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 saxelmZRvaneloSi (“geodezia topografiis safuZvlebiT”) gadmocemulia geodeziis
zogadi sakiTxebi. aRwerilia samyaros (kosmosis) fizikuri da geometriuli elementebi.
mocemulia geodeziuri samuSaoebis mokle mimoxilva. ganxilulia wertilTa mdebareobis
gansazRvris sakiTxebi, koordinatebi sainJinro geodeziaSi. mocemulia pirobiTi
aRniSvnebi, Tarazos Teoria, samiznebeli xelsawyoebi. gadmocemulia xazebis gazomvebi da
dasarva.
moyvanilia zogierTi cnobebi ganazomTa Secdomebis Teoriidan. naSromSi
ganxilulia kuTxzomiTi agegmvebi, nivelobis ZiriTadi saxeobebi da farTobebis
gamoTvlis sxvadasxva xerxi.
saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadaT gankuTvnilia umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTlebis
studentebisaTvis. igi aseve gamoadgebaT yvela im pirebs, romlebsac ainteresebT
aRniSnuli sagnis Seswavla.

redaqtori asocirebuli profesori murman mesxi.

2
 winasityvaoba

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos gamocema ganapiroba boloniis

saganmanaTleblo sistemaze gadasvlam, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia
samsafexuriani umaRlesi ganaTleba, saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadad
gankuTvnilia umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTlebis specialobis moswavle-
axalgazrdobisaTvis. igi srulad Seesabameba am saganSi arsebul
kurukulumebsa da silabusebs, romlebic aRiarebulia stu-s sainJinro
geodeziis departamentis mier.
rogorc naSromis dasaxelebidan (“geodezia topografiis
safuZvlebiT”) da anotaciidan Cans, aq ganxilulia topografiisa da
geodeziis kursis zogadi nawili. masSi mocemulia yvela is sakiTxebi,
romelTa codnac aucilebelia zemoT aRniSnuli studentebisaTvis.
aseTi saxiT saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna avtorebis pirveli cdaa da
amitomac, ra Tqma unda igi unaklo ar iqneba. isini madlierebiT miiReben
yvela saqmian SeniSvnas. aqve gvinda didi madloba movaxsenoT wignis
redaqtors baton murman mesxs, recenzents baton jano kekelias.
avtori aseve madlobas uxdis qalbaton naTia gognaZesa da daviT
papavas wignis gaformebisas gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis, baton irakli
mamacaSvils sasargeblo SeniSvnebisaTvis.

3
 s a r C e v i
Tavi I
samyaros (kosmosis) fizikuri da geometriuli elementebi
1.1. samyaros (kosmosis) fizikuri elementebi ----------------------------------------------------- 8
a) mzis sistemasa da metagalaqtikebs Soris gansxvaveba --------------------------- 9
1.2. samyaros geometriuli elementebi ----------------------------------------------------------------- 9
a) ca. cis gumbaTi. normaluri xiluli horizonti. WeSmariti
horizontis sibrtye. cis sfero ---------------------------------------------------------------- 10

b) heliocentruli da geocentruli moZRvrebis arsi --------------------------------- 11

g) samyaroSi orientireba. samyaros polusebi da RerZebi.
saSuadReo xazi. zeniti da nadiri ----------------------------------------------------------- 12
1.3. koordinatebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Tavi II
dedamiwis fizikuri elementebi
2.1. a) dedamiwis atmosfero ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
b) hidrosfero -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
g) dedamiwis myari tani ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
d) dedamiwis socialuri elementi ----------------------------------------------------------------- 18
e) dedamiwis ekonomikuri elementi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 18
v) dedamiwis fizikuri zedapiri --------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
z) dedamiwis topografiuli elementebi ------------------------------------------------------- 19
Tavi III
dedamiwis namdvili saxisa da odenobis Seswavlis (mcdeloba) cda.
3.1. geodeziis sagani ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
3.2. dedamiwis namdvili saxisa da odenobis dadgenis problemis arsi ---------- 23
a) dedamiwis saerTo saxe -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
b) dedamiwis, rogorc sferos, radiusis gansazRvris pirveli cda ---------- 25
3.3. cneba gradusuli gazomvebis Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------------------ 26
a) triangulaciis gamoyenebis pirveli cdebi ---------------------------------------------- 27
b) dedamiwis saerTo saxis dadgena -------------------------------------------------------------- 29
3.4. msoflio elifsoidi. referenc-elifsoidi--------------------------------------------------- 32
Tavi IV
geodeziuri samuSaoebis mokle mimoxilva
4.1. ZiriTadi geodeziuri samuSaoebi ------------------------------------------------------------------ 34
4.2. gegmebis, rukebis, profilebis SedgenasTan dakavSirebuli
zogierTi cnebebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
4.3. cnebebi agegmvebis Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40
4.4. masStabebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
a) ricxviTi masStabi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
b) xazviTi masStabi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
g) ganivi anu transversaluri masStabi -------------------------------------------------------- 44
4.5. rukebisa da gegmebis klasifikacia ------------------------------------------------------------- 47
4.6. rukebis dayofa, aRniSvna – danomrva da nomenklatura --------------------------- 49
Tavi V
wertilTa mdebareobis gansazRvris sakiTxisaTvis
5.1. orientireba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
a) mimarTulebis dadgenisaTvis ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
b) WeSmariti orientireba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
g) damokidebuleba pirdapir da Sebrunebul azimutebs Soris ----------------- 55
d) wrfis azimutis qceva --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
e) wrfis sxvadasxva wertilSi azimutebs Soris damokidebuleba ------------ 57
4
5.2. direqciuli kuTxe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
a) damokidebuleba wrfis sxvadasxva wertilSi azimutebsa
da direqciul kuTxes Soris -------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
5.3. meridianTa Seaxloebis kuTxis gamosaTvleli formula -------------------------- 59
5.4. rumbebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
a) WeSmariti rumbi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
b) damokidebuleba WeSmarit azimutebsa da WeSmarit rumbebs Soris ----- 61
g) direqciuli rumbi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
d) damokidebuleba direqciul kuTxeebsa da direqciul
rumbebs Soris ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
5.5. magnituri orientireba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
a) kavSiri direqciul kuTxesa da magnitur azimutebs Soris ------------------ 63
5.6. cnobili azimutebiTa da direqciuli kuTxeebiT mimarTulebaTa
Soris kuTxeebis gansazRvra ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 65
5.7. cnobili direqciuli rumbebiT astrolabiuri kuTxeebis gansazRvra ----- 66
5.8. mixrilobis gansazRvra ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68
Tavi VI
koordinatebi sainJinro geodeziaSi
6.1. dekartis marTkuTxa koordinatebi RerZze -------------------------------------------------- 69
6.2. marTkuTxa koordinatebi sibrtyeze -------------------------------------------------------------- 69
a) marcxena sistema ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
b) marjvena sistema ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
6.3. marTkuTxa koordinatebi sivrceSi ----------------------------------------------------- 71
6.4. marTkuTxa koordinatebi sferoze (zoldneris koordinatebi) ------ 72
6.5. polaruli koordinatebi sibrtyeze ------------------------------------------------------------- 73
a) maTematikaSi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
b) polaruli koordinatebi sibrtyeze (geodeziaSi) ----------------------------------- 74
g) polaruli koordinatebi sivrceSi ------------------------------------------------------------ 74
d) polaruli koordinatebi sferoidze ------------------------------------------------------- 75
6.6. bi polaruli koordinatebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
Tavi VII
pirobiTi aRniSvnebi
7.1. gegmis Sedgena ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77
7.2. niSnulebiani gegmilebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80
a) wertili sivrceSi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80
b) xazi sivrceSi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81
g) graduireba -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84
d) profilis anu ujrediani – (milimetrebiani) qaRaldis xerxi -------------- 87
7.3. niSnulebiani proeqciebis ganzogadoeba ------------------------------------------------------ 88
a) normaluri kveTis simaRlis gansazRvra -------------------------------------------------- 93
Tavi VIII
Tarazoebi
8.1. Tarazos Teoria ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97
a) Tarazos mgrZnobiaroba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102
b) xazebisa da sibrtyeebis horizontul mdgomareobaSi
moyvana da Tarazos Sesworeba ---------------------------------------------------------------- 103
g) Tarazos RerZis Sesworebis geometriuli interpretacia --------------------- 104
d) Tarazos RerZis daxris kuTxis gansazRvra -------------------------------------------- 105
Tavi IX
samiznebeli xelsawyoebi
9.1. Wogri ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107
a) Wogris gamadidebloba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107
b) ganvsazRvroT gamadidebloba okularisaTvis ----------------------------------------- 109
9.2. mxedvelobis are ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111
5
9.3. gamadidebloba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112
a) Wogris samzerad dayeneba -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
b) Wogris optikuri Zala -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114
Tavi X
danayofebis amTvleli xelsawyoebi
10.1. anaTvlebis aRebis meTodi --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
Tavi XI
gazomvebi da xazebis dasarva
11.1. pirdapiri gazomvebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
11.2. xazebis dasarva ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121
11.3. xazebis dasarvis SemTxvevebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 123
a) vake adgilze dasmuli ori saris mixedviT xazis gagrZeleba ---------------- 123
b) xeobebis erT mxareze dasmuli ori saris mixedviT xazis
gagrZeleba mis meore mxareze -------------------------------------------------------------------- 124
g) xazis gagrZeleba mcire dabrkolebis gadalaxviT ---------------------------------- 125
11.4. or dasmul sars Soris xazis dasarva ------------------------------------------------------- 126
a) or urTierT uxilav wertils Soris maRlobis dasarva ----------------------- 126
b) xeobis orive mxareze dasmul sarebs Soris xazis dasarva ------------------- 129
Tavi XII
zogierTi cnobebi ganazomTa Secdomebis Teoriidan
12.1 gazomvebis saxeebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 131
12.2 gazomvebis Secdomebi da Sesworebani --------------------------------------------------------- 131
12.3 ganazomTa rigebis saxeebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134
12.4 ganazomTa Secdomebis saxeebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 134
12.5 SemTxveviT SecdomaTa Tvisebebi ------------------------------------------------------------------- 135
12.6. gazomvis erTeulebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 135
Tavi XIII
kuTxzomiTi agegmva
13.1. xelsawyoebis Semowmebebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 142
13.2. Sveuli wredis nul adgili ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 148
13.3. instrumentis dacentvrisa da reduqciis Secdoma ----------------------------------- 153
13.4. kuTxeebis gazomva ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 155
a) ileTebis xerxebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 156
b) wriuli ileTebis xerxi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 158
g) ganmeorebiTi xerxi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 159
13.5. gazomili kuTxeebis gawonasworeba ------------------------------------------------------------- 162
13.6. direqciuli kuTxeebis gamoTvla ----------------------------------------------------------------- 163
13.7. pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli geodeziuri amocana ---------------------------------------- 164
13.8. wvliladebis gadatana ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 167
Tavi XIV
niveloba
14.1. trigonometriuli niveloba ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 170
14.2. geometriuli niveloba ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 172
14.3. nivelirebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 175
a) Semowmebebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 175
b) Tarazos safasuris gansazRvra lartyis saSualebiT -------------------------- 176
g) xSuli nivelirebis Semowmeba ------------------------------------------------------------------- 177
d) gadasadeb Wogriani nivelirebis Semowmeba ---------------------------------------------- 180
14.4. nivelobis warmoeba --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 181
14.5. mrudeebis dakvalva --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 185
a) marTobebis xerxi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 186
b) kuTxeebis xerxi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 187
g) wagrZelebuli qordebis meTodi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 188
d) serpantini ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 189
6
14.6. barometruli niveloba --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 192
a) diferencialuri barometri ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 196
b) aneroidi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 197
Tavi XV
farTobebis gamoTvla ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 200

7
 I Tavi
samyaros (kosmosis) fizikuri da geometriuli elementebi
1.1. samyaros (kosmosis) fizikuri elementebi

kosmosi anu samyaro ewodeba usazRvro sivrcesa da droSi

metagalaqtikebis gaerTianebaTa usasrulo simravles. yoveli
metagalaqtika galaqtikebis erTobliobaa. saerTod galaqtika ki
varskvlavTa sistemebis (ojaxebis) simravles warmoadgens.
es gaerTianebebi niutonis msoflio mizidulobis (gravitaciis)
kanons Seesabameba da nebismieri nivTierebis Semcveli materiis
obieqturobis, aqtiurobis, kanonzomierebis, mudmivobisa da Secnobadobis
uzogadesi Tvisebebis gamo erTiani, maradiuli, usasrulo, mravalferovani
materialuri samyaros saxiT unda warmovidginoT.
materialuri samyaro fardobiTi WeSmaritebis uwyvetliv
gamovlinebis gziT, absoluturi WeSmaritebisadmi usasrulod miaxloebis
obieqtia. amave dros igi materiis agebulebisa da moZraobis gigantur
laboratorias warmoadgens, sadac adgili aqvT: udides wnevebs, kolosalur
temperaturebs, uZlieres magnitur velebs, absolutur vakuums, procesebs
da elementarul nawilakebs, romlebic Tanxlebulni arian udidesi da
zeudidesi energiis gamoyofiT.
adgilobrivi saxelwodebis metagalaqtikaSi Semavali saSualo
odenobis galaqtikas, romelsac irmis naxtomis an rZis• gzis sistemis
saxelwodeba aqvs da romelSic sxva varskvlavT sistemebTan erTad mzis
ojaxic Sedis, samyaroSi metad mcire sivrce uWiravs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
masSi as miliardamde urTierT ramodenime sinaTlis wliT** daSorebuli
varskvlavebi sruliad normalurad moZraoben.
magaliTad, rom gavakeToT globusi, romelzedac dagegmilebuli
varskvlavebi warmovidginoT wvimis wveTebis saxiT, am globusze wveTebs
Soris manZili 65 km iqneba.
mzis sistemaSi Semavali obieqtebi, rogoricaa planetebi: merkuri,
venera, dedamiwa, marsi, iupiteri, saturni, urani, neptuni, plutoni Tavisi 32
•
galaqtika rZis gzis berZnuli saxelwodebaa (varskvlavebian caze, kididan kidemde
garkveviT gamoyofili rZisferi naTeli farTo zoli)
** sinaTlis weli =60 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 365 ⋅ 298800 =9500000000000 =9,5 ⋅ 1012=9500 miliardi km/weliwadSi

8
TanamgzavriT (erT-erTi Tanamgzavria mTvare), uamravi mcire planetebiT,
kometebi, meteorebi sruliad normalurad moZraoben misi centraluri erTi
varskvlavis – mzis udidesi gravitaciuli mizidulobis Zalis gavleniT.

a) mzis sistemasa da metagalaqtikebs

Soris gansxvaveba

arsebobs ori ZiriTadi gansxvaveba:

I – mzis sistemas centraluri sxeuli
gaaCnia (es aris erT-erTi varskvlavi – mze).
galaqtikebs da metagalaqtikebs centraluri
sxeuli ar gaaCniaT – maTi centria varskvlavT
simravlis saerTo masaTa centri.
II – gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
WogriT mzeris dros mzis sistemis obieqtebis diskoebi gadidebulni Canan,
maSin rodesac galaqtikis varskvlavebi damzeris dros ar
diddebian, imatebs maTi mxolod sikaSkaSe, brwyinvaleba.
varskvlavT samyaros Seswavlis mizniT varskvlavebs
yofen did jgufebad, romelTac Tanavarskvlavedebi ewodeba. am
Tanavarskvlavedebs arqmevdnen cxovelebis, gmiri adamianebis
saxelebs. magaliTad: didi daTvi, mcire daTvi, didi ZaRli da
sxva.
TviT TanavarskvlavedSi Semaval varskvlavebs maTi sikaSkaSis
mixedviT arqmeven berZnuli alfabetis sawyis asoebs.

1.2. samyaros geometriuli elementebi

samyaros geometriuli elementebis codna saWiroa imisaTvis, rom

SevZloT: 1) adgilis nebismieri wertilis mdebareobis (koordinatebis)
gansazRvra, 2) kosmosuri elementebis sivrcobrivi ganlagebis gansazRvra, 3)
mzisadmi dedamiwis qcevebis gansazRvra (dedamiwa ganicdis oTxi saxis
moZraobas).

