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Steady-state analysis of Self Excited Induction Generator

Article · March 2011

DOI: 10.1109/CCCA.2011.6031528

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EFEEA’10 International Symposium on Environment Friendly Energies in Electrical Applications 2-4 November 2010, Ghardaïa, Algeria

Steady-State Analysis of Self -Excited

Induction Generator
N. Mekkaoui, M.-S. Naït-Saïd, S. Drid

University of Batna, Street Chahid Med El-Hadi Boukhlouf, Batna 05000, Algérie
Emails: mekkaoui_ns@yahoo.fr, meds.naitsaid. @ yahoo.com, s_drid@yahoo.fr

Abstract- This paper deals with an approach for the

steady state analysis of Self Excited Induction Generator
(SEIG). When an induction generator is used in an isolate
operation, it operates in self-excitation mode. Therefore
the advanced knowledge of the maximum excitation
capacitor value is required. To find this capacitor value
two non-linear equations have to be solved. Different
numerical methods for solving these equations are known
from previous literature.
In this paper, the steady state characteristics of a self-
exited induction generators is analysed using MATLAB.
Simulation analysis is performed to investigate of SEIG
characteristics, including real and imaginary-impedance
characteristics. Based on the analysis, the SEIG operating
characteristics are studied.
.
Index Terms– induction generator, self-excited
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Analytical study of self-exited induction generators
The induction machine is modeled using the
steady-state equivalent circuit shown in Figure 1
Detail derivation of equations for self-excited
induction generator can be found in many papers
[3-4]. the stable operation of the system can be
sustained at any moment when the balance of real
power and reactive power can be maintained. The
balance of real power is established mainly between
the power produced in the rotor and the power
consumed from the stator winding. The balanced of
reactive power is established between the ac
capacitors and the air-gap flux condition at any
operating condition
Rs σLcs
Ai ′ i′r is
s A A

iµ
In the literature, it is well known that an externally
driven Induction Machine can act as a self-excited vs
(1−σ) Lcs Rr′ Z ch v s Zmas
Z ch
induction generator provided an appropriate value of g
capacitor bank is properly connected across its stator
B B′
terminals for self excitation. Three-phase squirrel
cage induction generators are usually implemented in B
standalone power systems that employ renewable Fig.1. Equivalent circuit of the Loaded SEIG.
energy resources, like hydro-power and wind energy.
This is due to the advantages of these generators over B. Loop -Impedance Method
conventional synchronous generators. The main Fig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of three phases
advantages are: reduced unit cost, absence of a self excited generator under R–L load. In this circuit
separate DC Source for excitation, ruggedness, all the parameters are assumed to be constants and are
brushless rotor construction and ease of maintenance. independent of saturation Core loss and effect of
The mathematical model used for analysis of SEIG harmonics in the machine are neglected [4].
can be classified into two major categories; single From Fig. 1 and under steady state condition for loop
phase equivalent circuit approach includes the loop impedance method Impedance Zt=0
impedance method [1, 2] and nodal admittance
method [3]. The other is the d-q axis model based on Where;
the generalized machine theory [4, 5]. The per phase ℜe[ Z t ] = 0
equivalent circuit model obtained from a steady state (1Z 4
mas + Z L ) is = 0
42443
⇒
ℑm[ Z t ] = 0
condition can not be used for analyzing transient
phenomenon of a self excited induction generator Zt
This paper deal with a new approach for the Therefore, under steady-state self-excitation, the total
analysis of a three phases self excited induction
impedance ( Z t ) must be zero, since i s ≠ 0
generator. This approach is developed a particular
analytical study of SEIG In both cases (loaded and
no-loaded); regions specification of self-excitation Z mas = R s + Z ′ mas (1)
and loss of self-excitation of the SEIG can be
presented and critically discussed in the paper.
Z L = RL + j X L (2)
II. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

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EFEEA’10 International Symposium on Environment Friendly Energies in Electrical Applications 2-4 November 2010, Ghardaïa, Algeria

