Course Name: Hybrid

Electric Vehicle Theory and

Design
Course code: HEVTD
Module 4
DC-DC Converters
Course instructor: Dr. Amit Kumar Baghel

Contact mail id: amita.baghel@iitg.ac.in/amitk.892@gmail.com

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 Diodes

A diode is defined as a two-terminal electronic component that only conducts current in

one direction (so long as it is operated within a specified voltage level). An ideal diode
will have zero resistance in one direction, and infinite resistance in the reverse direction.

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 Inductor
An Inductor is a passive electrical component consisting of a coil of wire which is designed to
take advantage of the relationship between magnetism and electricity as a result of an electric
current passing through the coil.

Inductors resist or oppose changes of current but will easily pass a steady state DC current.

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 Capacitor
Ø Capacitors are also known as Electric-condensers.

Ø A capacitor is a two-terminal electric component.

Ø It opposes the sudden change in voltage.

Ø The storing capacity of capacitance may vary from small storage to high storage.

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 LR Series Circuit

−𝑉# + 𝑉% + 𝑉& = 0

𝑉% = 𝐼 𝑡 𝑅

𝑑𝐼
𝑉& = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
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 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ @(A) ;A

𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = > 𝐼𝐹. 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑑𝐼
𝐿 + 𝐼𝑅 = 𝑉4
𝑑𝑡

9
∫ : ;<
I. 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒

𝑉4 %<
𝐼 𝑡 = (1 − 𝑒 & )
𝑅

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RC Series Circuit

𝑑𝑄 𝑄
𝑅+ =𝐸
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
E
∫%F ;<
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒

𝑄 (𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫(𝐼. 𝐹). 𝐸 𝑑𝑡

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The topics covered in this chapter are as follows:

Ø EV and HEV configuration based on power converters.

Ø Classification of converters.

Ø Principle of Step Down Operation

Ø Buck Converter with RLE Load

Ø Buck Converter with RL Load and Filter

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General Configuration of a Electric Vehicle

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The most commonly DC-DC converters used in an HEV or an EV are:

Unidirectional Converters: They cater to various onboard loads such as sensors,

controls, entertainment, utility and safety equipments.

Bidirectional Converters: They are used in places where battery charging and
regenerative braking is required. The power flow in a bi-directional converter is usually
from a low voltage end such as battery or a supercapacitor to a high voltage side and is
referred to as boost operation. During regenerative braking, the power flows back to
the low voltage bus to recharge the batteries know as buck mode operation.

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 Buck converter with RLE load

Vo

Also known as step down converter

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Principle of Step Down Operation

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 The Buck Converter with RLE Load

Mode 1 Operation: In this mode the switch 1 S is turned on and the diode 1 D is reversed biased,
the current flows through the load. The time domain circuit is shown in Figure. The load current,
in s domain, for mode 1 can be found from

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Mode 2 Operation:
In this mode the switch 1 S is turned off and the diode 1 D is forward biased. The time domain
circuit is shown in Figure 5. The load current, in s domain, can be found from

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