9
 a) ca. cis gumbaTi. normaluri xiluli horizonti. WeSmariti
horizontis sibrtye. cis sfero

ca. geometriuli warmodgeniT adamiani cas uwodebs dedamiwis

atmosferos Semcvel naxevrad gamWvirvale fardas, romelic gars akravs
dedamiwas da romlis miRma (iqiT) uhaero da usazRvro sivrceSi
moTavsebulia kosmiuri obieqtebi (mnaTobebi). dRisiT is feri, romelic cas
aqvs Sedegia imisa, rom atmosferoSi arsebuli gazebis molekulebi:
orTqli, mtveri da sxva mzis sxivebs Slian, mnaTobebis uxilaoba ki
Sedegia am movlenis gamo atmosferos Zlieri ganaTebis.
cis gumbaTi. zRvaSi an trial mindorze rom davdgeT vnaxavT, rom
Cven Tavze gvefareba cis garkveuli nawili, romlis centrSi Cven vdgevarT.
cis am nawils ewodeba cis gumbaTi.
normaluri xiluli horizonti. im moCvenebiT wreebs, romelic
Seesabameba cis gumbaTisa da dedamiwis SeerTebas ewodeba normaluri
xiluli horizonti. (nax. 1)
HH aris normaluri xiluli (moCvenebiTi) horizonti, romlis
radiusia CH=d.
C wertilSi gatarebul H ' H ' Tarazul sibrtyes ewodeba WeSmariti
anu maTematikuri horizontis sibrtye. xolo TviT H ' H ' xazs ewodeba
adgilis WeSmariti horizonti. xilul horizontsa da adgilis horizonts
Soris Sedgenil α kuTxes ewodeba dadablebis kuTxe.
cnobili α kuTxiT da h-iT SegviZlia gamovTvaloT dedamiwis R
radiusis miaxloebiTi odenoba formuliT:
adgilis WeSmariti
horizonti (R + h )cosα = R (1.2.1)
C
H' α H' R cosα + h cosα = R
h b dadablebis

d
kuTxe
R (1 − cosα ) = h cosα
H H
h cosα
R= (1.2.2)
normaluli xiluli 1 − cosα
horizonti
R
α

nax. 1

10
 am formuliT gamoTvlili dedamiwis radiusi R ≈ 6400 km normaluri
xiluli horizontis d radiusi ki gamoiTvleba piTagoris TeoremiT:

d = + ( R + h) 2 − R 2 = 2 Rh + h 2 = + 2 Rh = +113 h

h simaRle gamoisaxeba kilometrebSi. aranormalur xilul

horizonts miviRebT mTebs Soris dgomisas. amis Sedegad normaluri
xiluli horizontis HH xazi gaivlis WeSmariti horizontis, rogorc
qvemoT, ise zemoT.
cis sfero. vinaidan varskvlavebi uaRresad Sors arian, adamianis
Tvals eCveneba, rom isini caze arian miWedili, misgan erTi da igive
manZilze. am moCvenebiT sferos, cis sfero ewodeba. cis sfero saWiroa
varskvlavebs Soris urTierT
mdebareobis gasarkvevad.
im SemTvvevaSi, rodesac cis
sferos centrad miviCnevT dedami-
waze Cveni dgomis A wertils, mas
ewodeba topocentruli cis sfero.
(nax. 2)
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cis
sferos centrad miviCnevT deda-
miwis C centrs, mas geocentruli
cis sfero hqvia. xolo rodesac
cis sferos centrad miviCnevT mzis
nax. 2 B centrs, cis sferos ewodeba
heliocentruli cis sfero.

b) heliocentruli da geocentruli
moZRvrebis arsi

sagangebo dakvirvebis gareSe SeuZlebelia dedamiwis moZraobis

dadgena, amitom adamians egona, rom uZravi dedamiwis garSemo moZraoben
amJamad cnobili, mzis sistemaSi Semavali obieqtebi (planetebi).
Cvens welTaRricxvamde II saukuneSi aleqsandrielma mecnierma
ptolomem zemoTxsenebuli midgomiT Camoayaliba e. w. geocentruli sistema.

11
 XVI saukuneSi kopernikma uaryo geocentruli sistema da
daamtkica piriqiT movlena, e.i. dedamiwa ki araa simravlis centri, aramed
mze, romlis garSemo sruliad normalurad, elifsuri gziT, moZraoben mzis
sistemis obieqtebi, rasac heliocentruli sistema ewodeba.

g) samyaroSi orientireba. samyaros polusebi da RerZebi.

saSuadReo xazi. zeniti da nadiri

imisaTvis, rom dedamiwaze da samyaroSi gavarkvioT wertilis

mdebareoba, saWiroa orientirebis gamoyeneba.
orientirebisaTvis iyeneben or xerxs: RamiT polarul varskvlavs
da dRisiT mzes. amisaTvis saWiroa gvaxsovdes mzis amosvlis mxare
(aRmosavleTi) RamiT. davdgebiT saxiT am mxarisaken, SevbrundebiT marcxniv
da davinaxavT didi daTvis Tanavarskvlavedis I mdebareobas
α , β , γ , σ , ε , ξ ,η varskvlavebs.

nax. 3

βα mimarTulebiT TvaliT gadavzomavT 5 aseT manZils, sadac

SevamCnevT patara daTvis α varskvlavs, es varskvlavi zustad samyaros

12
Crdilo polusze ar mdebareobs. misgan moSorebulia 63' -iT. am varskvlavs
uwodes polaruli varskvlavi.
6 saaTis Semdeg didi daTvis Tanavarskvlavedi miiRebs II
mdgomareobas. kidev 6 saaTis Semdeg III mdgomareobs da a. S. saxiT α

varskvlavisaken iqneba CrdiloeTi, Cvens ukan iqneba samxreTi, marjvniv

aRmosavleTi da marcxniv dasavleTi.
dRisiT orientirebisaTvis dekretuli droiT 13 saaTze davdgebiT
saxiT mzisaken am dros mzes uWiravs umaRlesi adgili samyaroSi, Cvens win
iqneba samxreTi, ukan iqneba CrdiloeTi, marcxniv aRmosavleTi da marjvniv
dasavleTi.

1.3. koordinatebi

koordinatebs uwodeben saxeldebul fardobiT ricxvebs, romelTa

saSualebiT isazRvreba wertilTa mdebareobebi. rom vicodeT dedamiwis,
romelime wertilis mdebareoba saWiroa vicodeT am wertilis ciuri
koordinatebi.
geografiuli koordinatebi.
vTqvaT, gvinda vicodeT M
wertilis koordinatebi. davuS-
vaT Sveuli, romelic dedamiwis
centrSi ar gaivlis misi
simkvrivis sxavadasxvaobis gamo,
magram mcire SecdomiT Cven
davuSvaT, rom is gadis centrSi.
gavataroT M0 wertilis
meridianis sibrtye, romelic
ekvatoris sibrtyes gakveTs,
miviRebT ϕ brtyel kuTxes,
romelsac M0 wertilis ganedi

nax. 4 ewodeba. e.i. mas qmnis M0 -

wertilis Sveuli ekvatoris

13
sibrtyesTan. igi icvleba 0ο − 90ο -mde CrdiloeTiT + niSniT, samxreTiT –
niSniT da izomeba Sesabamisi F0M0 rkaliT.
ϕ SeiZleba Seicvalos z-iT. am kuTxes ewodeba M0-wertilis

zenituri kuTxe anu polusis zenituri manZili. igi aiTvleba rkaliT 0ο -dan
180ο -mde + niSniT e.i.

ϕ + z = 90ο (1.3.1)
ϕ -gvaZlevs saSualebas gavigoT M0-wertilis paraleli. Cven ki
gvsurs M0 wertilis mdebareobis gansazRvra, e.i. saWiroa meore koordinati.
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT II koordinatis gansazRvrisaTvis sawyisad
miiRes – F ' 0 -i (wertili miRebuli grinviCis meridianisa da ekvatoris
gadakveTiT). orwaxnagovan λ kuTxes, romelsac qmnis mocemuli wertilis
meridianis sibrtye grinviCis meridianis sibrtyesTan, ewodeba grZedi da
izomeba 0ο -dan aRmosavleTiT 180ο -mde da aris dadebiTi, 0ο -dan
dasavleTisaken 180ο -mde aris uaryofiTi. III koordinati M 0 M = H = G γ + H γ
es aris geodeziuri simaRle, romelic aris anomaliisa da normaluri
simaRlis jami.
maSasadame, ganedi ewodeba brtyel kuTxes, romelsac mocemuli
Sveuli qmnis ekvatoris sibrtyesTan. xolo grZedi ewodeba orwaxnagovan
kuTxes, romelsac mocemuli wertilis meridianis sibrtye qmnis grinviCis G
meridianis sibrtyesTan. igi izomeba orwaxnagovani kuTxis Sesabamisi F0 F ' 0
rkaliT. orive koordinats ewodeba geografiuli koordinatebi.
geografiuli grZedi da ganedi ϕ da λ ganisazRvreba

astronomiulad, xolo geodeziuri grZedi (B) da ganedi (L) ki gamoiTvleba.

geografiuli koordinatebiT ganisazRvreba adgilze wertilebis

mdebareoba. am koordinatebis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa ciuri
koordinatebis gansazRvra.

14
 geocentruli cis sfero

ciuri koordinatebi saWiroa dedamiwis fizikur zedapirze

koordinatebisa da mimarTulebebis anu azimutebis gansazRvrisaTvis.
amisaTvis vsargeblobT geocentruli cis sferoTi. cis sferoze Cven
varkvevT rkalur manZilebs. magaliTad ara αβ -swors, aramed maT gegmilebs

Soris rkals α ' β ' kuTxur ganzomilebebSi . (nax. 5)

ciuri koordinatebia:
1) horizontuli
2) ekvatoruli I – saxis
3) ekvatoruli II – saxis
4) ekli ptikuri

nax. 5 am koordinatebis saxelwodeba

Seesabameba gamosavali sibrtyeebis an xazebis saxelwodebas.

15
 II Tavi
dedamiwis fizikuri elementebi

mzidan mesame planeta dedamiwa warmoadgens, bunebrivi,

socialuri da ekonomikuri elementebis erTobliobas.

dedamiwis bunebrivi elementebia rac arsebobs adamianis nebis gareSe,

SeiZleba maTze dakvirvebebis, gazomvebis warmoeba da zemoqmedeba
kacobriobis saWiroebisaTvis.

dedamiwis bunebriv elementebs warmoidgenen geosferoebis

saxiT rogoricaa: 1) dedamiwis atmosfero

2) hidrosfero

3) myari tani

2.1. a) dedamiwis atmosfero

dedamiwis atmosfero warmoadgens mTlian garss, romelic Seqmnilia

gazebis meqanikuri gaerTianebis Sedegad, mas xSirad haers uwodeben
(gavixsenoT cis ganmarteba). imis gamo, rom haeri (dedamiwis atmosfero)
SeWrilia niadagSi, wyalSi, igi dedamiwasTan erTad moZraobs, amitom
vuwodeT mas dedamiwis atmosfero (e.i. dedamiwas Tan axlavs atmosfero).
atmosferos zemo sazRvari dadgenili araa zustad: Zveli monacemebiT igi
≈ 1300 km-ia. mag. zRvis doneze atmosferos simkvrivea 1300 gr/m3, 10 km-ze
zeviT igi 400 gr/m3, kidev zeviT 80 km-ze – 90 gr/m3.
Tanamedrove cnobebiT, dedamiwis atmosferos sisqe 1300 km-ze metia.
adamians eCveneba, rom TiTqos atmosferos wona ara aqvs, sinamdvileSi
dedamiwis atmosfero iwonis 5 ⋅ 1015 t=5000000 miliard tonas. atmosferos
mTliani garsi, rom foladis simkvrivemde SevkumSoT dedamiwas
Semoertymeboda 12.5 m sisqis javSani (yovel Cvengans ≈ 1 .0 t haeri awveba).
atmosfero aris adamianis arsebobis erTerTi ZiriTadi saSualeba.
misi Semadgeneli Jangbadi, azoti, naxSirbadi da sxva brunavs organuli
bunebidan araorganul bunebaSi.
haeri adamians icavs mzis mavne gavlenisagan (mag. mavne gavlenaa
ultraiisferi gamosxiveba), amave dros wvas xels uwyobs.
16
 atmosferos yofen Sreebis mixedviT, romelsac safuZvlad udeben
kriteriumebs Semadgenlobis an temperaturis mixedviT. magaliTad,
Semadgenlobis mixedviT:
ozonosfero, ionosfero
an kidev temperaturis mixedviT:
1. troposfero – tropopauziT
2. stratosfero – stratopauziT
3. mezosfero – mezopauziT
4. Termosfero – TermopauziT
5. egzosfero – egzopauziT
saerTod pauzis sisqe (Weri) aris 200 m-dan 2 km-mde.
troposfero sxvadasxva sisqisaa dedamiwis sartyelebis Sesabamisad,
magaliTad, ekvatoris sartyelTan misi sisqea 16-18 km. saSualo (Cveni)
sartyelis Sesabamisad 12-16 km. da polusebis Sesabamisad 8-12 km. Cveni mTebi
moTavsebulia troposferoSi. troposfero iWers mzis gamosxivebis 15%. aq
aris mTeli atmosferos 75%. TviT dedamiwa iWers mzis gamosxivebis 50%-
mde. maSasadame: pirvel rigSi mzisgan dedamiwa Tbeba da Semdeg
dedamiwidan Tbeba troposfero (inversiis uwesrigobis Sedegad xandaxan
dedamiwa civia, haeri Tbilia).
tropopauzidan _ zemoT 60 km-mde aris stratosfero. aq temperatura
(35 km-mde) kidev iklebs da minus 60 ο -mde dadis. 35 km-dan zemoT 60 km-mde
temperatura + 20 ο -mde gaizrdeba, radgan am nawilSi bevri ozonia (ozoni
bevr siTbur energias STanTqavs).
stratopauzidan vertikalurad zeviT 80 km-mde Sres ewodeba
mezosfero. aq ozoni TiTqmis araa da - 80 ο , - 90 ο -mde dadis temperatura.
mezopauzidan 800 km-mde Sres ewodeba Termosfero. aq temperatura
aRwevs + 500 ο .
Termopauzidan 1300-1500 km-mde Sres ewodeba egzosfero, sadac
temperatura aRwevs + 1500 ο -mde. 1500 ο -ze Termuli energia naklebia, vidre
CvenTan, radgan iq haeri gaiSviaTebulia (molekulebma unda gaiaros 20-30
km, rom erTmaneTs daejaxos).
saerTod, atmosfero astronomiuli dakvirvebebisaTvis metad
xelSemSlelia, amitomaa, rom Tanamedrove mecniereba ibrZvis mTvaris
dapyrobisaTvis, rom masze iqnes gaSenebuli xelovnuri, kosmiuri obieqtebi.
17
 b) hidrosfero
igi warmoadgens dedamiwis wyvetil garss, romelic Sedgeba msoflio
okeaneebisagan (Tavisi zRvebiT), tbebiT da mdinareebiT.
msoflio okeaneebs uWiravs mTeli teritoriis 70.2%, xmeleTs ki 29.8%.
msoflio okeaneebs warmoadgenen: napiridan 200 m-mde okeanuri
nariyebi, Selfi 200 m-dan ≈ 2000 − 2400 m-mde okeanuri ferdobebis, 6000m mde
okeanuri sadinarisa (kalapotisa) da 11 km-mde okeanuri Rrmulebis saxiT.

g) dedamiwis myari tani

warmogvidgeba geosferoebis saxiT, rogoricaa:
1. qerqi – liTosfero 7-dan 70 km-mde
2. zemo mantia – 800 km-mde (e.i. misi sisqea 730 km)
3. mantia anu saSualo Sre 800 km-dan 3500 km-mde
4. guli – 3500 km-dan 6400 km-mde
faunisa da floris anu sicocxlis arsebobis TvalsazrisiT
troposferos, hidrosferos da myari tanis 3-4 km-s erTad uwodeben
biosferos (e.i. Sedis samive), rac niSnavs imas, rom iq arsebobs sicocxle.

d) dedamiwis socialuri elementi

kacobrioba – ganlagebuli dedamiwaze sxvadasxva erovnebebis,
mosaxleobis saxiT.

e) dedamiwis ekonomikuri elementi

yovelive, rac Seqmnilia kacobriobis mier. magaliTad, mrewvelobis,
soflis meurneobis, kavSirgabmulobis, janmrTelobis da sxva obieqtebi
dedamiwis ekonomikur elementebs warmoadgenen.
dedamiwis zemoxsenebul bunebriv, socialur da ekonomikur
elementebs uwodeben dedamiwis fizikur elementebs. mokled dedamiwis
elementebs.
warmoebis Seswavlisa da analizis TvalsazrisiT dedamiwis
elementebs kidev uwodeben qveynis sawarmoo Zalebs.

18
 qveynis sawarmoo Zalebi anu cocxali samuSao Zala da sawarmoo
saSualebebi.
cocxali samuSao Zala – dedamiwis socialuri elementia.
sawarmoo saSualebebia: teqnika, Senobebi (dedamiwis ekonomikuri
elementebi) da bunebrivi simdidreebi.

v) dedamiwis fizikuri zedapiri

xiluli zedapiri. dedamiwis namdvili saxe. wiaRi. adgili.
wvliladebi.
dedamiwis fizikuri zedapiri ewodeba misi liTosferos zedapirs
mTlianad, romelic aerTianebs xilul da uxilav nawils. xiluli nawilia
xmeleTis zedapiri, romelsac sazRvravs atmosfero da uxilavi nawilia
okeaneTa fskeri.
dedamiwis xiluli zedapiri warmoadgens xmeleTisa da okeaneTa
zedapirebis erTobliobas.
dedamiwis namdvili saxe aris xiluli zedapiri mTlianad.
wiaRs vuwodebT myari tanis Siga uxilav nawils, romelic ar sCans.
adgils vuwodebT Sesaswavlad gamiznul sivrcis nawils, romelic
moicavs dedamiwis elementebs.
wvliladebi ewodeba, adgilis cnebis Sesabamisad (im sagnebs)
dedamiwis im elementebs, romlis Seswavla da agegmvaa SesaZlebeli.

z) dedamiwis topografiuli elementebi

adgilis ukeT Seswavlis mizniT, wvliladebis cnebis Sesabamisad,
dedamiwis elementebs anu qveynis sawarmoo Zalebs geodeziaSi vuwodebT
dedamiwis topografiul elementebs, romlebsac warmoidgenen:
1. topografiuli zedapiris (bunebrivi elementi)
2. samTo qanebi, gruntebi da niadagebis (bunebrivi elementi)
3. hidrografiis (bunebrivi, xelovnuri elementi)
4. mcenareuloba (bunebrivi, xelovnuri, ekon. elementebi)
5. gzebi (xelovnuri anu ekonomikuri elementebi)
6. mosaxleobis saxiT.

