius of 5 km, there are around 16 schools in this area. Around the site are
all residential areas. In a radius of 2.1 km, there are big hospitals such as Siriraj
hospital and Thonburi hospital which is a general hospital. Siriraj hospital is one of
the best hospitals in Thailand.

2. Site 2 Thakam rd, 200 m. from Rama 2 rd. (8000 sq.m.) located near Big C Rama
2 and opposite Central Rama 2

Figure 4.2 Site 2 Location, Samadam, Bangkhuntian

3. Site 3 Rama 2 rd. (11,357sqm.) located opposite MG Rama 2
Figure 4.3 Site 3 Location, Bangmod, Chomthong

Site 2 and site 3 are 3.2 m. apart. There are almost 20 schools in this area.
Around the site mostly are residential, scattered with industrial and commercial areas.
There are a lot of public hospitals and 2 general hospitals along Rama 2 rd.

Site Selection Criteria Weight Site 1 Site 2 Site 3
Location
Accessibility 5 15 10 20
Facility 2 4 10 6
Near residential or community area 3 9 15 12
High Visibility 4 16 8 20
Site Quality
Healing environment 4 12 16 16
Site orientation 2 6 6 8
Site shape 2 10 10 10
Land Size 5 25 25 25
Distance from other hospital 4 20 16 20
Total 117 116 137

Table 4.1 Site Selection Score

Site 3 Current appearance
Figure 4.4 Appearance of the Selected Site

Site Information
Site Location
Figure 4.5 Location of the Site

Location : Saratangluang, Bangmod, Chom Thong, Bangkok, Thailand
Total Area : 11,357 sqm
Accessibility : via Rama 2 road. The road can be accessed Chalerm Maha Nakhon
express way
Nearby Hospital : Banprokok Hospital (3.7 km.), Bangmod Hospital (1.4 km.)

Site Boundary
Figure 4.6 Site Boundary on Google Map

Site Analysis

● Land Use
Most of the land is residential.Along the main road are scattered with commercial
and institutions (such as school and hospital).
Institution Commercial
GreenArea Residential
● Neighbouring
There are restaurants, temples and schools near the site. There are also high
buildings at the back of the site.

● Accessibility

Direct

Getting to Child’s Smile Chest Hospital

● Nearby Hospital

General Hospital
- Bangprakong Hospital : 6-12 mins
- Bangmod Hospital : 10-18 mins
- Nakornthon Hospital : 8-14 mins
- Prarama Rama 2 : 9-16 mins
- EKH Hospital : 28-45 mins

● Sensory
Noise mainly comes from the main road and temporary noise from the temple.
The smell comes from temples, restaurants and markets.

The picture above shows the view surrounding the site. The site is mostly
surrounded by organization and residential. There is a high building in the
southeast (a condominium). In front of the site is MG rama 2, a car company. On
the east, there is a TSK crane company. Around the site is quiet and not crowded.
But there is some noise coming from the main road and temporary noise from the
temple when they have an event.

● Law and Regulation

Orange Area Colour Code (Yor 6)
Orange area colour code is a low density residential area. The law and regulation
are defined below.

Area = 11,357 sq.m.
FAR 4.5 : 1
Total Building Area :
32,863 sqm

Area = 11,357 sq.m.
OSR 6.5
Total Open Area :
738.2 sqm

Area = 11,357 sq.m.
SET BACK
Front = 6 m.
Side / Back = 6 m.
Attach the River = 3 m

C h a p t e r 5
Case Study

Case Studies Outlines
1. BørneRiget : Analysis about form, program, circulation, facade and

material
2. Suzhou : Analysis about circulation
3. Ekachai : Analysis about circulation and children scale
BørneRiget | Copenhagen Children’s Hospital [xxx]
Project Information
Architect : 3XN Architect

Location : Copenhagen, Denmark
Floor Area : 58,600 m²
Storey-Building : 9 storeys
Hospital Bed Number : 210 beds
Staff Member : 1050 members
Site Location

Design Concept

The New Children's Hospital (BørneRiget) with a ‘Playfully Logical’ design takes
its point of departure in two hands that stretch their ‘fingers’ into the light, into the city and
into the green. Two hands that complement each other, just like the two halves of the
brain. The left and right hands are connected to each hemisphere representing the
creative play and the rational logic.

Figure 5.1 Concept Diagram

Design Principles

Based on the vision applying to the building project, an innovation process has
been defined in a close collaboration between patients, families, managers and staff. This
design principles are to combine both the organisation and the building facilities.