Z mas Is the Impedance of the branches AA BB

’ ’ (1 − σ )
α mas = (7)
(stator circuit), the magnetizing branch, and rotor ω r max ωr
+
circuit, respectively. ωr ω r max
ω r max ωr
’ ’
Z ′ mas : Impedance of the branch A B +σ
ωr ω r max
ZL : Impedance of the branch AB β mas = (8)
ω r max ωr
The impedance Z ′ mas of the branch A’B’ of the +
ωr ω r max
induction generator can be simply calculated as
shown in (3).
R r′
Where, ω r max =
Rr′ (1 − σ ) Lcs
j (1 − σ ) Lcs ω s
g (3) Equations (7) and (8) are similar to the conventional
Z ′mas = jσ Lcs ω s + Rr′ Kloss’s form.
j (1 − σ ) Lcs ω s +
g
Substituting from Eqs: (7) and (8) into (1) yields:
Analysis of the performance of an isolated
induction generator (Self-excited induction generator) (Rs + RL )
α mas = − (9)
is more complex because the frequency is not fixed. Lcs ω s
The frequency depends not only on the speed of the
mechanical drive but also on the slip, which in turn XL
β mas = − (10)
depends on the amount of power required by the Lcs ω s
electrical load.
Two nonlinear equations, which are real and
By means of normalization, the input impedances are
imaginary parts of the normalised impedance; by
divided by Lcs ωs one will have then: solving the above equations p.u. generated pulsation
∀ω :
(
ω r and X c normalised impedance Z mas Lcsω s . )
s
So equation (9) can be first solved for ω r then (10)
Z ′ mas −σ (1 − σ ) Lcs ω r + j R r′ may be solved for X c [2, 6]. This new formula can
Z ′ mas = =
Lcs ω s j (1 − σ ) Lcs ω r + R r′ be used to calculate the maximum capacitor required
Where Z ′ mas is called a reduced impedance of the for induction generator to build up. This new formula
does not require any numerical analysis iteration.
branch A’B’ of the induction generator can be
obtained as in (4) II. NO-LOAD IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR
THE SEIG
Z ′ mas = α mas + j β mas (4)
In this case, the impedance ZL of branch AB (Fig.
Where: 1) is then given by:
α mas = ℜe[Z ′ mas ]
1
β mas = ℑm[Z ′ mas ] ZL = 0− j
Cω
α mas and β mas can be expressed as follows. RL = 0
Where: 1 (11)
1 XL =
α mas = (5) Cω
R r′ Lcs ω r
+ Substituting (11) into (9) and (10), It yields the
2
(1 − σ ) Lcs ω r R r′ following.
Rs
α mas = = − rs (12)
R r′ Lcs ω s

(1 − σ ) 2 Lcs 1
β mas = = zc (13)
β mas = (6) Lcs C ω s2
R r′ Lcs ω r
+
(1 − σ ) 2 Lcs ω r R r′ Equation (12) can be first solved for ω r ;
Let us consider two different cases:
This can be further simplified to give

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EFEEA’10 International Symposium on Environment Friendly Energies in Electrical Applications 2-4 November 2010, Ghardaïa, Algeria

Case 1: ω r 〈〈ω r max For the linear part of the 1

For this case; β mas = σ ⇒ =1 (16)
characteristic of the real reduced impedance α one σ Lcs C ω s2
mas
has ω
r1
ω r max rs
ω r1 = −
(1 − σ )
The value of slip g1 in which the self-excitation will
have is given as follows:
R r′ R s
g1 = − (14)
L2cs (1−σ ) 2 ω s2
(a)

ω r → 0 ⇒ Rs → 0 ⇒ rs → 0

The pulsations ω r1 and ω r 2 define the points at

the intersection of the characteristic of the real
impedance versus speed and the straight line
(
representing the equation α mas = − rs )
show in
Fig.2. The stable operating region of the self-excited
induction generator is to right of the peak,
where ω 〈
r max 〈ω r ω r1
.
(b)
( )
For this case ω r 〈〈ω r max in imaginary part, Fig.2. Simulated SEIG Reduce Impedance
Eq. (10) can be simplified to give the following Characteristics at the no-load
equation
i.e. σ L et C in perfect resonance; thus all the;
cs
1 1
β mas = 1 = ⇒C = (15) thus all the reactive power of the capacitor is
Lcs C ω s2 L cs ω 2s dissipated in leakage inductances [ 5,6 ]. Fig.3a shows
the unstable operating region of the self-excited
i.e. Lcs et C in perfect resonance.
induction generator is to left of the peak, where
The figure 2-b shows that , for ω r 〈〈ω r max the ωr 2 〈ωr 〈ωr max the machine is not magnetized
stable operation of the generator when the phase of and consequently will not operate, and in the second
the magnetizing is limited between the straight line of fig.3b shows the unstable operating region of the
magnetizing (zc) and the zone of maximum excitation generator. Where, the phase of magnetization is
limited between the straight line of
From these two figures, indicate together the stable ( )
magnetization β mas = σ and the zone of the
(
operating region ω r max 〈ω r 〈ω r1 )
where the
leakage.
induction generator can continue to operate without
loss of self-excitation. III. FULL-LOAD IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Case 2: ω r 〉〉 ω r max For the nonlinear part of the FOR THE SEIG

real reduced impedance α one has ω The SEIG can be loaded with a resistive load by
mas r2
connecting a resistive load, RL, across the capacitor,
ωr max C, shown in Fig. 4. With resistive load Equation (4, 5)
ωr 2 = −(1 − σ )
rs is modified to the following equation.
The value of slip g2 is given as follows:
R r′
g2 =
Rs
ω r → ∞ (∞ Load )
⇒ Rs → 0 ⇒ g 2 → ∞