A1

19 A B C
A2

A
 topografiuli zedapiri. topografiuli zedapiri ewodeba
dedamiwis fizikuri zedapiris nawils, romelsac Sveuli xazebi mxolod
erT wertilSi kveTen. topografiuli zedapiris funqcia
Z = f ( x , y ) xasiaTdeba calsaxobiT, sasrulobiT, uwyvetobiTa da
mdovrulobiT. (nax. 6)
dedamiwis fizikuri zedapiris calkeul uswormasworobebs, romelTac
aqvT garkveuli garegani saxe, uwodeben reliefis anu
topografiuli zedapiris formebs. reliefis ZiriTadi
f o r m e b i a (nax. 7):

nax. 7

gora – topografiuli zedapiris amoburcul-amaRlebuli adgili.

misi elementebia: Ziri, gverdebi, wvero. gora, romlis wveroc wvetanaa

20
ewodeba wvetiani gora. im goras, romelic zvins waagavs uwodeben
mrgvalTavian goras. waWrilTavian goras ewodeba zegani. mcire goras
ewodeba borcvi, kidev ufro mcire xelovnur goras yorRani.
goras Sebrunebuli aris t a f o b i , dedamiwis CaRrmavebuli adgili.
misi elementebia: fskeri, gverdebi da piri. mcire tafobs ewodeba ormo.
mTis ferdobze amaRlebul wagrZelebul adgils ewodeba q e d i . misi
elementebia: wyalgamyofi xazi anu dadebiTi invariantuli xazi da
ferdobebi.
dadebiT invariantul xazze rom davdgeT, Cvengan erTi mimarTulebiT
maRldeba, sami mimarTulebiT dabldeba.
R e l e aris (qedis Sebrunebuli adgili) mTis ferdobis CaRrmavebuli
wagrZelebuli adgili. misi elementebia: wyalmaerTi anu uaryofiTi
invariantuli xazi da ferdebi. uaryofiTi invariantuli xazi Sebrunebulia
dadebiTi invariantuli xazisa. igi erTi mimarTulebiT dabldeba, sami
mimarTulebiT ki maRldeba.
mcire ferdebCamoglejil Reles – xrams, xevs, Rrantes
uwodeben.
mTebs Soris moTavsebul did sivrces, sadac moTavsebulia
mosaxleoba, miedineba mdinare, aris naTesebi ewodeba x e o b a .
xeobis im adgils, sadac mTebi TiTqos Seirwya (erTdeba) ewodeba
k l d e - k a r i – gasasvleli.
mTis ferdobebze wavakebul adgils ewodeba s a f e x u r a (terasi).
mTis ferdobze im moedans, sadac erTdeba ori qedi da iwyeba ori
Rele ewodeba u n a g i r a (e.i. wyvili invariantuli xazebi erTdeba).
mTebis xazovan erTobliobas uwodeben m T a g r e x i l s , mis umaRles
SemaerTebel xazs ewodeba x e r x e m a l i .
iq sadac xerxemali Cazneqilia ewodeba uReltexili (gada-
sasvleli).
mTebis wyalgamyof xazebs Soris moTavsebul sivrces, romlis
naleqebiTac maragdeba ZiriTadi mdinareebi ewodeba a u z i .

III Tavi
dedamiwis namdvili saxisa da odenobis Seswavlis
21
 (mcdeloba) cda.
3.1. geodeziis sagani

praqtikis moTxovnis Sesabamisad Tavisi arsebobis periodSi

kacobriobam Sehqmna sxvadasxva samecniero dargebi. xelovnebis dargebis
Seqmnac adamianis sulieri, bunebrivi moTxovnilebis Sedegia.
amave dros, saWiro Seiqmna qveynierebaze zogadi warmodgenis
(msoflmxedvelobis) Seqmna, romelic meTodologiur safuZvlad daedeboda
mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebs, aseT mecnierebas ewodeba
filosofia.
maSasadame, mecniereba, erTis, mxriv Seiswavlis samyaros, rogorc erT
mTlians, filosofiis (mecniereba bunebis, sazogadoebis da azrovnebis
ganviTarebis uzogadesi kanonebis Sesaxeb) saxiT, meores mxriv, sxvadasxva
TvalsazrisiT, samecniero dargebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa: teqnikuri,
sabunebismetyvelo, humanitaruli da sxva.
geodezia aris sabunebismetyvelo da sainJinro samecniero dargi,
sadac dedamiwis bunebrivi elementebis mravalnairi gazomvebis, ganazomTa
maTematikuri damuSavebis da gamonaTvalTa grafikulad gamoxazvis
saSualebiT (rukebi, gegmebi, profilebi) Seiswavleba:
dedamiwis namdvili saxe (forma) da odenoba (zomebi), droTa
viTarebaSi maT saxecvalebadobasTan dakavSirebiT; misi bunebrivi,
socialuri, ekonomikuri da topografiuli elementebis sivrcobrivi
ganlagebebi da zomebi; geometriulad sworad agebis TvalsazrisiT,
swyvets saxalxo meurneobisa da samxedro strategiis iseT amocanebs,
romlebic dakavSirebulni arian sainJinro nagebobaTa da sasoflo
sameurneo daniSnulebis obieqtTa kvleva-Zieba-trasirebasTan,
proeqtirebasTan, mSeneblobasTan, eqsploataciasTan da samxedro saqmesTan.
(aseTia geodeziis Tanamedrove ganmarteba).
ratom aris geodezia sabunebismetyvelo dargi? imdenad, ramdenadac
geodeziaSi Seiswavleba dedamiwis namdvili saxe da misi odenoba, amdenad
is sabunebismetyvelo dargia.
rogorc sainJinro samecniero dargSi, geodeziaSi ZiriTadad wydeba 5
amocana:
1. topograful elementebze dakvirvebebi da gazomvebi.

22
 2. ganazomTa maTematikuri damuSaveba da maTi grafikulad gamoxazva
rukebis, gegmebis, profilebis saxiT, rasac mokled ewodeba
ganazomTa kameraluri damuSaveba.
3. arsebuli rukebisa da gegmebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva sainJinro
amocanebis gadasawyvetad.
4. proeqtis monacemTa gegmebidan adgilze gadatana (dakvalva);
Senebis procesSi zedamxedveloba da uSualo monawileobis
miReba yvela konstruqtuli elementebis geometrulad sworad
Senebis TvalsazrisiT da SesrulebiTi naxazebis sworad Sedgena.
5. nagebobaTa eqsploataciis procesSi gegmebis koreqtireba,
nagebobebis deformaciebze da dacurebebze dakvirvebebis warmoeba
da sxva.
rac Seexeba samxedro saqmes, amboben ruka armiis Tvaliao.
geodeziis sagnis zemoT gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad arsebobs cikli
geodeziuri samecniero dargebisa, rogoricaa: umaRlesi geodezia,
kartografia, geodeziuri astronomia, geodeziuri gravimetria, aerogeodezia,
topografia, sainJinro geodezia, samarkSeidero saqme, samTo geometria,
topografiuli da samarkSeidero xazva kaligrafiiTurT, instrumen-
tTmcodneoba, ganazomTa maTematikuri damuSaveba, romelSic Sedis
ganazomTa Secdomebis Teoria, gamoTvlebis teqnika, umcires kvadratTa
meTodi, ganazomTa albaTobis Teoria da maTematikuri statistika.

3.2. dedamiwis namdvili saxisa da odenobis

dadgenis problemis arsi

rogorc cnobilia, dedamiwis namdvili saxea misi xiluli zedapiri

mTlianad. es zedapiri urTulesia, misi elementebis maTematikuri
formulebiT gamoTvla SeuZlebelia, ris gamoc mivmarTavT generalizacias
(ganzogadoebas). magaliTad Cven vzomavT AB umokless manZils da ara
namdvil manZils (nax. 8).

23
 dedamiwis namdvili saxis damaxasiaTebeli wertilebis sam-sami
L0 koordinatis gansazRvra mas-
ze gazomvebis saSualebiT
A B SeiZleboda, magram Zalian
garTuldeboda gamoTvliTi
L0 samuSaoebi, amave dros samu-
Saoebi damokidebulia TviT
zedapiris formebis gamoyene-

nax. 8 basTan, rac ucnobia. maSasa-

dame ucnobis ucnobiT gansaz-
Rvris surviliT mizans ver
mivaRwevT. aRniSnulis gamo saWiro gaxda:
1. dedamiwis namdvili saxidan gamoiyos misi udidesi nawili,
romelsac dedamiwis saerTo saxe vuwodoT.
2. saerTo saxis zedapiri unda gamoyenebuli iqnes fizikur
zedapirze ganazomebis reducirebisaTvis (sagangebod dagegmilebisaTvis) da
maTematikuri damuSavebisaTvis, rac mogvcems saSualebas ganvsazRvroT
yoveli wertilisaTvis or-ori koordinati (ganedi da grZedi)
3. es zedapiri unda gamoyenebuli iqnas rogorc Sesadari (sawyisi,
gamosavali) mesame koordinatis gansazRvrisaTvis.

a) dedamiwis saerTo saxe

ZvelTagan dedamiwis saerTo saxed Tvlidnen da Tvlian im idealur

zedapirs, romelsac miviRebT wynar mdgomareobaSi myofi (warmodgeniT)
okeaneebis saSualo donis gangrZobiT xmeleTis qveS urTierT Serwymamde
(SeerTebamde) ise, rom yovel wertilSi Sveuli xazebi warmoadgendnen
normals (e.i. Sveuli xazebi iyos marTobuli dedamiwis zedapiris).
dedamiwis saerTo saxis, rogorc sferos I-miaxloebiT gansazRvrisas
piTagoras skola Cv. w. aR. VI saukuneSi, aristotele Cv. w. aR. IV saukuneSi,
arqimede Cv. w. aR. III saukuneSi Tvlidnen, rom dedamiwis saerTo saxe sfero
iyo, ris dasadastureblad iyenebdnen Semdeg movlenebs:

24
 1. mTvaris dabnelebis dros dedamiwis Crdili mTvareze wrea.
2. normaluri xiluli horizonti wriulia
3. amerikis aRmoCena dedamiwis sferulobis rwmenis Sedegia
4. trial mindorze svlisas, nagebobebTan an tyesTan miaxlovebisas
jer wveri Cndeba, daSorebisas pirvelad Ziri uCinardeba.

b) dedamiwis, rogorc sferos, radiusis

gansazRvris pirveli cda

nax. 9

Cv. w. aR. 230 wels aleqsandrielma mecnierma eratosTenem pirvelma

gazoma dedamiwis radiusi Semdegi midgomiT.
man warmoidgina, rom siena (asuani) da aleqsandria (sadac
cxovrobda) erT meridianzea. sinamdvileSi ki isini dacilebulia 3ο .
ϕs -s sienas astronomiuli ganedi, xolo
ϕ a-s aleqsandrias astronomiuli ganedi ewodeba (nax. 9)
misi mizani iyo gaezoma manZili S da δο kuTxe. maSin advilad
gansazRvravda radiuss.

25
 manZili S gansazRvra aqlemebis qaravnebis saSualo siCqariTa da
droiT. gamovida ≈ 800 km. δ ο -kuTxis gasagebad yovelwliurad 22-ivniss
(zafxulis mzebudobis dRes) Rrma Widan mze Canda, anu mze zenitSi iyo e.i.
Z siena=0.

maSasadame h s= 90 ο ,
radgan Z s+hs= 90 ο (3.2.1)
imave dRes aleqsandriaSi dakvirvebis dros Crdili mzeze
1
mimarTulebidan gadaixara sruli wrexazis nawiliT, e.i. misi zenituri
50
manZili
Z aleq = 360 ο : 50 = 7 ο, 2

maSin h aleq = 90 ο - 7 ο, 2 = 82 ο, 8

e.i. S rkalis Sesabamisi kuTxe δ kuTxe iqneba

δ ο = ϕ οaleq − ϕ οsiena = Z οaleq − Z οsiena = 7 ο, 2 (3.2.2)

anu
δ ο = ϕ οaleq − ϕ οsiena = hοaleq − hοsiena = 7 ο, 2 (3.2.3)

rogorc vxedavT S-i gansazRvrulia geodeziurad,

xolo Z0-astronomiulad. davwerT
δο S
S δο ρο 180 ο
R = aqedan R= ⋅ S , ρ = (3.2.4)
R ρο δο π

1
ρ ο -radianis zomaa = 57o, 3 = 3438' = 206265" = . imis
sin1"
nax. 10 gamo, rom es meTodi dResac gamoyenebulia, eratosTene
iTvleba geodeziis mamamTavrad.

3.3. cneba gradusuli gazomvebis Sesaxeb

gradusuli gazomvebis ZiriTadi princi pia: erTi gradusis Sesabamisi

rkali, ise Seesabameba nebismier rkals, rogorc erTi gradusis Sesabamisi
centraluri kuTxe am nebismieri rkalis centralur kuTxes.

26
 S1ο 1ο 1ο
= , S1ο = ⋅S .
S δ ο
δο
udidesi gradusuli gazomvebis Sesrulebis safuZvelze
rwmundebodnen imaSi, rom 1ο -rkalebis sigrZe dedamiwis polusebTan ufro
grZeli gamodioda vidre ekvatorTan. droTa viTarebaSi darwmundnen, rom
dedamiwa sferoidulia. sabolood niutonis msoflio mizidulobis
kanonis safuZvelze dadasturda, rom dedamiwis saerTo saxe aris, sferoidi,
(brunvis elifsoidi).

a) triangulaciis gamoyenebis pirveli cdebi

dedamiwis namdvili saxis metismeti sirTule mudam xelis SemSleli

iyo xazebis gazomvebis dros, rac sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda manZilebis
arapirdapiri xerxiT gansazRvris gamogonebis
G
Sedegad. es xerxi pirvelad gamoiyena

F danielma astronomma tixo-bragem 1578 wels,

magram mis fuZemdeblad sTvlian holandiel
E mecniers sneliuss (1580-1626), romelmac or
D
wertils Soris gansasazRvreli manZilis

C Sesabamis sivrceze aago samkuTxedebis qseli,

B
romelSic gaizoma sami mcire zomis bazisi, anu
fuZe (aucilebeli iyo mxolod erTi bazisi),

A da yvela kuTxe am samkuTxedebisa. sinusebis

nax. 11 TeoremiT pirveli gverdisa (bazisis) da
gazomili kuTxeebis gamoyenebiT gansazRvra qselis samkuTxedebis yvela
danarCeni gverdis sigrZe, ramac saSualeba misca am wertilebs Soris
manZilis gansazRvrisa. xazebis sigrZeebis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiro
samkuTxedTa qsels da am qselis Sedgenis meTodsac ewodeba
triangulacia. am meTodis pirvelyofili saxe ganazomTa, gamonaTvalTa da,
saerTod, samkuTxedTa qselis saTanado analizis gareSe sruldeba.
magaliTad (nax. 11), meridianis urTierT uxilavi boloebisa da didi
dabrkolebis momcveli AG rkalis sigrZis gansazRvrisaTvis misi Sesabamisi

27
sivrcis winaswari daTvalierebis (rekognoscirebis) Sedegad SearCeven
uSualod advilad gasazom mokle AB xazs, romelsac bazisi (fuZe) vuwodeT,
da agreTve daniSnaven samkuTxedTa wveroebs im varaudiT, rom imzirebodes
samkuTxedis yoveli wverodan, rogorc danarCeni ori wvero, aseve masTan
dakavSirebuli Semdegi samkuTxedebis wveroebi. uSualod zomaven AB baziss
da yvela samkuTxedis Siga kuTxeebs da sinusebis Teoremis gamoyenebiT
sazRvraven AC, BC, BD, CD, DE, CE, DF, EF, EG, FG gverdebs; Semdeg cnobili
(gansazRvruli) DE gverdisa da Sesabamisi kuTxeebiT sazRvraven AE, AD, DG
gverdebs; am gverdebisa da saTanado kuTxeebis saSualebiT isazRvreba AG
rkalis sigrZe orjer, ris Sesabamisad moiTxoveba daculi iyos Semdegi
toloba:
∃
sin AEG ∃
sin ADG
AG = AE = AD (3.3.1)
∃
sin EGA ∃
sin AGD
cxadia, sakiTxis ase gadawyveta gamoTvlis kontrolisa da saimedo
Sedegis saSualebas iZleva. am xerxis Sedegad amaRlda xazovani gazomvebis
done; kuTxuri gazomvebis done ki SedarebiT maRali iyo. triangulaciis
meTodi amJamad farTod gamoiyeneba, rogorc dedamiwis figurisa da
zomebis dadgenisaTvis saWiro gradusuli gazomvebis, ise saxelmwifo
kartografiuli da sagangebo agegmvebisaTvis, agreTve dakvalvebisaTvis
dasayrden qselTa Seqmnis saqmeSi.
triangulaciis meTodi warmatebiT gamoiyena pikarma (1620-1682),
romelic 1669-1670 wlebSi safrangeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis davalebiT
asrulebda parizsa da amiens Soris rkalis gazomvebs. am gazomvebis
Sedegad 1ο2355
' " rkalis sigrZe miRebul iqna 153689 m, saidanac 1ο rkals
Seesabameba 111,212 km, xolo R=6371692 m. Tanamedrove gazomvebiT igive
rkalis 1ο sigrZea 111,221 km. vinaidan gazomvebis teqnika maSin dabali iyo,
aseTi TanmTxveva SemTxveviTad iTvleba, magram mainc aRsaniSnavia, rom
gazomvebi maSindeli droisaTvis Sesrulebuli iyo maRal doneze. pikari
Tarazuli kuTxeebis gazomvis dros iyenebda ZafTa badiT aRWurvil Wogrs,
xolo ganedebis gazomvisaTvis – zenitur seqtorebs.
cnobilia, rom niutonma aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi Tavi Seikava mis
mier aRmoCenili msoflio mizidulobis kanonis gamoqveynebisagan (1687 w.),
vidre ar Seamowma mTvaremde am kanonis gavrcelebis siswore, risTvisac
pikaris mier miRebuli dedamiwis radiusis zusti mniSvneloba gamoiyena.
28
 pikaris mier Sesrulebuli samuSaoebiT SeiZleba damTavrebulad
CaiTvalos dedamiwis saerTo saxis zomebis dadgenisaTvis SedarebiT
mecnierul doneze dayenebuli saWiro gazomviTi samuSaoebis pirveli
periodi, romelic moicavs daaxloebiT 2000 wels da romlis dros
dedamiwis saerTo saxe warmodgenili iyo mxolod rogorc sfero Sveuli
xazebis wrfeebad warmodgenis safuZvelze, magram aqve saWirod migvaCnia
aRvniSnoT, rom amave periodSi safuZveli eyreba dedamiwis figuris Teoriis
dadgenasTan dakavSirebul gravimetriul (fizikur) gazomvebs. niutonis
Tanamedrove frangma astronomma riSem (1640-1696) 1672 wels ekvatoris
axlos, samxreT amerikaSi mdebare kanionSi, roca is awarmoebda marsis
paralaqsis gansazRvrebs, SeniSna, rom parizSi Semowmebuli da dayenebuli
qanqariani saaTi dRe-RameSi ukan rCeboda 2,5 minutiT da swori msvlelobis
aRsadgenad saWiro gaxda qanqaris sigrZe daemoklebinaT 3 mm. analogiur
movlenebs amCnevdnen sxva mogzauri mecnierebic, magram vercerTma ver
axsna am movlenis mizezi. mxolod niutonma (1643-1727) SesZlo aexsna
SeniSnuli movlena polusebidan ekvatorisaken simZimis Zalis Semcirebis
mizeziT.