The are 5 design principles as following :
Integrated Play Designed for Daily Living See me, ask me, Let me

Good Journey Cleanly defined zone

Figure 5.2 Design Principles Diagram

Children's experience is very important. Their feeling of being able to take control
of their own situation can reduce their stress. And at the same time, their need to be seen
and safe.

Figure 5.3 Daylight on Building

The facade gives the hospital 100% facing ity as well as optimal conditions
(Figure 5.3). The form of building makes its view and connection towards the city. The
space between the fingers make all the bedrooms receive a different view of the city
(Figure 5.4).
Figure 5.4 View and Connection to the City

Fingerstips

There are different functions that are provided at each fingertip. Especially an
outdoor garden and playing area with diverse themes. The outdoors space will adapt and
have a different function according to the weather. Thus, children can come to play and
learn at the fingertip and receive a good experience

Figure 5.5 Fingertips Programing

Facade and Function

The design focuses on ensuring a good thermal indoor climate. To reduce risk of
cold from the double-height glass sections and too low temperatures in winter,
low-energy windows can be used instead of single-layer glass. In the summer, there can
controlled natural ventilation, sun protection to the south, east and west and focus on.
25% of the year's facade will be closed because of the cold winter. While in the summer,
the facade can be adjusted in order to protect the sun shade and let the wind flow in the
same times.

Figure 5.5 Facade Opening Diagram

Programing and Circulation

The main circulation for visitors are stairs and elevators at the center of the
building. Ward will be located at the top while the clinic will be located at the bottom. In
the middle of the builder, there are the operation area and academics.

Elevator
Main Circulation
Stair
Service Area

Figure 5.6 Connection Circulation between Level and Programming on Each Floor
Intensive care, surgery, diagnostics, delivery and outpatient clinics are located
in the lower floor. The connection of each finger will provide more space and ease for staff
circulation. The fingers as figure 5.6 are located on the 5th-8th floor where children's
wards take place. At the same time, the sequence of the hospital is similar to their home.
Figure 5.6 Clear zones - Individual hierarchy between private and public areas.
Figure 5.6 Clear zones - treatment floor
Figure 5.7 Zoning Relationship

Figure 5.8 Distances

From the core of the building to the tip of each figure are not more than 35 m.
The public space is located at the center and more private where bedrooms are located
at the tip of the finger. Thus, the bedroom will receive less noise than other zones in the
center (figure 5.9)
.Figure 5.9 Private Vs Public

There are more than one entrance on the first floor. The staff entrances are
located on the site of the building.

Figure 5.10 Site Plan Circulation

1. Ambulance Ramp 8. Training and Rehabilitation
2. Residence Garden 9. Born and Kid Clinic
3. Adult Outpatient Clinic 10. Day Hospital
……………………...4. Reception 11. Atrium/Garden
Staff Entrance 5. Play Area 12. Meeting Point
Patient FLow 6. Outdoor Seating 13. Supermarket
……………………...7. Frontcourt 14. Cafe

Figure 5.11 3rd Floor Plan Circulation
Patient Flow Elevator Service Lift

Figure 5.12 Section, BørneRiget

Figure 5.13 Elevation, BørneRiget

Sections are cut through main circulation. The stairs at the center provide
ventilation for the building. The fire stairs are located in every finger for safety. Elevators
are attracted by colorful fades and surrounded by green with different rhythms. The up
and down of the building make it fun and moveable.

Material

The building is characterized by spaces and experiences that speak to everyone.
At the same place, furniture or artwork can easily be exciting for both the little ones and
the old. It is about creating layer shades through playful materials, color and surface.
Thus, using different materials can catch children's interest and create learning skills.

golden wood natural rubber wild nature rock anodiseren aluminium
Figure 5.14 Durable, Natural and Tactile Choices
Surface Plasterboard, Air Verify Antibacterial curtains
Figure 5.14 Healthy, smart and active surfaces

Figure 5.15 Material Indoor Diagram

Suzhou | Children’s Hospital [xxx]

Project Information
Architect : HSK Architect

Location : Suzhou, China
Daily Outpatient Visit : 3,000
Design Concept

The concept for the design of Suzhou Children’s Hospital was inspired by the
Kites. The kite provides shelter and protection for children from the sun and rain, adding
colour and joy to the children and their families (Figure 5.16). The building of the hospital
emphasizes the relationship with the flexibility of the water in the garden and the canal
and the mobility of the kite.