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EFEEA’10 International Symposium on Environment Friendly Energies in Electrical Applications 2-4 November 2010, Ghardaïa, Algeria

is Rs σ Ls i′r (βmas) and the straight line of magnetizing (zc), then

the second line be situated in a region delimited by
iR ic iµ α
Rr′ the characteristic mas and the straight line (-r , s)
(1−σ) Ls where the induction generator continue to operate
RL C vs g
without loss of self-excitation , at the load R
(100 Ω < R< 210 Ω ). If the generator is loaded under
a (R=100 Ω ), and above(R=250 Ω ). The machine is
Fig.4. Per phase Equivalent circuit of the SEIG at the
not magnetized and consequently will not operate.
resistive- Load.
⎛ ⎞
X c2 R ⎜ X c R2 ⎟ IV. CONCLUSION
ZL = R L + j X L = + j ⎜ − ⎟
2 ⎜ R 2 + X c2 ⎟
R2 + X c ⎝ ⎠ In this paper a new approach for the steady-state
Xc =
1
; X L = lL ωs
characteristics of a self-exited induction generator
C ωs analysed. Simulation analysis is performed to
investigate a variety of SEIG characteristics,
With: including real and imaginary-impedance
characteristics. The proposed method is simple and
R R 2C ω s avoids the long and tedious analytical derivation of
ZL = − j (17) several equations as compared to the most of the
1 + (RC ω s )2 1 + (RC ω s )2 reported methods of analysis. The results obtained
144244 3 144244 3 ensure the validity and accuracy of the proposed
RL lL approach.
For lch 〉 0 Z L is inductive As a future work, we plan to use these results to
compare with the experimental results of the
lch 〈 0 Z L is capacitive induction generator.

Z mas = − Z L (18) TABLE1 GENERATOR DATA

Power P 4 kW
Number of pairs of poles p 2
Z mas = − R L + j l L ω s Stator resistance Rs 1.2 Ω
Rotor resistance Rr 1.8Ω
Total leakage factor σ 0.12
⎛ ⎞
⎜ R ⎟ 1 Mutual inductance M 0.15
α mas = −⎜ + Rs ⎟ (19) Stator(rotor)self inductance Lcs 0.1554 H
⎜ 1 + (RC ω )2 ⎟ Lcs ω s
⎝ s ⎠ Capacity of magnetizing at no-load C 64µF

V. REFERENCES
β mas = R 2C lch
⎛ ⎞ = [1] M. Godoy Simoes and F.A.Farret, “Renewable Energy
⎜1+ (RC ω s )2 ⎟ L cs Lcs (20) Systems: Design and Analysis with Induction
⎝ ⎠ generators,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2004
[2] S.S.Murthy, 0.P.Malik and A.K.Tmdon, “Analysis of
To characterize the magnetization of IG, it remains to self excited induction generators”, IEE Proc. c., 129(6),
deduce resistance R, of the expressions (20). pp.Z6 265,1982D.
Solving Equation (19) gives a solution similar to [3] Seyoum, C. Grantham, and M.F. Rahman, "The
that for Equation (12). Analyzing in a similar way, as Dynamic Characteristics of an Isolated Self-Excited
Induction Generator Driven by a Wind Turbine", IEEE
discussed in Section 2, the characteristics in Fig.4 (a
Transactions on application, vol. 39, no. 4, July/August
& b) and Fig.4c show the variations of σmas and βmas 2003
versus motor speed “ωr”, at a fixed value of [4] T.F.Chan, ‘Capacitance requirements of self excited
capacitance to maintain a stable self-excitation with a induction generators”, IEEE Trans, EC-8, (2). pp-30.1-
variable resistance load. As can be seen from these 311.1993
figures In order to operate a stable SEIG, if the [5] K.E. Hallenius. P Vas, J.E. Brown. “The Analysis of a
straight lines define by (lL/Lcs) and Saturated Self-Excited Asynchronous Generator.” IEEE

(
⎛ Rch + Rs ⎞
⎜− ⎟
) Transactions on Energv Conversion, June 1991, Vol. 6,
No. 2.
⎜ L ω s ⎟⎠
[6] Wang, L. and Ching-Huei, L., “A Novel Analysis on the
⎝ cs
are located, respectively in the stable Performance of an Isolated Self-Excited Induction
operating region of the system as discussed in Section Generator”, IEEE Trans. on EC, Vol. 12, No. 2, June
2,so that the first line should be situated in a region 1997, pp.109-117
bounded by the straight line of maximum excitation

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EFEEA’10 International Symposium on Environment Friendly Energies in Electrical Applications 2-4 November 2010, Ghardaïa, Algeria

[7] R. C. Bansal, “Three Phase Self Excited Induction Convers, vol.20, no.2, Jun.2005
Generator: An Overview,” IEEE Trans. Energy

(a) (b) (c)

Fig.6. Simulated SEIG Reduce Impedance Characteristics

at the different resistors with:
a. R>250
b. R<100
c. 100>R<210

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