b) dedamiwis saerTo saxis dadgena

gazomvebis dros gamoTvlis Sedegad iRebdnen erTi da igive

meridianis sxvadasxva wertilebis grZedebis da aseve paralelis mimarT
ganedis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs. amas abralebdnen gazomvis SemTxveviT
Secdomebs, magram Semdeg gamoirkva rom es ase ar aris. amis mizezia
Sveulis gadaxra.
droTa viTarebaSi darwmundnen, rom dedamiwis saerTo saxe aris
sferoidisagan gansxvavebuli tani – geoidi.
didi xnis manZilze fiqrobnen, rom brunviTi elifsoidis (sferoidis)
a didi naxevarRerZisa da α SekumSulobis gansazRvris sizusteze gavlenas
axdens S-rkalis sigrZisa da ϕ ganedis an λ grZedis Secdomebi.
maSasadame, Tvlidnen, rom Sveuli xazebi wrfeebs warmoadgenen da ar
iRebdnen mxedvelobaSi imas, rom es Sveulebi sinamdvileSi gadaxrilebi
arian dedamiwis tanSi masebis sxvadasxva simkvrivis gamo. e.i. erTi da igive
meridianis an paralelis sxvadasxva wertilebis koordinatebis
29
urTierTgansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis mizezia zemoxsenebuli elementebis
gazomvis SemTxveviTi Secdomebi.
sabolood dadginda, rom aRniSnuli Secdomebis mizezia Sveulis
gadaxrebi, mag. Sveulis gadaxra 7 ", 2 gamodis, xolo SemTxveviTi Secdomis

Sedegia 3" .
dedamiwis saerTo saxis gamomsaxveli Ziebuli zedapiri
sferoidisagan (romelic xasiaTdeba mxolod sul mTlianobiT da sul
amoburculobiT) unda gansxvavdebodes sul horizontalurobiTac.
maSasadame, Ziebuli zedapiri yovel wertilSi perpendikularuli
iqneba Sveuli xazebisa, rogorc mrudeebisa, e.i. marTobuli unda iyos ara
wrfivi xazebisa.
aseT zedapirs germaneli mecnieris listingis winadadebiT (1873w)
uwodes geoidis zedapiri, TviT tans ki geoidi.
Cven viciT, rom donebrivi zedapiri SegviZlia gavataroT usasrulo
raodenobisa, rogorc liTosferos Sig, ase mis gareT.
dedamiwa, rom uZravi iyos, ar hqondes adgili mTebs, gorebs, Rrublebs,
nivTierebaTa simkvriveebic erTgvarovani iyos, maSin misi saerTo saxe
iqneboda sfero da Sveuli xazebi centrSi gaivlidnen, magram arcerTi
zemoxsenebuli piroba Sesrulebuli ar aris. amitom Ziebuli zedapiris
forma iqneba sferosagan gansxvavebuli tani. aqve SeiZleba avRniSnoT, rom
okeaneebi warmoadgenen saSualo pireuls, mudam marTobs Tarazuli
mimarTulebis mimarT. xmeleTis amplitudaa (everesti – 9km, okeaneTa
Rrmuli – 11km) ≈ 20km. igi dedamiwis saerTo saxesTan umniSvneloa da 1m-iani
diametris dedamiwis maketze 0.7mm gamoCndeboda.
zemoT aRniSnulis safuZvelze geoidis zedapiri unda xasiaTdebodes
sul mTlianobiT, sul amoburculobiT da sul horizontalurobiT.
rogorc aRvniSneT, donebrivi zedapirebi SeiZleba gatardes uamravi,
romlebic ZiriTadi donebrivi zedapiris paralelurebi ar iqnebian da arc
urTierTSoris paralelurebi arian, imis gamo, rom Zaluri xazebi
paralelurebi ar arian.

O3 U3=0 O4 O5 O6
U4 ≠300 U5 ≠ 0
O2 90ο U6 ≠ 0 O7
U2 ≠ 0 ο ο
O1 90 90
U1=0 U7=0
 aviRoT okianuri zedapiri, romelic emTxveva sferoids, O1 wertilSi,

romlis normali elifsoidisadmi adgens 90 ο kuTxes. Sveuli emTxveva

normals da gadaxra U1 = 0 . U1 -s ewodeba Sveulis astronomogeodeziuri
gadaxra.

A0
(4) B
(3)
H1

H geoidi
H2 B0
Z.d.z.
A
nax. 13

O2 -wertilSi normali ar gayveba Sveuls da gadaxra U 2 ≠ 0

O3 - U 3 = 0 Sveuli gayveba normals O4 ≠ 0 O5 da O6 U ≠ 0 Sveuli

gadaixara tanSi arsebuli wiaRis simkvrivis sxvadasxvaobis gamo, O7 = 0 .

ismis kiTxva, SeiZleba Tu ara gamoviyenoT geoidi fizikur zedapirze
ganazomTa reducirebisa da maTematikuri damuSavebisaTvis nax. 20-ze
H 1 ≠ H 2 . es imas niSnavs, rom simaRle damokidebulia imaze, Tu saidanaa igi

gansazRvruli. amis mizezia is, rom geoidis donebrivi zedapirebi O3

wertilSi U = 0 Sveuli gayveba normals, U 4 , U 5 da U 6 wertilebSi U ≠ 0 , O7

wertilSi ki U = 0 . araparalelurebi arian erTmaneTis mimarT, amitom A da

B wertilebis simaRleebi sxvadasxvaa.
3.4. msoflio elifsoidi. referenc-elifsoidi

31
 imis gamo, rom geoidis zedapiris gamoyeneba gegmilT zedapirad ver
xerxdeba, iZulebuli varT mivmarToT aproqsimacias, rac niSnavs gegmilT
zedapirad miviRoT maTematikuri zedapiri, romlis parametrebis gansazRvra
SegviZlia da axlosaa geoidTan. cxadia, aseT sxeulad unda miviRoT
sferoidi, brunvis elifsoidi msoflio elifsoidis saxiT, romelic unda
xasiaTdebodes:
1. misi centri unda emTxveodes dedamiwis simZimis centrs;
2. ekvatori emTxveodes geoidis ekvators;
3. moculoba udrides geoidis moculobas;
4. geoididan gadaxraTa kvadratebis jami unda iyos minimaluri.
maSasadame, igi unda gamodges mTeli dedamiwis an misi udidesi
nawilebis reducirebis, maTematikuri damuSavebis da sasimaRlo safuZvlad.
radgan aseTi absoluturi msoflio elifsoidis parametrebis
dadgenisaTvis jer Sesrulebuli ar aris msoflio gradusuli gazomvebi,
anu astronomo-geodeziuri (geometriuli), fizikuri (gravitaciuli) da
sufTa astronomiuli gazomvebi, amitom msoflio (saerTo) elifsoidi jer-
jerobiT ar arsebobs.
zemoxsenebulis gamo saxelmwifo an saxelmwifoebi Tavis teri-
toriaze Sesrulebuli udidesi gradusuli gazomvebis Sedegad sazRvraven
samuSao elifsoidis parametrebs da iyeneben TavianT teritoriebze
ganazomTa reducirebis, maTematikuri damuSavebis da sasimaRlo
safuZvlad.
samuSao elifsoidebi xasiaTdebian imiT, rom maTi gadaxraTa
kvadratebis jami geoididan mocemul saxelmwifos teritoriaze
minimaluria. aseT elifsoids uwodeben referenc_elifsoids.
referenc_elifsoidebi mravalia: beselis, heifordis, klarkis,
krasovskis da sxva.
CvenSi dRemde miRebuli iyo krasovskis referenc_elifsoidi, romlis
parametrebi gamoTvlilia krasovskis xelmZRvanelobiT. daaxloebiT
gadawyvetili iqna 1500-mde ucnobiani gantolebebi, sadac gamoiyenes sabWoTa
kavSiris, indoeTis, CineTis da evropis qveynebis ganazomebi da
gravitaciuli monacemebi.

32
 PN
a – didi naxevarRerZi
b
b – mcire naxevarRerZi
E1
a E α - SekumSuloba
O

PS a −b
α= (3.4.1)
nax. 14 a

krasovskis elifsoidis parametrebia:

a = 6378245 m
1
α=
298.3
meoce saukunis samocian wlebSi, amerikuli da sabWoTa
1
TanamgzavrebiT dadginda, rom α= , romelic yvelaze axlos iyo
298.31
krasovskis monacemebTan.
dedamiwis elifsoidis erTiani sayovelTao zomebi pirvelad
damtkicebul iqna saerTaSoriso geodeziuri da geofizikuri kavSiris XVI
asambleis mier grenoblSi (safrangeTi) 1975 wels:
didi naxevarRerZi a = 6378140 ± 5 m;
SekumSuloba α =1/298,257 ;
momdevno wlebSi zemoaRniSnuli parametrebi zustdeboda:
1983 wels – a=6378137 ± 1 m, α =1/298,256 ;
1987 wels – a=6378136 ± 1 m, α =1/298,256 ;

33
 IV Tavi
geodeziuri samuSaoebis mokle mimoxilva
4.1. ZiriTadi geodeziuri samuSaoebi

dedamiwis namdvili saxisa da misi topografiuli elementebis

geometriulad Seswavlis mizniT geodeziaSi sruldeba ZiriTadi
geodeziuri samuSaoebi da agegmvebi.
ZiriTadi geodeziuri samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad Sendeba sagangebo
punqtebi da samizne niSnebi piramidebis, signalebis da sxvaTa saxiT, rasac
mokled saxelmwifo geodeziur qsels uwodeben.
maRali sizustis saxelmwifo geodeziur qselze dayrdnobiT iqmneba
dabali sizustis geodeziuri qselebi, ris safuZvelzec warmoebs agegmviTi
samuSaoebi.
ZiriTadi saxelmwifo geodeziuri qselis horizontaluri safuZvlis
Seqmna anu punqtebis horizontaluri koordinatebis gansazRvra xdeba
astronomiulad ϕ ganedisa da λ grZedis da geodeziurad B ganedisa da
L grZedis saSualebiT.
astronomiuli xerxiT koordinatebis gansazRvra moxerxebulia imis
gamo, rom adgilze punqtebis mSenebloba da manZilebis gazomvebi ar
sruldeba. xdeba mxolod mnaTobebze dakvirvebebi da Tu xilvadoba kargia,
Sesasruleblad advilia, magram Tanxlebulia SecdomebiT, rac mcire
sivrceebze misaRebi araa.

magaliTad, punqtis ϕ ganedis gansazRvraSi 0",2 Secdoma adgilze

gvaZlevs daaxloebiT 6m. xazovan

D F
B 1 2 7 8 ⎛ 0. 2 ⎞
6 cdomilebas ⎜ ⋅ 6371110 ≈ 6 ⎟ ,
12 ⎝ 206265 ⎠
garda amisa Sveulebis gadaxra

normalidan daaxloebiT 5" -iT,

igive gamoTvliT gvaZlevs 150m
3 9 Secdomas. amitom astronomiul
A 4 5 10 11 meTodTan erTad iyeneben gra-
C E
nax. 15 vimetriul meTodsac, rac Secdo-

mas igive pirobebSi amcirebs 1" -mde. 1" -s ki Seesabameba 30 m. xazovani

34
Secdoma. mcire teritoriebze es Secdomac Zalian sagrZnobia da amitom am
xerxs ar mimarTaven da sargebloben geodeziuri meTodiT.
geodeziuri meTodiT koordinatebis gansazRvrisas sargebloben: 1.
triangulaciis 2. trilateraciis da 3. poligonometriis xerxebiT.
a) triangulaciis meTodis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: adgilze qmnian
samkuTxedebis jaWvs ise, rom wveroebidan erTmaneTi Candes. A da B
punqtebis koordinatebi cnobilia (gansazRvrulia astronomiulad da
maTematikurad gamoTvlilia geodeziuri koordinatebi), izomeba Siga
kuTxeebi 1, 2, 3, 4... cnobili A da B wertilebis koordinatebisa da gazomili
kuTxeebis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba danarCeni punqtebis koordinatebi.
mocemuli A wertilis koordinatebiT, AB xazis sigrZiT, misi (AB)
azimutiT da gazomili Siga kuTxeebiT 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., gamoiTvleba BCDEF ...
wertilebis koordinatebi (nax. 15).
b) trilateraciis dros gamosavali monacemebia igive e.i. 1) A da B
wertilebis koordinatebi an 2) A wertilis koordinatebi, AB-s sigrZe da
(AB)-azimuti. nacvlad kuTxeebisa izomeba yvela gverdis sigrZeebi, xolo
Semdeg gamoiTvleba danarCeni wertilebis koordinatebi.
g) poligonometriis dros A wertilia cnobili da viciT pirveli AB
gverdis azimuti. vzomavT S1, S2, S3. . . manZilebs da kuTxeebs β 1 , β 2 , β 3 . . .
2
Semdeg gamoiTvleba B, C, D. . . wertilebis koordinatebi (nax. 16).

β1 β3

B D
(AB)
S1 S2 β2 S3
A
C
nax. 16

35
 d) niveloba

geodeziuri dasayrdeni qselis sasimaRlo safuZvlis Seqmna xdeba,

geometriuli, trigonometriuli da barometruli nivelobis xerxiT.
niveloba aris moqmedebaTa erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac
ganisazRvreba wertilTa Soris simaRleTa sxvaoba, anu aRmateba.
geometriuli nivelobis dros xdeba wertilebs Soris simaRleTa
sxvaobis gansazRvra Tarazuli sxivis saSualebiT, romelsac gvaZlevs
xelsawyo (niveliri).
17-e naxazidan Cans, rom simaRleTa sxvaobis gansazRvris formulaa

h = a − b. (4.1.1)

nax. 17

trigonometriuli niveloba sruldeba daxrili sxivis saSualebiT,

sadac daxris kuTxe da manZilebi izomeba TeodolitiT, romelTa
monacemebis CasmiT saTanado formulebSi miiReba wertilTa Soris
simaRleTa sxvaobebi.
barometruli niveloba sruldeba wertilebze haeris wnevisa da
temperaturis gazomvebis Sedegad.

4.2. gegmebis, rukebis, profilebis SedgenasTan

dakavSirebuli zogierTi cnebebi

nebismieri obieqtis geometriuli ageba advilia mis msgavs zedapirze.

36
 maSasadame, dedamiwis namdvil saxeze srulyofili warmodgena gveqneba,
Tu mas avagebT mis msgavs tanze, magaliTad – globusze, magram praqtikuli
gamoyenebisaTvis didi globusi uxerxulia (magaliTad 1 : 10 000 000
masStabSi dedamiwa globusze gamoisaxeba 1.3m diametriT. masze everestic ki
Znelad SeimCneva, amitom igi naklebad gamosayenebelia), ris gamoc dedamiwas
an mis did nawilebs gamoxazaven sibrtyeze (qaRaldze) gegmebis an rukebis
saxiT.
sferos ganSla sibrtyeze dakavSirebulia damaxinjebebTan (dedamiwa
rom iyos cilindruli an konusuri formis igi daumaxinjeblad
gaiSleboda), amitom geodeziaSi miRebulia sxvadasxva kartografiuli
proeqciebi, sadac mxedvelobaSi miRebulia zemoxsenebuli damaxinjebebi. aq
saqme gveqneba or SemTxvevasTan:
1. roca sivrce didia;
2. roca sivrce pataraa.
roca sivrce ar aRemateba 300 – 320 km2, saqme gveqneba gegmebTan, xolo
roca sivrce metia, miviRebT rukebs.