Figure 5.16 Garden Area of the Suzhou Children’s Hospital

In addition, the use of colored strips scattered on the outer wall of the building
adds a unique label to the hospital as a residence for children and their families (Figure
5.17). The project also integrates itself into the regional environment by the famous local
traditional Chinese gardens. The design’s imagery puts at ease the stress and fears of
patients and their parents by using infusion of light.

Figure 5.17 Architecture Image of Suzhou Children’s Hospital


Figure 5.18 Site plan, Suzhou Children’s Hospital
Staff will access from aside and at the back of the building. The patient has
another 2 entrances aside from the main entrance at the front. The other two
entrances can walk directly from the parking area though the garden (Figure 5.18).

Figure 5.19 Ground Level Floor Plan, Suzhou Children’s Hospital
Figure 5.20 2nd Floor Plan, Suzhou Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.21 Typical Inpatient Floor Plan, Suzhou Children’s Hospital

Efficiency in operation and reduction in travel distance were accomplished.
Housing is provided on campus for staff at all levels. The use of escalators will speed the
patients to the clinical areas. Each floor of the facility will have patient registration, cashier
and pharmacy thus reducing congestion and unnecessary traffic patterns. The south
facing rooms provide for the healing benefits of the sun.
Figure 5.22 Section, Suzhou Children’s Hospital

Ekachai | Children’s Hospital [xxx]

Project Information
Architect : IF (Integrated Field)

Location : SamutSakorn, Thailand
Daily Outpatient Visit : 75
Design Concept

Design Philosophy: Playing is Healing.
Key Concept : ‘Children Dimension’.

1. Wood Decoration 2. Curved Lines 3. Children Scale

Figure 5.23 Interior Perspective, Waiting Area, EKH Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.23 shows dimension concept which scales down many things to better
fit the children. For example, the wood decorations curving along the walls are at one
meter level, at their average eye level. These curved lines are hand drawn and not
geometrically perfect as the designers believe they can better stir the children’s
imagination. Also, the cashier counters are curved down to enhance more interaction
between the nurses and the children.

The design of 60 rooms is highlighted by four constellations—whale, rabbit, turtle and lion
on the illuminated ceilings. These animal patterns are also in the perforated steel plates on
the building’s exterior. A variety of colors inside the rooms can also be seen on the room
doors. They use bright colors in children’s space design because children make use of
color contrasts in their visual comprehension.
Figure 5.24 Interior Perspective, Bedroom, EKH Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.25 Interior Perspective, Bedroom (at night), EKH Children’s Hospital

The diagram shows analysis of the patient and staff circulation. Also the program
on each floor.
Figure 5.26 First Floor Plan, EKH Children’s Hospital
Figure 5.27 Second Floor Plan, EKH Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.28 Third Floor Plan, EKH Children’s Hospital
Figure 5.29 Fourth and Fifth Floor Plan, EKH Children’s Hospital

Facade

Figure 5.30 shows the facade of the building using pastel color in order to make
it easy for the eye and friendly with the surrounding context. They use curves at the
entrance to welcome children.
Figure 5.30 Elevation, EKH Children’s Hospital
In conclusion, each case studies have their own character and concept but they

have the same goal which is to attract children's interest. For BørneRiget they use
environment design to create different spaces. They also use a variety of functions and
design to interest children while Children's hospital uses a colorful facade. For Ekachai
children’s hospital, they concern more about the children's perspective and experience
while they are staying in hospital. Another important thing that we have to concern is
circulation. Figure 5.31 will show the difference of circulation in each hospital.
Figure 5.31 Circulation Comparison of 3 Cases Study

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Mr. Micheal Paripol Tangtrongchit , Dean

Asst.Prof. Valairatn Gasemsin, Chairman of Architecture

Asst.Prof. Supawadee Boonyachut, Thesis advisor

Figure 1.2 ​Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, 1801

Emotion and Experience of Hospitalized School Age Patients

Psychological reaction to hospitalization can be categorized by the child’s age ​[1]​.