B
gegma 1 : 5000
C b
A c
a

D e d
E

B0

C0

A0
nax. 18
Q
D0
E0

patara sivrces vagegmilebT Q horizontul sibrtyeze orTogona-

lurad. aq Sveuli xazebi paralelurebi iqnebian. (nax. 18)
didi sivrceebi gegmildeba sferul zedapirze, sadac Sveuli xazebi
urTierT mimarT paralelurebi ar iqnebian. (nax. 19)

37
 orive SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs damaxinjebas, magram pirvelSi
gansxvaveba mcirea da naxazze gadagvaqvs saTanado SemcirebiT, gegmis
saxiT, sadac damaxinjebis Secdomas vugulvebelvyofT.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi A0B0C0D0E0 uwodeben Tarazul proeqcias
(horizontul proeqcias).
meore SemTxvevaSi ki uwodeben horizontalur proeqcias.
B
C
A
qvedebuli

D
E
nax. 19

B0
C0

A0

D0
E0

dedamiwis fizikur zedapirs warmodgeniT vagegmilebT donebriv

zedapirze, rac saerTod ar xdeba. sinamdvileSi ki, AB xazis qvedebuli es
aris AB xazis proeqcia sibrtyeze (nax. 20).

nax. 20

38
 B

ν
A qvedebuli B0'
mcire
terito-
riisaTvis

proeqcia
A0 B0
nax. 21
L0 = L'0 + L"0 + L"0' = L'0 + L1 cosν 1 + L2 cosν 2 (4.2.1)
maSasadame, adgilze Cven vzomavT an vsazRvravT qvedebuls. mcire
sivrceebze qvedebulebi da Tarazuli proeqciebi erTi da igivea, xolo did
sivrceebze qvedebulebSi unda SevitanoT Sesworebebi.
gegma aris sibrtyed (Tarazuli) miRebul donebriv zedapirze
orTogonalurad dagegmilebuli, SedarebiT mcire teritoriis asli,
gamoxazuli qaRaldze.
B didi teritoriis dros hori-
A
zontaluri proeqciidan aviRoT qvede-
B' bulebi (nax. 22).
H
B0'
didi
A0 B0 sivrce-
ebisaTvis A0 B0 R
= (4.2.2)
Z. AB0 '
R+H
d.
z.

nax. 22

R '⎛ H H2 ⎞
A0 B0 = AB'
0 = AB0 ⎜⎜1 − + 2 − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⎟⎟ (4.2.3)
R+H ⎝ R R ⎠
am gamosaxulebaSi bolo wevrs simciris gamo ugulvebelvyofT, amitom

⎛ H⎞
A0 B0 ≈ AB0' ⎜1 − ⎟ . (4.2.4)
⎝ R⎠
Sesworeba gamoiTvleba formuliT
H
ε = A0 B0 − AB0' = − AB0' . (4.2.5)
R
39
magaliTad, roca AB0' = 500 m, maSin gamoTvlis Sedegad ε = 8 sm.
vinaidan horizontaluri proeqcia qvedebuls ar udris, amitom
sferoidis zedapirze dagegmilebis dros qvedebuli maxinjdeba. e.i. rukis
Sedgenis dros qvedebulebi orjer unda Seswordes.
ruka aris horizontalurad miRebuli sferoidul an sferos
zedapirze orTogonalurad dagegmilebisa da sibrtyeze gamoxazvis dros
damaxinjebisagan ara srulad Sesworebuli Semcirebuli gamosaxuleba
mTeli dedamiwisa an misi didi nawilebisa qaRaldze.
gegma da ruka maSin mogvcems srulyofil warmodgenas dedamiwis
fizikur zedapirze, Tu orive SemTxvevaSi gvecodineba yvela konturuli
wertilebis niSnulebi.

4.3. cnebebi agegmvebis Sesaxeb

agegmvis qveS vgulisxmobT moqmedebaTa erTobliobas, romlis

saSualebiTac Seiqmneba raime nagebobis gegma da Wrilebi, adgilis
topografiuli gegma da rukebi, an arsebul gegmebSi da rukebSi sxvadasxva
daniSnulebisamebr Seitaneba saWiro wvliladebi.
agegmviTi samuSaoebi SeiZleba daiyos 2-jgufad: 1. savele da 2.
kameraluri.
savele samuSaoebis qveS igulisxmeba manZilebisa da kuTxeebis
gazomvebi.
kameraluri samuSaoebi iTvaliswinebs ganazomTa maTematikur
damuSavebas, gamoTvlebs da gamoxazvas.
agegmvebi sruldeba: 1. dedamiwis fizikur zedapirze, 2. wiaRSi, 3.
sahaero agegmvebi.
dedamiwis fizikur zedapirze agegmvebs ekuTvnis agegmvebi xmeleTze.
saxmeleTo agegmvebia: instrumentaluri, naxevrad instrumentaluri da
TvalzomiTi.
xSirad agegmvis saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia instrumentTan e.i. im
instrumentis saxelwodeba hqvia, romliTac xdeba agegmva. magaliTad:
Teodolituri, menzuliTi, taxeometriuli, fotoTeodolituri da sxva.
wiaRis agegmvebi gankuTvnilia: a) metropolitenebisaTvis da b) samTo-
saeqsploatacio saqmesTan dakavSirebuli.

40
 metropolitenebisaTvis gankuTvnili samuSaoebia: saorientiro,
poligonometriuli samuSaoebi da niveloba.
samTo-saeqsploatacio saqmesTan dakavSirebul samuSaoebSi, anu
samarkSeidero samuSaoebSi Sedis: saorientiro, Teodolituri, niveloba da
wvliladebis agegmvebi.
aeroagegmva warmoadgens aerogadaRebis, savele laboratoriuli
samuSaoebis, topogeodeziuri samuSaoebis da fotogrammetriuli
samuSaoebis erTobliobas.
yovel agegmvaSi ZiriTadia zogadidan kerZoze gadasvlisa da
aucileblobisa da sakmarisobis princi pis dacva.
arsebul rukebSi wvliladebis SetanasTan dakavSirebuli agegmvebi
sruldeba sxvadasxva samecniero dargebis mier wvliladebis Setanis
mizniT, aRmoCenebis Setanis mizniT (magaliTad, agegmvebi arsebobs
geologiuri, geofizikuri, sagzao, satyeo, sinoptikuri, sahaero, eleqtruli
da sxva), ris Sedegad miiReba saTanado saxelwodebis gegmebi, rukebi da
profilebi.

4.4. masStabebi

gegmebis, profilebis, rukebis, aseve nebismieri naxazis qaRaldze

gamoxazvisaTvis saWiroa Semcireba, rasac masStabs vuwodebT. ZiriTadad
masStabebia: vertikaluri da horizontaluri.
vertikalur masStabebs (profilebis Sedgenis dros) vuwodebT
niSnulebis Sesabamisi simaRleebis, profilebis Semcirebis zomas.
gegmaze horizontuli masStabia qvedebulebis Sesabamisi sigrZeebis
qaRaldze gamoxazvis Semcirebis zoma.
mocemul wertilSi, garkveuli mimarTulebiT rukis masStabebi
ewodeba am wertilis maxloblobaSi imave mimarTulebiT aRebul
usasrulod mcire sigrZesa da adgilze Sesabamis Sesworebul qvedebulebs
Soris fardobas.
a) ricxviTi masStabi

41
 ricxviTi (1:M)masStabi ewodeba aliqvoturad (mricxvelSi erTi)
daweril wilads, romlis mniSvneli gviCvenebs ramdenjer unda Semcirdes
1 1 1
qvedebuli sibrtyeze gamoxazvis dros: , , .
10000 5000 2000
mocemuli ricxviTi masStabebi SegviZlia davweroT sxvagvaradac:
1sm – 100m; 1sm – 50m; 1sm – 20m. ricxviTi masStabis safuZvelze ase daweril
masStabs ewodeba saxeldebuli (ganmartebiTi) masStabi.
masStabebis cnebasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba amoixsnas sami amocana.
1. gvaqvs gegma, romlis masStabi ar viciT da unda gavigoT am gegmis
masStabi.
vTqvaT, xazis monakveTis sigrZe gegmaze 2sm-ia, xolo am monakveTis
Sesabamisi sigrZe adgilze=200m.
maTi SefardebiT miviRebT saZiebel masStabs.
2 1
= ;
20000 10000
2. gvaqvs xazis sigrZe gegmaze da masStabi. unda gavigoT Sesabamisi
qvedebuli adgilze. xazis sigrZe gegmaze gamravlebuli masStabis
mniSvnelze iqneba qvedebulis sigrZe adgilze.
3. gvaqvs qvedebulis sigrZe adgilze da masStabi. qvedebulis
sigrZes gavyobT masStabis mniSvnelze, miviRebT monakveTis qvedebulis
sigrZes gegmaze.
vinaidan zemoxsenebuli ariTmetikuli moqmedebebi, fargliT
gamonaTvlis aReba saxazavze da misi gadazomva qaRaldze bevr dros
moiTxovs da Secdomebis wyaroa, amitom mimarTaven xazviT masStabs.

b) xazviTi masStabi
xazviTi masStabi cnobilia Semdegi saxis: xazovani, ganivi, soluri.
nebismieri saxis xazviTi masStabi (xazovani, ganivi, solisebri)
warmoadgens skalas, romlis danayofis kvesurebze warwerilia mocemuli
ricxviTi masStabis Sesabamisi ricxvebi.
xazovani masStabis Sesadgenad farglis maqsimaluri bijiT (aTi
santimetri) gavatarebT Tarazul sqel xazs, Semdeg mis paralelurad erT

42
mm-ze daSorebiT gavatarebT bewvisebur xazs (ara umetes 0.08 mm-sa),
romelsac zomis xazi ewodeba.
mocemuli ricxviTi masStabis safuZvelze SevarCevT masStabis fuZes
(Cvens SemTxvevaSi 1sm) saerTod iReben 1sm, 2sm, 2.5sm. e.i. iseT fuZes,
romelsac mocemuli ricxviTi masStabis mixedviT Seesabameba martivi
ricxvebi. magaliTad 1 : 10000, 1 : 5000, 1 : 2000 masStabisaTvis Sesabamisad
fuZes aviRebT 1, 2 da 2.5sm. Semdeg gadavzomavT gavlebul xazze SerCeuli
fuZis tol monakveTebs.
vTqvaT, ricxviTi masStabi aris 1 : 10000, maSin xazovani masStabi iqneba
(nax. 23)

100 0 100 200 300 400

a nax. 23
a monakveTs masStabis fuZe ewodeba, xolo adgilze mis Sesabamis
qvedebuls ki masStabis odenoba hqvia. Tu a=2sm, masStabs normuls
uwodeben.
fuZis pirvel marjvena kvesurze wavawerT 0-s, marcxniv mocemuli
ricxviTi masStabis Sesabamis ricxvs adgilze Seesabameba – 100m. pirvel
fuZes vyobT m=10 tol nawilad.
masStabis sizuste ewodeba umciresi danayofis Sesabamis qvedebuls
adgilze. igi cvalebadi sididea erTi da igive masStabisaTvis da
damokidebulia masStabis agebaze (magaliTad Tu fuZes davyobT 10 nawilad,
Cveni masStabis SemTxvevaSi sizuste iqneba 10m, Tu davyobT 20 nawilad –
sizuste iqneba 5m da xuT nawilad dayofis SemTxvevaSi sizuste iqneba 20m).
masStabis zRvruli sizuste aris mocemuli masStabis zRvruli
grafikuli sizustis Sesabamisi qvedebuli adgilze.
zRvruli grafikuli sizuste yvela masStabisaTvis mudmivia.
magaliTad: aviRoT wertili da davmziroT saukeTeso xedvis ω = 250 mm
manZilze ε kritikuli kuTxiT. eqsperimentalurad dadgenilia rom

igi = 57" − 60" .

ε = 57" − 60" -
ε"
60 "
d= ⋅ω = ⋅ 250 ≈ 0.1 mm d
ρ "
206265 ω
e.i. wertilis diametri, romelsac arCevs SeuiaraRebeli Tvali
yofila 0.1mm, rasac ewodeba masStabis zRvruli grafikuli sizuste.
43
 1 : 10000 masStabisaTvis zRvruli sizuste 1m iqneba.
1 : 5000 masStabisaTvis zRvruli sizuste 50sm iqneba.
1 : 2000 masStabisaTvis zRvruli sizuste 20sm iqneba.
rogorc vxedavT yvela masStabisaTvis zRvruli grafikuli sizuste
erTi da igive iqneba, xolo zRvruli sizuste ki sxvadasxva.
anaTvali xazovan masStabze udris farglis marjvena da marcxena
wveroze anaTvlebis jams, magaliTad: vTqvaT 1 : 10000 masStabis saSualebiT
Sedgenil xazovan masStabze unda gadavzomoT 271.35m, mocemul masStabSi 1m-
ze nakleb sigrZes ver gadavzomavT e.i. 0.35 metri unda gadavagdoT. 200m
gadavzomavT marjvniv da 70m-is gadasazomad marcxena fexs gadavitanT
fuZis me-7 patara danayofze; 1m-is gadasazomad ki imave marcxena fexs
gadavitanT kidev marcxniv milimetris 0.1-ze. gazomili xazis sigrZe iqneba
200+70+1=271m.

g) ganivi anu transversaluri masStabi

ufro meti sizustis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba ganivi anu

transversaluri masStabi. SevirCevT fuZes da xazovani masStabis princi pze
avagebT masStabs e.i. gadavzomavT fuZeebs da gadazomvis wertilebSi
avmarTavT perpendikularebs, gavukeTebT warwerebs 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
vTqvaT fuZed aviReT 2sm. pirveli monakveTi davyoT m=10 nawilad.
SevarCioT monakveTi 2-3mm da ganapira marTobebze gadavzomavT n=10
monakveTs.

D A B
aq bq
8 P2* * a2

6 P1* * a1
4
2 a2 b2
a1 b1
0
8 6 4 2 0
1 2 3 4
nax. 24
pirveli zeda fuZe gavyoT 10 nawilad da D wertili SevuerToT
qveda fuZis mecxre kvesurs. Semdeg gavavlebT D9 xazis paralelur xazebs
anu transversalebs.

44
 fuZis patara danayofi udris mis 0.1-s, xolo vertikalurad
gadaadgileba TiTo safexuriT iqneba fuZis patara danayofis 0.1-s an
fuZis 0.01-s.
e.i. a1b1 = 0.01 fuZisas

a2b2 = 0.02 fuZisas

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AB = 0.1 fuZisas
vTqvaT, unda gadavzomoT 286m 72sm (masStabis fuZea erTi santimetri)
fuZis jerad ricxvs 200m gadavzomavT fuZis marjvniv 2-Tan, e.i. farglis
marjvena fexs gavaCerebT 2-ze. Semdeg 80m-is gadasazomad farglis
marcxena fexs davayenebT fuZis me-8 danayofze. Semdegi ricxvis – 6m-is
gadasazomad farglis marcxena fexs gadavaadgilebT vertikalurad zeviT
me-6 danayofze. Semdegi ricxvis 70sm-is gadasazomad farglis fexs
gadavaadgilevT vertikalurad zeviT me-6 danayofidan 0.7 monakveTze
(TvaliT), xolo ukanasknel ricxvs – 2sm gadavagdebT.
amrigad, Cveni gadazomili sigrZe iqneba 2.867sm. maSasadame, ganivi
masStabi 10-jer ufro zustia xazovan masStabze da gamosayeneblad
moxerxebulia.

masStabi wilad fuZeze

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ricxviTi masStabis mniSvneli ar aris
gamosayeneblad moxerxebuli ricxvi an vsargeblobT arametruli aTobiTi
sistemis masStabiani rukebiT da gegmebiT, muSaobis
gaadvilebis mizniT adgenen iseT xazviT masStabs,
romelsac fuZe eqneba wiladi, mxolod qvedebulze
Sesabamisi ricxvebi mrgvali iqneba. magaliTad,
solisebri masStabis fuZea (nax. 25) 1,11 sm, imis gamo,
rom aerosuraTis ricxviTi masStabis mniSvneli
davamrgvaleT Semdegnairad: aerosuraTis masStabi
aris 1 : 18000, e.i. gegmaze 1 sm qvedebuls adgilze
Seesabameba 180 m. vadgenT proporcias – ras unda

nax. 25 45
udrides a fuZe, rom Sesabamisi qvedebulis sigrZe adgilze 200 metri iyos,
maSasadame,
1 sm ---------- 180 m 200m ⋅ 1sm
a= = 1111
, sm
180m
a --------- 200 m
an kidev, vTqvaT, vsargeblobT 200 sJ rukiT, e.i. gegmaze 1 gojs adgilze
Seesabameba 200 sJ. saerTod, pirvel rigSi unda gavigoT ricxviTi masStabi,
risTvisac versebi da saJenebi gojebSi unda gamovsaxoT. maSasadame,
vinaidan 1 sJ=84 gojs, 200 sJ rukis masStabi iqneba 1 : 16800. vadgenT
proporcias.
mocemuli 200 saJeniani rukis masStabis mixedviT 1 sm fuZes adgilze
qvedebuli Seesabameba 168 metri. ras unda udrides a fuZe, rom mas
Seesabamebodes 200 metri, e.i. masStabis fuZe unda iqnes
200m ⋅ 1 sm
a= = 11904
, sm
168 m
ganxiladi rukisaTvis nebismieri saxis xazviTi (xazovani, solisebri, ganivi)
masStabis fuZes aviRebT 1,19 an 2, 38 sm. pirvel SemTxvevaSi adgilis
qvedebulis Sesabamisi ricxvebi iqneba 200 metri da meore SemTxvevaSi 400
metri. amiT rukis ricxviTi masStabi igive iqneba da asec unda iyos, xolo
wiladfuZiani masStabis sizuste mcireoden Semcirdeba.
saerTod unda gvaxsovdes, xazviTi masStabis fuZe unda aviRoT 1,19 an
2,38 sm. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saTanado ricxvebi adgilze iqneba imdeni metri,
ramden saJeniani rukac gvaqvs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi metrebis raodenoba
orjer meti iqneba, magaliTad, 500 sJ rukisaTvis (rukaze 1 gojs adgilze
qvedebuli Seesabameba 500 sJ. ricxviTi masStabi ki iqneba 1 : 42000) xazviTi
masStabis 1,19 fuZes adgilze 500 metri qvedebuli Seesabameba, xolo 2,38 sm
fuZes ki adgilze qvedebuli Seesabameba 1000 metri. ricxviTi masStabi igive
darCeba. masStabs wilad fuZeze xSirad gadasayvani masStabi ewodeba. am
RonisZiebiT nebismieri sistemiT Sedgenil rukebze ganazomebi metrul
sistemaSi miiReba, rac metad uwyobs xels Zveli (saJenuri) da sxvadasxva
sistemis rukebis gamoyenebas. arsebuli ganivi masStabidan SeiZleba aviRoT
gadasayvani masStabebis fuZeebi Semdegnairad:
magaliTi: vTqvaT, masStabi aris erTsantimetriani fuZiT, maSin
Q2 P2 = 1,19 sm, xolo Q3 P3 = 2,38 sm.

46
 magaliTi: vTqvaT, masStabi aris orsantimetriani fuZiT, maSin
Q4 P4 = 1,19 , xolo Q5 P5 = 2,38 sm.

4.5. rukebisa da gegmebis klasifikacia

rukebze da gegmebze moTavsebul adgilis Sesaxeb cnobebis

erTobliobas misi Sinaarsi ewodeba. Sinaarsis mixedviT rukebi gvaqvs
1. saerTo geografiuli da 2. specialuri
masStabis mixedviT saerTo geografiuli rukebi aris sami saxis:
1. wvrilmasStabiani, romlis mniSvnelia 1000000 – mimoxilviTi rukebi.
2. saSualo masStabiani mimoxilviTi rukebi:
1 : 1000000, 1 : 500000, 1 : 300000
3. msxvilmasStabiani topografiuli rukebi
1 : 200000, 1 : 100000, 1 : 25000
4. topo – gegmebi
1 : 10000, 1 : 5000, 1 : 2000, 1 : 1000 da 1 : 500
specialuri ewodeba iseT rukebs, romlebzec ufro detalurad aris
gamosaxuli saerTo geografiuli rukebis calkeuli elementebis Sinaarsi
an gamosaxulia iseTi bunebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri elementebi,
romlebic saerTo geografiul rukebze ar aris gadaRebuli. magaliTad,
specialur rukebs ganekuTneba geologiuri, geofizikuri, satyeo, sagzao,
sazRvao, sahaero, gazuri, eleqtruli, sinoptikuri da sxva (maT xSirad
Tematur rukebsac uwodeben). samxedro rukebi, specialur rukebs ekuTvnis,
romlebzec gadatanilia reliefisa da obieqtebis garda, adgilze
transportisa da sxva samxedro aRWurvilobis gamtarunarianobis
(gruntebi, niadagebi) da svlebis Sesaxeb cnobebi da sxva. samxedro
rukebia: strategiuli (1 : 1000 000 da ufro wvril masStabiani rukebi),
operatiuli (1 : 500 000 – 1 : 200 000 masStabiani), taqtikuri (1 : 100 000 – 1 :
25 000 masStabiani). saerTod ki unda vicodeT, rom rukebi da gegmebi erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi masala da dasayrdenia samxedro saqmis warmoebis
dros. amitom amboben, rom ruka „armiis Tvaliao“. saerTod ki Znelia
warmovidginoT iseTi dargi, romelic ar saWiroebs rukebs, gegmebs da
profilebs.

47
nax. 26

48
 4.6. rukebis dayofa, aRniSvna – danomrva
da nomenklatura

praqtikuli saWiroebis Sesabamisad mTeli dedamiwa gamoisaxeba

rukebis calkeul furclebze, risTvisac saWiroa mTeli dedamiwis dayofa.
dayofisaTvis gamosavlad miRebulia 1 : 1000000 ruka.
ekvatoridan zeviT da qveviT dedamiwas yofen 4ο -ian sferul
sartylebad – sul 44, romelsac nomraven laTinuri mTavruli asoebiT A, B,
C, . . . V-mde
amave dros grinviCis meridianis 180ο -dan gamoyofen 6ο -ian sferul
orgverdovanebs meridianebis saSualebiT, rasac fiuzos uwodeben da
nomraven 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . , 60. mTeli dedamiwa daiyofa 44 × 60 = 2640 trapeciad.
unda vicodeT, rom ama Tu im masStabiani rukis yovel furcels
asoebiT da ricxvebiT Tavisi aRniSvnebi an nomrebi aqvs. rukis furclebis
aRniSvnebisa da danomvris sistemas nomenklatura ewodeba.
vTqvaT gvinda ganvixiloT trapecia, romelSic Tbilisi mdebareobs,
misi nomenklaturaa K-38, sadac K-sartylis nomeria, 38-fiuzos nomeria.

49
 a)
N 47o30 ' 48o00 '
43o K-38-22 43o
40 ' 40 '
a b
A B
c d
K
38
C D
C 43o 43o
20 ' 20 '
B 1:100 000
A 48o00 '
47o30 '

48o00 '
47o45'
b) 43o K-38-22-B 43o
30 ' 30 '
a b
43o 43o
25' 25'
c dd
43o 43o
S 20 ' 20 '
1: 50 000
nax. 27 47o45' 48o00 '

47o52 '30"
47o45'
c) 43o K-38-22-B-d 43o
25' 25'
1 2
42o00 ' 48o00 '
6 ο 43o
22 '30"
44o 44o
00 ' 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 00 ' 3 44
13 I II III IV V
23 VI 43 o
43o
20 '

B
20 '

A
VII 1: 25 000
ο 47o45' 47o52 '30"
4

40o
C D
140
XXXVI
141 142 143 144 40 o
d)
43
2 '15"
o
47o58'7.5"
K-38-22-B-d-4
48o00 '
43o
2 '15"
00 ' 00 '
1:1 000 000 43o
42o00 ' 48o00 '
22 '37,"5

43o 43o
20 ' 20 '
1: 5 000
47o58'7,"5 48o00 '

pirvel cxrilSi ganxilulia sxvadasxva masStabiani rukebis da

gegmebis nomenklatura Tbilisis (K-38) sartylisaTvis•.

•
amJamad saerTaSoriso asociaciis mier miRebulia Tanamedrove nomeklatura. radganac
jerjerobiT iyeneben zemoaRniSnul nomenklaturas, amitomac vawvdiT mkiTxvels am
masalas.
50
 cxrili 1
rkali

paraleli
gamosavali aRniSvna

meridiani
masStabebi dayofa nomenklatura
furceli an dayofa

mimoxilviTi wvrilmasStabiani rukebi

1 : 1000000 dedamiw. zed 2640 A, B, C, . . . K – 38 6ο 4ο

1, 2, 3, . . .60
1 :500000 1 : 1000000 4 А, Б, С, Д, K – 38 – A
3ο 2ο
K − 38

1 : 300000 1 : 1000000 9 I-II-III. . .IX K – 38 – VII 2ο 1ο20

K − 38

topografiuli rukebi

I-II-. . K – 38 – VII
1ο 40'
1 :200000 “ 36
1 : 100000 “ 144 .XXXVI K – 38 – 22 30' 20'
1 : 50000 1 : 1000000 4 1, 2, 3, . . .144 K – 38 – 22 – B
K − 38 − 22 А, Б, С, Д, aqedan iwyeba sibrtye

K – 38 –22 – B – d
1 : 25000 1 : 50000 4 7,' 5 5'
K − 38 − 22 − B a, b, c, d

topografiuli gegmebi

1 : 10000 1 : 25000 4 '

K − 38 − 22 − B − d K – 38 – 22 – B – d –2 3,' 45 2,5
1, 2, -3,4
1 : 100000
1 : 5000 K − 38 − 22 256 K – 38 – 22 – (240)
1, 2, 3, . . .256
1 : 5000 4 K – 38 – 22 – 240 – A
1 : 2000 K − 38 − 22 − (240) A, B, C, D
1 : 2000 4 K–38– 22 –240–A–III
1 : 1000
K − 38 − 22 − 240 −
1 : 2000 I-II-III-IV
1 : 500 16
K − 38 − 22 − 240 −
1, 2, 3, . . .16 K–38– 22 –240–A–12
K – 38 – 22 – 240 – A
51
 sakiTxis SedarebiT srulad warmodgenisaTvis saWirod migvaCnia
moviyvanoT saqarTvelos teritoriisaTvis amJamad dadgenili topog-
rafiuli rukebis Semdegi masStaburi rigi da trapeciebis CarCoebis zomebi,
aseve miRebulia Sesabamisi nomenklatura.
moviyvanoT cxrili prezidentis 1999 wlis #206 brZanebulebidan.
ΔB _ ganedebis sxvaoba
ΔL _ grZedebis sxvaoba.

cxrili 2

trapeciis CarCos zomebi

# masStabi nomenklatura
ΔB ΔL smXsm

1 1 : 1 000 000 4o00 ' 6o00 ' 44.4x49.7 T-38

2 1 : 500 000 2o00 ' 3o00 ' 44.4x49.7 T-38-E
3 1 : 200 000
0o48'
o
112 ' 44.4x49.7 T-38-XLII
4 1 : 100 000 0o40 ' 44.4x55.2 T-38-C4804
0o24 '
5 1 : 50 000 0o20 ' 44.4x55.2 T-38-L4406
0o12 '
6 1 : 25 000 0o10 ' 44.4x55.2 T-38-4635
0o06 '
7 1 : 10 000 0o03' 0o05' 55.5x69.0 T-38-4635d
8 1 : 5 000 0o01'30" 0o02 '30" 55.5x69.0 T-38-4635d-4

52
 V Tavi
wertilTa mdebareobis gansazRvris sakiTxisaTvis
5.1. orientireba
a) mimarTulebis dadgenisaTvis

nax. 28
sivrceSi C wertilze mimarTulebis, anu CDn mimarTulebis
gansazRvrisaTvis, saWiroa Tarazuli mimarTuleba anu ϕ kuTxe da
vertikaluri mimarTuleba anu ν kuTxe.
ϕ aris Tarazuli polaruli kuTxe, romelsac ewodeba Tarazuli
mimarTuleba, romelsac mimarTuli anu CDn0 qvedebuli qmnis C wertilSi

gatarebul x RerZTan (RerZi ki mimarTuli xazia).

kuTxe ν aris daxris kuTxe, romelsac adgens mimarTuli CDn

monakveTi mis CDn0 qvedebulTan.

orientireba ewodeba mxolod ϕ kuTxis gansazRvras, ris Sedegadac

C wertili moxvdeba CDn0 qvedebulis gaswvrivobaSi.

orientirebasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad sami amocana wydeba:

1. TviT ϕ kuTxis gansazRvra;
2. cnobili (gegmidan amoRebuli) ϕ kuTxis saSualebiT D wertilis
gagneba;

53
 3. arsebuli rukebisa da gegmebis orientireba, rac niSnavs rukebisa
da gegmebis ise Semobrunebas, rom maTze moTavsebuli obieqtebi
moxvdnen adgilze maTi Sesabamisi obieqtebis gaswvrivobaSi.
x RerZis nacvlad C wertilSi SeiZleba gvqondes astronomiuli
meridianis, geodeziuri meridianis, RerZa meridianis an magnituri
meridianis proeqciebi, sferoidul, sferul an donebriv sibrtyeze, ris
Sesabamisad saorientiro kuTxeebs ewodebaT astronomiuli azimuti an
rumbi, geodeziuri azimuti an rumbi, direqciuli kuTxe an direqciuli rumbi,
magnituri azimuti an magnituri rumbi.
saugulvebelyofo Secdomis daSvebiT astronomiul da geodeziur
meridianebs Serwymulad sTvlian (sinamdvileSi isini urTierT gadaxrilebi
arian) da orives erTad uwodeben WeSmarit an geografiul meridians.
aqedan saTanado (astronomiul da geodeziur) azimutebs, saerTod
uwodeben WeSmarit an geografiul azimuts da maSasadame orientirebasac
uwodeben WeSmarit an magnitur orientirebas. aqedan gamomdinare
orientirebac orgvaria: geografiuli da magnituri.

b) WeSmariti orientireba

nax. 29
vTqvaT NS aris O wertilis geografiuli meridiani e.i. sadac
mixriloba mxedvelobaSi ar aris miRebuli.

54
 wertilebze orientireba xdeba kuTxeebiT: 1) azimuti 2) direqciuli
kuTxe da 3) rumbi. WeSmarit orientirebisas viyenebT WeSmarit azimuts,
direqciul kuTxes an WeSmarit rumbs.
NS aris saSuadReo xazi (proeqcia donebriv zedapirze) WeSmariti an
geografiuli meridiani. OM1 mimarTulebiT monakveTis WeSmariti azimutia
A1.
azimuti aris kuTxe (A), romelsac OM1 – mimarTuli qvedebuli qmnis O
wertilis WeSmarit saSuadReo xazis Crdilo mimarTulebasTan. icvleba
0ο -dan 360ο -mde saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT. (nax. 37)-dan.
OM1 – azimuti iqneba A1
OM2 – azimuti iqneba A2
OM3 – azimuti iqneba A3
OM4 – azimuti iqneba A4

g) damokidebuleba pirdapir da Sebrunebul

azimutebs Soris

azimutebi aris: 1) pirdapiri (romelsac gvaZleven an vzomavT) da 2)

Sebrunebuli, romelic gamoiTvleba (nax. 30)

nax. 30
vTqvaT gvaqvs CD xazis O wertilSi pirdapiri azimuti Ap, maSin imave
wertilSi misi Sebrunebulia AS. naxazidan

55
 A S = A p ± 180ο
wrfis erTi da igive wertilSi Sebrunebuli azimuti udris pirdapir
azimuts ±180ο , (+ roca pirdapiri azimuti < 180ο da _ roca pirdapiri
azimuti > 180o ) (nax. 30)

d) wrfis azimutis qceva

nax. 31
aviRoT mimarTeba CD. O1 wertilSi misi azimuti iqneba A1, O2-Si ki A2
(aq laparakia WeSmarit orientirebaze e.i. gveqneba WeSmariti azimuti).
CD xazze sxvadasxva wertilSi azimuti sxvadasxvaa. igi izrdeba
aRmosavleTiT da mcirdeba dasavleTiT.
A2 = A1 + γ ,
γ -meridianis Seaxloebis kuTxe.

56
 e) wrfis sxvadasxva wertilSi azimutebs
Soris damokidebuleba

aviRoT igive CD xazi. vTqvaT O1 wertilSi pirdapiri azimutia Ap . O2

wertilSi imave CD-s Sebrunebuli azimuti AS . wrfis sxavadasxva wertilSi

Sebrunebuli azimuti tolia
AS = Ap ± 180o ± γ .

pliusia, roca Ap < 180o da minusi ki roca Ap > 180o

nax. 32

5.2. direqciuli kuTxe

cneba direqciuli kuTxis Sesaxeb CvenSi Semovida mas Semdeg, rac

miRebuli iqna gausis proeqciebi da koordinatebi.
aviRoT sferuli orgverdovanedi (fiuzo). TviToeul fiuzoSi
centralur meridians uwodeben RerZa meridians, romelsac x RerZs
amTxveven. RerZa meridianis marTobi aris ekvatoris proeqcia da
aRniSnaven y-iT. fiuzos farglebSi meridianebs Tvlian urTier-
Tparalelurad. paralelebis proeqciebic iqnebian paralelurebi.

57
 paralelebisa da meridianebis gavlenis Sedegad miiReba
kilometruli bade (nax. 33)

nax. 33
direqciuli kuTxe ewodeba im kuTxes, romelsac mimarTuli qvedebuli
qmnis RerZa meridianis paraleluri RerZis Crdilo mimarTulebasTan.
icvleba 0 ο -dan 360ο -mde saaTis isris moZraobis Tanxvdenilad da
aRiniSneba α asoTi; maSin roca wrfis wertili moxvdeba RerZa meridianze
– direqciuli kuTxe emTxveva azimuts. wrfis azimuti icvleba, wrfis
direqciuli kuTxe ki mudmivia.

a) damokidebuleba wrfis sxvadasxva wertilSi azimutebsa

da direqciul kuTxes Soris

Tu gavatarebT OM1-is romelime wertilSi WeSmarit meridians,

miviRebT azimuts. davukavSiroT azimuti direqciul kuTxes (nax. 33).
A1 = α1 + γ , (5.2.1)
es maSin, rodesac wertili RerZa meridianis aRmosavleTisakenaa, xolo
A2 = α 2 − γ , (5.2.2)

58
 roca wertilia RerZa meridianis dasavleTiT. magaliTad OM2-is
romelime wertilSi α 2 -iqneba direqciuli kuTxe, aqve gavataroT WeSmariti

meridiani, miviRebT γ 2 kuTxes

e. i. A2 = α 2 − γ
maSasadame, zogadad orive SemTxvevisaTvis davwerT
A =α ±γ =α +γ (5.2.3)
e.i. WeSmariti (geografiuli) azimuti udris direqciuli kuTxisa da
meridianTa Seaxloebis algebrul jams (radganac γ -Seaxloeba algebruli
ricxvia)

5.3. meridianTa Seaxloebis kuTxis

gamosaTvleli formula

CN da DN arian C da D wertilebis saSuadReo xazebi. maT Soris

kuTxe γ iqneba meridianTa Seaxloeba.
ΔL = LD − LC , (5.3.1)

anu ΔL aris C da D wertilebis grZedebis sxvaoba.

nax. 34
sferoze or C da D wertilebs Soris rkali CD=S. meridianTa
Seaxloebis gansazRvrisaTvis ganvixiloT ori seqtori CO ' D da CND
ΔL
pirveli seqtoridan ( CO ' D ) S= ⋅r, (5.3.2)
ρ

59
 ΔOO ' D -dan ki r = R cos β ,
anu
ΔL
S= ⋅ R cos β . (5.3.3)
ρ
meore seqtoridan ( CND )
γ γ
S= ⋅ DN = Rctgβ , (5.3.4)
ρ ρ
S
aqedan γ = ⋅ ρ ⋅ tgβ ,
R
xolo (1) da (3)-dan miviRebT
γ = ΔL ⋅ sin β . (5.3.5)
rodesac geodeziuri grZedebis sxvaoba cnobilia vsargeblobT
(5.3.5) formuliT, xolo roca rkalis sigrZea cnobili, sargebloben (5.3.4)
formuliT.
Tu S = 100 ÷ 200 m, maSin meridianTa Seaxloebas mxedvelobaSi ar iReben.