The separation reaction

Number of Children in Thailand

Figure 1.12 ​Expanding of Bangkok since 1800-2015

Figure 1.13 ​Bangkok expanding

Figure 1.14 ​Population in Bangkok by

Figure 1.15​ ​Population growth rate In

Figure 1.17 ​ Number of Immigrants in Bangkok by District (2554)

Bang Khun Thian have the most number of immigration people. While most of

Figure 1.18 ​ Major Cause of Hospitalization, by Age, 2010

Zone 1 : Front Praza and Landscape

Zone 2 : Entrance and Lobby

● Lobby : transitional space and screening point

Zone 3 : Administration Office

● General Pediatric and Well Baby Clinic

Zone 6 : Support Area

Zone 7 : Service area

● Ventilation System : A/C System and Ventilation Flow of the building

Figure 2.1 ​ Major Cause of Hospitalization, by Age, 2010

Functional Organization [3]

There are 8 functional areas:

Table 2.1 ​Functional Relationship Matrix

Functional Organization [7]

There are 8 functional areas:

Figure 2.10 ​ ​ ​Holter Monitor Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.11 ​ ​ ​Tilt Table Testing Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.13 ​ ​ ​Stress Testing Treadmill Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.17 ​ ​ ​Transesophageal Echocardiography(TEE) Room,

Figure 2.20 ​ ​ ​System Component Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Table 2.1 ​Functional Relationship Matrix with Cardiology Clinic

Functional Organization [8]

There are 8 functional areas:

​Figure 2.22 ​ LDR/LDRP Room, Floor Plan

SPS’ functions is organized in 6 functional area:

2. Scope Processing Area

Hospital per staff on duty 45

House and flat 135

Offices with canteen 45

Restaurant (per meal) 7

School, boarding 90

School, day 30

Table 3.1​ ​ ​Estimation of Cold Water Storage per Occupant

(Litre) 1.5 m. 2 m. 3 m.

5,000 18 sq.m. 18 sq.m. -

10,000 31 sq.m. 23 sq.m. -

20,000 50 sq.m. 40 sq.m. -

40,000 72 sq.m. 60 sq.m. 50 sq.m.

60,000 - 80 sq.m. 60 sq.m.

Table 3.2​ ​Water Storage Room Area

Overall Function Diagram

​Figure 4.1​ ​Site 1 Location,​ ​Bang Khun Sri, Bangkok Noi

Figure 4.3​ ​ ​Site 3 Location, Bangmod, Chomthong

Accessibility 5 15 10 20

Near residential or community area 3 9 15 12

High Visibility 4 16 8 20

Healing environment 4 12 16 16

Site shape 2 10 10 10

Figure 1.2 Hôpital des Enfants Malades, Paris, 1801

Psychological reaction to hospitalization can be categorized by the child’s age [1].

Figure 1.12 Expanding of Bangkok since 1800-2015

Figure 1.13 Bangkok expanding

Figure 1.14 Population in Bangkok by

Figure 1.15 Population growth rate In

Figure 1.17 Number of Immigrants in Bangkok by District (2554)

Figure 1.18 Major Cause of Hospitalization, by Age, 2010

Figure 2.1 Major Cause of Hospitalization, by Age, 2010

Table 2.1 Functional Relationship Matrix

Figure 2.10 Holter Monitor Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.11 Tilt Table Testing Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.13 Stress Testing Treadmill Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Figure 2.17 Transesophageal Echocardiography(TEE) Room,

Figure 2.20 System Component Room, Floor/Equipment Plan

Table 2.1 Functional Relationship Matrix with Cardiology Clinic

Figure 2.22 LDR/LDRP Room, Floor Plan

Table 3.1 Estimation of Cold Water Storage per Occupant

Table 3.2 Water Storage Room Area

Figure 4.1 Site 1 Location, Bang Khun Sri, Bangkok Noi

Figure 4.3 Site 3 Location, Bangmod, Chomthong

Figure 4.4 Appearance of the Selected Site

Figure 4.5 Location of the Site

Figure 4.6 Site Boundary on Google Map

1. BørneRiget : Analysis about form, program, circulation, facade and

BørneRiget | Copenhagen Children’s Hospital [xxx]

Figure 5.4 View and Connection to the City

Figure 5.5 Facade Opening Diagram

Figure 5.6 Clear zones - treatment floor

Figure 5.7 Zoning Relationship

.Figure 5.9 Private Vs Public

Figure 5.14 Durable, Natural and Tactile Choices

Figure 5.14 Healthy, smart and active surfaces

Figure 5.15 Material Indoor Diagram

Figure 5.19 Ground Level Floor Plan, Suzhou Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.20 2nd Floor Plan, Suzhou Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.22 Section, Suzhou Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.24 Interior Perspective, Bedroom, EKH Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.26 First Floor Plan, EKH Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.27 Second Floor Plan, EKH Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.30 Elevation, EKH Children’s Hospital

Figure 5.31 Circulation Comparison of 3 Cases Study