5.4. rumbebi
a) WeSmariti rumbi

rogorc aRvniSneT orientirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba WeSmariti azimuti

da WeSmariti rumbi. WeSmarit rumbs vuwodebT im umcires mosazRvre kuTxes,
romelsac mimarTuli qvedebuli adgens misi gamosavali wertilis WeSmarit
meridianTan.
M4 N(ord)
M1
NW : r4

NO : r1

W(est) O O(st)

SW : r3

SO : r2

M3 M2
S(ud)
nax. 35

60
 naxazze mimarTuli qvedebuli OM1-is umciresi mosazRvre kuTxe iqneba
r1. igi icvleba 0ο -dan 90ο -mde.
OM1 – NO . . .r1
OM2 – SO . . .r2
OM3 – SW . . .r3
OM4 – NW . . .r4
(indeqsi niSnavs kvadrantebs, r ki kuTxis odenobas)

b) damokidebuleba WeSmarit azimutebsa

da WeSmarit rumbebs Soris

vTqvaT mocemulia OM1 A1 azimuti, maSin rumbi iqneba NO:r (nax.43)

OM1 . . . A1 NO:r1 r1=A1
OM2 . . . A2 SO:r2 r2= 180 ο _ A2
OM3 . . . A3 SW:r3 r3=A3 _ 180 ο
OM4. . . A4 NW:r4 r4= 360 ο _ A4
aseTia damokidebuleba WeSmarit rumbebsa da WeSmarit azimutebs
Soris.
g) direqciuli rumbi

direqciuli rumbi aris umciresi kuTxe, romelsac mimarTuleba

adgens mis sawyis wertilSi gatarebul RerZa meridianis paraleluri
RerZis mimarT
x'
M4
r4 M1

r1

O y

r3

M3 r2 M2

nax. 36

61
 rodesac x ' RerZi daemTxveva RerZa meridians, gveqneba WeSmariti
rumbi, xolo roca daemTxveva RerZa meridianis paralelurs, maSin
gveqneba direqciuli rumbi.

d) damokidebuleba direqciul kuTxeebsa da

direqciul rumbebs Soris

OM1 . . . α 1 . . . r1 r1= α 1

OM2 . . . α 2 . . . r2 r2= 180 ο _ α 2

OM2 . . . α 3 . . . r3 r3= α 3 _ 180 ο

OM4. . . α 4 . . .r4 r4= 360 ο _ α 4

Tu davakvirdebiT SevamCnevT, rom pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli rumbebi
icvlebian simetriulad e.i. kuTxuri sidideebi ucvlelia, xolo
kvadrantebi icvlebian simetriulad.

5.5. magnituri orientireba

magnituri orientirebis SemTxvevaSi qvedebulebi ukavSirdebian maTi

sawyisi wertilebis magnitur meridianebs, romlis ganxorcielebasac
magnituri isris magnituri RerZi iZleva (magnitur isars aqvs ori RerZi
geometriuli da magnituri).
cnobilia, rom dedamiwis sxvadasxva wertilebSi magnituri meridiani
ar emTxveva WeSmarit meridianebs. maT Soris iqmneba δ kuTxe, romelsac
uwodeben isris mixrilobas.
N n
+δ

s
nax. 37 S

62
 magnituri azimuti aris kuTxe, romelsac mimarTeba qmnis magnituri
isris Crdilo mimarTulebasTan. igi icvleba 0 ο -dan 360 ο -mde saaTis isris
moZraobis Sesabamisad (magnituri isris polusebi aRiniSneba n da s-iT).
magnituri mixriloba aris kuTxe Seqmnili magnitur isarsa da
WeSmarit meridians Soris.
rodesac mixriloba aRmosavluria, igi aRiniSneba “+”-iT
A 1 = A m' + δ ' . (5.5.1)
axla aviRoT dasavluri mixriloba. igi aRiniSneba “_”-iT

nax. 38

A 2 = A m'' − δ '' (5.5.2)

WeSmariti azimuti udris magnituri azimutisa da mixrilobis
algebrul jams
A = Am ± δ = Am + δ . (5.5.3)

a) kavSiri direqciul kuTxesa da

magnitur azimutebs Soris

kavSiri direqciul kuTxesa da magnitur azimutebs Soris igivea, rac

kavSiri WeSmarit orientirebasa da magnitur orientirebas Soris. am
kavSiris dasadgenad viyenebT formulebs

63
 A=α+γ (5.5.4)
da
A = Am + δ . (5.5.5)
velze Cven vzomavT magnitur azimutebs, magram gegmaze viyenebT
direqciul kuTxes. zemoxsenebuli formulebidan
α + γ = Am + δ , (5.5.6)

α = A m + (δ − γ ) = A m − δ ο , (5.5.7)
sadac δ ο aris magnituri mixrilobisa da meridianTa Seaxloebis sxvaoba,
anu magnituri isris mixriloba RerZa meridianis paraleluri RerZis
Crdilo mimarTulebasTan.
vTqvaT cnobilia A m , SegviZlia gamovTvaloT α an piriqiT.
δ ο -is gansazRvra siZneles ar warmoadgens.
ganvixiloT ramdenime SemTxveva

nax. 39

meridianTa Seaxloeba - +γ (aRmosavluria)

mixrilobac - +δ (agreTve aRmosavluria)
α = A m + (δ − γ ) = A m + δ ο , (5.5.8)

roca δ > γ .

64
 nax. 40
α = A m + [ −δ − ( − γ )] = A m − δ ο , (5.5.9)

roca δ < γ .
zogadad
α = A m + δ ο. (5.5.10)
e.i. direqciuli kuTxe udris magnituri azimutis da RerZa meridianis
paraleluri RerZidan magnituri isris mixrilobis algebrul jams.

5.6. cnobili azimutebiTa da direqciuli kuTxeebiT

mimarTulebaTa Soris kuTxeebis gansazRvra

nax. 41

65
 Tu cnobilia A1 da A2 azimutebi, maSin mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxe
β gamoiTvleba formuliT
β = A 2 − A1 . (5.6.1)
Tu cnobilia ara azimutebi, aramed direqciuli kuTxeebi maSin
β = α 2 − α1 . (5.6.2)

5.7. cnobili direqciuli rumbebiT astrolabiuri

kuTxeebis gansazRvra

astrolabiuri kuTxeebis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoviyenoT direqciuli

rumbebi.
varCevT oTx SemTxvevas
I – mocemulia r1 ∩ r4 da r2 ∩ r3
x
β1

r4
r1

W C O

r3 r2

β2
S

nax. 42

aq β 1 = r1 + r4
β 2 = r2 + r3

66
II – mocemulia r1 ∩ r1' III – mocemulia r1 ∩ r2 da r3 ∩ r4

X X
r1
r4
β r1
'
r
1 β2 β1
W O
C

r3 r2
W O
C
S

S
nax. 43 nax. 44
aq β = r1' − r1 β 1 = 180 ο − ( r1 + r2 )

β 2 = 180 ο − ( r3 + r4 )

IV – mocemulia r1 ∩ r3 da r2 ∩ r4

nax. 45
β = 180o − (r3 − r1 )
aq (5.7.1)
β1 = 180o − (r2 − r4 )

astrolabiuri kuTxe ewodeba mimarTulebaTa Soris 180ο -ze nakleb

kuTxes.
maSasadame, rodesac rumbi simetriul kvadratebSia, maSin
mimarTulebaTa Soris astrolabiuri kuTxe udris 180ο minus udidesi da
umciresi kuTxeebis, anu rumbebis sxvaobas.

67
 moyvanili 4 SemTxveva vrceldeba geografiuli da magnituri
rumbebis gamoyenebis drosac.

5.8. mixrilobis gansazRvra

mixrilobis gansazRvris ramodenime meTodi arsebobs. Cven

ganvixiloT yvelaze martivi. qaRaldze xazaven koncentrul wrexazebs,
romelTa centrSi amagreben 1-2 dm sigrZis Cxirs (an qinZisTavs) da mTeli
dRis ganmavlobaSi Tvals adevneben Cxiris Crdilis moZraobas.
N
n

W O O
e f
σ
c d
a b

s
S
nax. 46
aRniSnaven wrexazze Crdilis bolo wertilTa gadakveTas, cxadia
yvelaze grZeli Crdili iqneba mzis amosvlisas da Casvlisas (a da b) da
umoklesi ki SuadRisas (O). Tu SevaerTebT erTsa da imave wrexazze mdebare
wertilebs da monakveTebis Sua wertilebs xaziT; es xazi iqneba saZiebeli
meridiani. Semdeg yiblaniT vpoulobT magnituri meridianis mimarTulebas
ns da kuTxe am or mimarTulebas Soris aris saZiebeli mixriloba δ .
im wertilebis SemaerTebel xazs, romlebsac nulis toli
mixrilobebi aqvT, nulovani wertilebis SemaerTebeli xazi anu agonuri xazi
ewodeba. erTnairi mixrilobis wertilebis SemaerTebel xazs ki izogonuri
xazi ewodeba.

68
 VI Tavi
koordinatebi sainJinro geodeziaSi

koordinatebi ewodeba im saxeldebul fardobiT ricxvebs, romlis

saSualebiTac ganisazRvreba wertilebis mdebareoba.
garda cnobili koordinatebisa, romlebic Cven viciT (ciuri
koordinatebi), geodeziaSi ixmareba agreTve marTkuTxa, polaruli,
bi polaruli da gausis brtyeli marTkuTxa koordinatebi.

6.1. dekartis marTkuTxa koordinatebi RerZze

RerZs vuwodebT mimarTul xazs, romelzedac datanilia zomis

erTeulis Sesabamisi kvesurebi.
im SemTxvevaSi, roca RerZze daniSnulia gamosavali nulovani
wertili da masTan SedarebiT niSnebi – ricxvTa RerZs vuwodebT da
amboben, rom SemovitaneT dekartis sistema koordinatebisa

B(-3) 0 A(+4)
ricxvTa RerZi
nax. 47
maTematikaSi miRebuli pirobis Tanaxmad nulidan marjvniv
miRebulia + niSani, marcxniv ki _ niSani.
RerZze yovel wertils Seesabameba erTi koordinati da yovel
koordinats erTi wertili, magaliTad:
A ( +4), B( −3)

6.2. marTkuTxa koordinatebi sibrtyeze

a) marcxena sistema

sibrtyeze gvaqvs ori RerZi: abscisTa RerZi da ordinatTa RerZi.

winaswari SeTanxmebiT, maTematikaSi miRebulia, rom kvadrantebi
icvleba x RerZis mimarTulebidan y-is mimarTulebisaken mcire kuTxuri
manZiliT.

69
 y

A2(-x2 +y2) A1(+x1 +y1)

II I
x
III IV

A3(-x3 –y3) A4(+x4 –y4)

nax. 48

yovel wertils sibrtyeze Seesabameba ori koordinati

A 1 ( + x 1 ,+ y 1 )
A2 ( − x 2 ,+ y 2 )
A3 ( − x 3 ,− y 3 )
A 4 ( + x 4 ,− y 4 )

b) marjvena sistema

geodeziaSi marTkuTxa koordinatTa sistema Semdegnairad

gamoiyeneba: radgan geodeziaSi orientirebisaTvis gamosavali RerZia
meridianis mimarTuleba, xolo maTematikaSi abscisTa x RerZi, amitom x
RerZis mimarTuleba daamTxvies meridianis mimarTulebas, rom maTematikaSi
miRebuli wesi ar darRveuliyo. aqac kvadrantebi icvleba x RerZis
mimarTulebidan, y-is mimarTulebisaken da koordinatebSi araviTari
gansxvaveba ar gveqneba, mxolod viRebT marjvena sistemas.

A4(+x4 –y4) A1(+x1 +y1)

IV I
y
III II

A3(-x3 –y3) A2(-x2 +y2)

nax. 49

70
 A 1 ( + x 1 ,+ y 1 )
A 2 ( − x 2 ,+ y 2 )
A 3 ( − x 3 ,− y 3 )
A 4 ( + x 4 ,− y 4 )

6.3. marTkuTxa koordinatebi sivrceSi

dekartma sivrceSi gamoiyena sami RerZi: abscisebis, ordinatebis

da aplikatebis RerZebi.

A (x,y,z)

z
x
y

nax. 50

vTqvaT, gvinda gavigoT A wertilis koordinatebi. gavatarebT

aRebul A wertilSi sam urTierTmarTob sibrtyes, ris Sedegad miviRebT x, y,
z koordinatebs, romelTac aqvT gadaadgilebis Tvisebebi
xyz
xzy
yxz
yzx
zxy
zyx

71
 cxrili (6.3.1)
oqtantebi x y z
I + + +
II _ + +
III _ _ +
IV + _ +
V + + _
VI _ + _
VI _ _ _
VIII + _ _

6.4. marTkuTxa koordinatebi sferoze

(zoldneris koordinatebi)

aviRoT sferoidi QQ1 ekvatoriT da PP1 RerZa meridianiT. marTkuTxa

koordinatebisaTvis nulovani wertili aq iqneba ekvatorisa da RerZa
meridianis gadakveTis F0 wertili.

YD

XD D
Q1 Q

F0

P1

nax. 51
D wertilis sferuli koordinatebia umoklesi (geodeziuri xazebi) xD
da yD xazebi.
garda amisa, D wertilis gansazRvrisaTvis unda vicodeT agreTve,
gamosavali F0 wertilis grZedi da ganedi F0 (B0L0). (nulovani imitom, rom

72
gamosavali wertili ekvatorzea. gamosavlad SeiZleba aRebul iqnas sxva
wertilic, oRond is iqneboda ara ekvatorze, aramed paralelze).

6.5. polaruli koordinatebi sibrtyeze

a) maTematikaSi

A2 ( λ2 ϕ 2 ) y
A1 (l 1ϕ1 )
λ1
l2
II I
ϕ2 ϕ1
ϕ3 ϕ4 x
III l3 l4 IV
A3 ( λ3ϕ 3 ) A4 (l 4ϕ 4 )

nax. 52
am sistemaSi sibrtyeze koordinatebi iqneba – ϕ polaruli kuTxe
aTvlili x RerZidan da λ radius veqtori.
sibrtyeze marTkuTxa koordinatebsa da polaruli koordinatebs
Soris damakavSirebeli formulebia:

}
x = λcosϕ
kvadrantebSi maTi niSnebi moyvanilia cxrilSi (6.5.1).
y = λsin ϕ
cxrili (6.5.1)
x y
kvadrantebi
cosϕ sin ϕ

I + +
II
- +
III
- -
IV
+ -

b) polaruli koordinatebi sibrtyeze

73
 (geodeziaSi)

A4 (α 4 λ4 ) A1 (α 1 λ1 )

l4 λ1
α1

IV I
α4
W O
y
α2
l3 II
III α3
l2
A3 (α 3 λ3 ) A2 (α 2 λ2 )
S

nax. 53
aq polaruli ϕ kuTxis nacvlad gveqneba direqciuli kuTxe α ,
radgan x RerZi emTxveva RerZa meridians. amrigad, A wertilis
koordinatebi iqneba α da λ .
A(α , λ)
xolo niSnebi iqneba igive.
A 1 (α 1 , λ1 )
A 2 (α 2 , λ2 )
A 3 (α 3 , λ3 )
A 4 (α 4 , λ4 )
g) polaruli koordinatebi sivrceSi

A
λ
z
o
ν
α x

nax. 54
y
α _ aris direqciuli kuTxe

74
 ν _ daxris kuTxe
λ _ radius veqtori
e. i. A(α , ν, λ)
orientirebisaTvis saWiroa α direqciuli kuTxis gansazRvra;
mimarTulebis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa α da ν
mdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis ki saWiroa α , ν da λ . aq sivrce iyofa
8 nawilad (oqtantebad).
naxazi 62-is mixedviT polaruli koordinatebis saSualebiT
marTkuTxa koordinatebis gamosaTvleli formulebia:
x = l cosν ⋅ cos α
y = l cosν ⋅ sin α (6.5.1)
z = l ⋅ tgν = l sinν
koordinatTa niSnebi kvadrantebisa da oqtantebis mixedviT
mocemulia (Sesabamisad) wina paragrafebSi mocemul (cx. 6.3.1 da cx. 6.5.1)
cxrilebSi.

d) polaruli koordinatebi sferoidze

A
O D

E E1

P1

nax. 55
aviRoT O wertili RerZa meridianze da mimarTuleba (romelic
warmoadgens geodeziur umokles xazs) OD (vertikaluri Wrili).
e.i. D wertilis mdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa: A – azimuti
da OD manZili (didi wris rkali).
D(A, OD)

orive am koordinats ewodeba D wertilis sferoiduli polaruli

koordinatebi.
75
 6.6. bi polaruli koordinatebi

bi polaruli koordinatebis gansazRvrisaTvis gvaqvs ori SemTxveva:

1. kuTxuri gadakveTis da 2. xazovani gadakveTis

kuTxuri gadakveTa

RerZa meridianis paraleluri

A( β 1 β 2 ) A(α 1α 2 )

α1
α2
β1 β2
O1 O2 O1 O2
nax. 56 nax. 57
xazovani gadakveTa

A( λ1 λ2 ) A( λ1 λ2 H )

λ1 λ2 λ1 λ2

O1 O2 O1 O2
nax. 58 nax. 59
pirvel SemTxvvaSi gamoiyeneba O1 da O2 wertilebze gazomili β 1
da β 2 kuTxe an α 1 da α 2 direqciuli kuTxe, meore SemTxvevaSi ki λ1 da
λ2 radius veqtorebi.
esaa bi polaruli koordinatebi sibrtyeze. sivrceSi ki daemateba
mesame koordinati niSnulis (simaRlis) saxiT.

VII Tavi
pirobiTi aRniSvnebi
76
 7.1. gegmis Sedgena

vinaidan gegmis Sedgenis dros SeuZlebelia wvliladebis

gamoxazva Tavisi namdvili saxiT da odenobiT, amitom mimarTaven qaRaldze
maTi gamosaxvis dros pirobiTi aRniSvnebis gamoyenebas.
1. isini unda iyvnen msgavsi im wvliladebisa, rasac isini gamosaxaven.
2. unda iyvnen advilad gamosaxazavi.
3. ar unda iyos maTi raodenoba bevri da arc ise mcire, rom sagnebi
erTmaneTSi agverios.
mag., aviRoT tye, romelSic auarebeli jiSia. yvela jiSs Tavisi
pirobiTi aRniSvna rom mivuCinoT, maT rukaze ver gamovxazavT, rogori
msxvili masStabic ar unda iyos; Sesadgeni ruka an pirobiT tye moicavs
sxvadasxva masivebs: wiwviani, foTlovani, gadamwvari tye, buCqnari da sxva.
Cven, rom es masivebi erTi pirobiTi aRniSvniT gamovsaxoT, amiT masivebs
avurevT erTmaneTSi. Cveni saxalxo meurneobisaTvis ki aucilebelia
vicodeT, sad romeli masivi imyofeba.
pirobiTi aRniSvnebi gvxvdeba Semdegi saxis.
I fargiani (konturuli) pirobiTi aRniSvna, romelic pasuxobs kiTxvebs.
1. ra sagania?
2. sad mdebareobs?
3. rogori farTobi uWiravs?
4. rogori konfiguracia anu moyvaniloba aqvs? (mag. saxli, tba)

I gegma
(nax.73) 1 : 1000

nax. 60
II – saxis pirobiTi aRniSvnebi: ufargo (ara konturuli) upasuxebs
kiTxvebze:
1) ra sagania?
77
 sad aris?
(mag. gzis maCveneblis datana gegmaze romelic zustad
gviCvenebs ra sagania da sad aris)
III – saxis pirobiTi aRniSvna aris farTobiTi.
esaa gaerTianeba ufargo da farTobis (mag. fiWvis tyis an
venaxis masivSi dakavebuli teritoria)
IV – zoluri gvaZlevs saSualebas gavigoT
1. ra sagania?
2. sadaa?
3. ra sigrZe uWiravs?
(magaliTad, gzis sigrZe dadgindeba masStabSi zustad).
sagnebis (wvliladebis) ama Tu im jgufSi Setana damokidebulia
masStabze da saWiroebaze.
1
aviRoT zemoT moyvanili gegma, sxva masStabSi
5000

II gegma
1 : 5000

nax. 61
saxli, rom SevamciroT am masStabSi 5000 jer igi ar gamoCndeba, magram
gegmaze misi gamoxazva saWiroa da amitom saxls SevitanT meore jgufis
pirobiTi aRniSvnebiT. e.i. fargiani pirobiTi niSania, xolo meore gegmaze
1
masStabSi ufargo pirobiTi niSania (II kategoria). an vTqvaT gzis
5000
maCveneblis diametria 25 sm. I gegmaze masStabSi gamoCndeba, magram igi
gegmaze gamoixazeba ufargo pirobiTi aRniSvniT, radganac svetis sisqis
codna saWiro ar aris.
ra gansxvavebaa I gegmaze da II gegmaze fardobiT ufargo pirobiT
niSnebSi?
78
 is gansxvavebaa, rom II-ze aRebulia ufargo pirobiTi niSnebi mcire
zomis anu wvrili masStabisaTvis, xolo I-ze aRebulia, igive ufargo
pirobiTi niSnebi msxvili masStabisaTvis.
uswormasworobis anu reliefis gamomsaxveli pirobiTi aRniSvnebi
unda akmayofilebdnen Semdeg pirobebs:
1. isini unda gvaZlevdnen saSualebas gavigoT gegmaze yoveli
wertilis simaRle (niSnuli);
2. unda gvaZlevdes saSualebas gavigoT daqanebis mimarTuleba;
3. rogoria daqanebis xarisxi;
4. unda gvaZlevdes warmodgenas zedapiris plastiurobis Sesaxeb
(sadaa Sezneqili, gamozneqili).
uswormasworobis gamomsaxveli pirobiTi aRniSvnebi aseTia:
1. niSnulebi,
2. izohifsebi,
3. niSnulebi da izohifsebi erTad,
4. kvesurebi,
5. punqtirebi,
6. SeRebva (Seferva).
viciT, rom niSnuli aris ricxvi, romelic gamoxatavs wertilis
simaRles donebrivi zedapiridan.
aviRoT A da B wertilebis HA da HB-absoluturi (normaluri)
simaRleebi (nax. 62).

nax. 62

gavataroT pirobiTi donebrivi zedapiri A ' wertilisaTvis. H1 – H2-

pirobiTi simaRleebi iqneba.

79
 vTqvaT donebrivi zedapiri gavataroT A wertilSi. h-iqneba
aRmateba. anu fardobiTi simaRle (igi SeiZleba iyos rogorc + niSniT, ise –
niSniT) maSasadame niSnulebi gvxvdebian:
1. absoluturi,
2. pirobiTi,
3. fardobiTi (aRmateba).
viciT, rom topografiuli zedapiris funqcia gamoisaxeba ase
Z = ϕ ( x, y )
da xasiaTdeba calsaxobiT, sasrulobiT, uwyvetobiT da
mdovrulobiT.

7.2. niSnulebiani gegmilebi

a) wertili sivrceSi

nax. 63
vTqvaT, gegmaze gvaqvs sami wertili a5, b8, c4. Sesabamisad 5, 8, (-4)
niSnulebia (koordinatebia), rac gvaZlevs warmodgenas reliefze. Z – mesame
koordinatia. viciT, rom sivrceSi wertilis mdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis
saWiroa 3 koordinati. x, y, koordinats ki ase warmovidgenT. gegmaze
pirobiT an fiuzos Sesabamisad avagebT koordinatTa RerZebs da yvela
wertilis mdebareobas vsazRvravT am RerZebis mimarT (nax. 63) e.i. x da y-s
vTvliT cnobilad, xolo mesame koordinati iqneba niSnuli 5, 8, -4, romlebic
gegmis zemoT da qvemoT gadaizomeba masStabSi.

80
 b) xazi sivrceSi

xazebs sivrceSi SeiZleba eWiros nebismieri mdebareoba. isini

SeiZleba iyvnen: paraleluri, acdenili, gadakveTili, urTierTmarTobi.
magaliTad, gegmaze gadakveTili xazebi sivrceSi SeiZleba iyvnen
acdenilni, gadakveTilni, aseve gegmaze paraleluri xazebi sivrceSi
SeiZleba iyvnen paralelurebi an acdenilni. an kidev gegmaze Serwymuli
xazebi, sivrceSi SeiZleba iyvnen paraleluri, gadakveTili da marTobi.
ganvixiloT isini cal-calke.

B0

L B(xb yb zb)
L h

A0 δ L
A(xa ya za)
a

X
b8
a5

nax. 64

aq ZiriTadad gvxvdeba ori SemTxveva:

1. mocemulia a5, b8 xazis ori wertilis sam-sami koordinati A(xA, yA, zA)
da B(xB, yB, zB)
2. meore SemTxvevis dros sivrceSi xazis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba
erTi (a5) wertilis sami koordinatiT A(xA, yA, zA) da mimarTulebebiT.

α ∩δ
∪α ∩ i
81 ∪α ∩ L

a5 b8
 α∩δ (mimarTebis kuTxe, daxris kuTxe)
Υ
α ∩δ (mimarTebis kuTxe, daxris kuTxe)
Υ
α∩i (mimarTebis kuTxe, qanobi)
Υ
α∩L (mimarTebis kuTxe, intervali)
α - kuTxe SeiZleba iyos nebismieri saorientacio kuTxe: azimuti,
rumbi, direqciuli kuTxe da sxva. α - mimarTebis kuTxe aris Semdgari

xazis mimarTebis mier x RerZis dadebiT mimarTulebasTan 0 ο -dan 360ο -mde.

xazis dadebiT mimarTulebad ki pirobiTad iTvleba mimarTuleba
daRmarTisaken (e.i. b8-dan a5-ken). samTo (geometriaSi) saqmeSi δ - aris
daxris kuTxe (CvenTvis cnobilia ν ) mimarTuli monakveTis mier Seqmnili
mis qvedebulTan.
i -aris aRmateba - h-is fardoba qvedebulTan
h 1
i= = (7.2.1)
a L
i -aris tgδ ,
L -s ewodeba intervali.
intervali aris qvedebuli, romlis Sesabamisi aRmateba=1. maSasadame
sivrceSi xazis mimarTebis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa ori wertilis
koordinatebi an erTi wertilis koordinatebi da mimarTeba ( α an δ )

B0
B0

82
A0 δ δ
A0
 nax. 66 nax. 67
am naxazebSi gansxvavebaa x da y-Si. α (direqciuli anu mimarTebis)
kuTxe cvlis or x da y koordinats, xolo δ cvlis z-s

30
δ1
δ3

22 L1
δ2
L2
L3
24

26

nax. 68
δ -s vigebT transportiriT
i -s vigebT gazomviT da gamoTvliT
L -s ki graduirebiT
vTqvaT mocemulia xazebi 5-8, 8-14, 6-12 da unda gavigoT δ kuTxe.
amisaTvis avagoT xazebi. kveTis simaRle h=1m.
xazi, romlis L-ic didia, is naklebad daqanebulia. romlis
intervalic mcirea, is ufro daqanebulia.

6 L2 6 L3
i2 = i3 =
a2 h a3
L2 L3
3
i= a) b) g) h
α1 L
832 L3
L1 h L2 L3
L1 L2 L3
 nax. 69 (a, b, g)

g) graduireba

graduirebisaTvis varCevT or SemTxvevas.

1. roca mocemulia erTi wertilis koordinatebi, xazis mimarTeba da
kveTis simaRle.
2. roca mocemulia ori wertilis koordinatebi (niSnulebi) da
kveTis simaRle.
I SemTxveva. vTqvaT mocemulia wertili (75,6); α = 135ο ; δ = 25ο , e.i.
wertilis koordinati da mimarTuleba α da δ

77 L
a = 135ο δ = 25ο
0,4 1m
76
75,6 L
0,6
75
nax. 70
74 L

73
gavataroT Tarazuli xazi da
transportiriT avagoT 25ο kuTxe masStabis Sesabamisi sigrZe. aviRoT 1m da
Sesabamisi L intervali davyoT 10 nawilad. L-is 0.6 gadavzomoT
daRmarTisaken, miviRebT 75 niSnulis mqone wertils, Semdeg gadavzomoT 75-
dan mTliani L-is toli miviRebT 74-s; xolo 75.6-dan gadavzomoT
aRmarTisaken L-is 0.4-di, miviRebT 76 wertils. graduirebis mizania ara

84
marto is, rom SevadaroT intervalebi, aramed erTnairi niSnulis mqone
wertilebi SevaerToT da gamovsaxoT reliefi.
graduireba niSnavs davniSnoT xazze iseTi wertilebi, romlebic
jeradi iqneba kveTis simaRlisa.
II-SemTxvevaSi rodesac mocemulia xazis ori wertilis sam-sami
koordinati. am SemTxvevaSi x, y-s vTvliT cnobilad da z koordinatiT
vaxdenT graduirebas aq varCevT sam xerxs.
11,4
11 1. uSualo interpoloba
10
2. trafaretis anu serseroTis xerxi
9
8 3. profilis anu ujrediani qaRaldis
7 xerxi
6
1) vTqvaT mocemulia ori wertili 11.4 da
5,2
5.7;
nax. 71
sxvaoba 11,4-5,2=6.2 ≈ 6 nawilad gavyofT mocemul xazs da 6.2 wertilidan
⎛1⎞
gadavzomavT ⎜ ⎟ monakveTis 0.8-s, miviRebT 6
⎝6⎠
wertils. 11.4-dan dadablebisaken gadavzomavT
11,4
0.4-s miviRebT 11 wertils. Semdeg 11 da 6
wertilebs Soris manZils vyofT 11-6=5
nawilad da wavawerT Sesabamisad 7, 8, 9, 10
11,4
10,8 niSnulebs. rodesac wertilis niSnulebs
0,6 Soris sxvaoba naklebia kveTis simaRleze,
nax. 82
nax. 72 magram am wertilebs Soris aris kveTis
10,8
simaRlis jeradi niSnulis Sesabamisi
wertili. maSin damrgvalebas ar vaxdenT da vawarmoebT 6 aTwilad
nawilebze mocemuli xazis dayofas (nax. 72).

rodesac wertilis niSnulebs Soris sxvaoba naklebia kveTis

simaRleze da am wertilebs Soris ar aris kveTis simaRlis jeradi
11,8 niSnuli, maSin xazis graduirebas ar
vaxdenT. (nax. 73)

11,8 2) trafaretis anu serseroTis

11,2
0,6 xerxi damyarebulia im geometriul

85
11,2

nax. 73
mosazrebaze, rom Tu monakveTs gadavkveTT Tanabrad dacilebuli
paraleluri xazebiT, maSin (monakveTi) xazi daiyofa tol monakveTebad.
serseroTis xerxisaTvis winaswar vamzadebT gasanTlul qaRaldze
paralelur xazebs toli manZiliT dacilebuls. ixileT (nax. 74 a, b, g)
a) b) g)
12 12 11 22
11,4 1 1 ,4 1 1 ,4
11
11 11 ,, 44 11 11 ,, 44
11 11

11 10
11 00
99

88
9
10 77

8 66
55 ,, 77 55
9 7
6
11,4
8 5 ,7 5 11,4

7
6
5,7 5
5,7

nax. 74 (a, b, g)
vTqvaT gvinda vawarmooT interpoloba 5.7 da 11.4 wertilebs
Soris. amisaTvis winaswar serseroTze wavawerT saWiro niSnulebs 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12. 5-sa da 6-s paralelur xazebs Soris TvaliT SevafasebT da
davniSnavT 5,7 wertils. 11-sa da 12-s Soris gavavlebT (wyvetiliT) 11.4
Sesabamis xazs. Semdeg xazis 5,7 davamTxvevT serseroTze aRniSnul 5,7
wertils da serseroTs vabrunebT 11.4-is gadakveTamde mere 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12
niSnulebiT Sesabamis xazebsa da xazis gadakveTis wertilebs davaWerT
fanqars da xazs movaSorebT serseroTs da bolos fanqriT naWdevze
wavawerT 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. es meTodi interpolobisa aris sakmaod zusti.
serseroTebi mzaddeba sxvadasxva zomis. 10 mm-iani, 5 mm-iani da sxva.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi I-li zomis serseroTi ar gamodgeba, radgan 5,7

wertilSi serseroTis brunviT 11.4-is xazs ar gadakveTs, radganac is
moklea.
saerTod, xazisa da serseroTis gadakveTa rac ufro marTobulad
iqneba, miT metia sizuste.
e.i. Cveni SemTxvevisaTvis III-e (g varianti) ivargebs, magram naklebi
sizustis iqneba.

86
 d) profilis anu ujrediani – (milimetrebiani)
qaRaldis xerxi

11,4 12

11

10

5,7 6

5
11,4 11 10 9 8 7 6 5,7

nax. 75
mocemulia xazi (5,7–11,4). movaxdinoT misi graduireba
milimetrebiani qaRaldiT.
santimetrebian danayofebs wavaweroT niSnulebi 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12;
Semdeg milimetrul qaRaldze mivadoT gverdidan dasagraduirebeli xazis.
5,7 wertili da 11.4 avagegmiloT milimetrul qaRaldze. Semdeg 12.4 da 5.7
wertilebi SevaerToT xaziT. gadakveTis wertilebi 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
santimetrebian xazebidan CamovagegmiloT 5.7 – 11.4 – xazze, miviRebT
dagraduirebul xazs (gadakveTis wertilebze monakveTebis fargliT
gadazoma da ise gadatana dasagraduirebel xazze mizanSewonili araa, igi
Secdomebis wyaroa). graduirebis es xerxi kidev ufro zustia.
saerTod geodeziaSi (sizustis Sesabamisad) vmuSaobT aucileblobisa
da sakmarisobis princi pis Sesabamisad, amitom graduirebis xerxs
SevarCevT imis mixedviT, Tu rogori sizustiTaa saWiro samuSaos
Sesruleba. Tu wvril masStabSi vmuSaobT, viyenebT uSualo interpolobas,
saSualo masStabSi, serseroTs, xolo msxvil masStabSi milimetrebiani
qaRaldis xerxs.

87
 7.5. niSnulebiani proeqciebis ganzogadoeba

Tu topografiul zedapirs gavkveTT paraleluri horizontaluri

erTmaneTisagan toli manZilebiT daSorebuli sibrtyeebiT, maSin kveTaSi
miviRebT erTmaneTis paralelur mrud wirebs an wrfeebs – imisda mixedviT,
Tu rogoria topografiuli zedapiri. ganvixiloT magaliTebi:

1) 2) 3)

nax. 76 nax. 77 nax. 78

Tanabari daqanebis amozneqili cilin- Cazneqili cilin-

mqone zedapiri druli zedapiri druli zedapiri

4) 5) 6) 7)

nax. 79 nax. 80 nax. 81 nax. 82

88
qedi. wyalgamyofi Rele. Tanabrad qedi. wyalgamyofi Rele. Tanabrad
dadebiTi invari- daqanebuli wyal- anu dadebiTi inva- daqanebuli wyal-
antuli xazi Ta- Semkrebi anu uar- riantuli xazi Semkrebi xazi anu
nabari daxriT yofiTi invariant- ara Tanabari dax- uaryofiTi invari-
(izohifsebi Ta- tuli xazi. riT (izohifsebi antuli xazi ara
nabradaa dacile- araTanabradaa Tanabari daxriT.
buli). dacilebuli).

8)
safexura anu terasa
(sadac erTmaneTs
enacvleba daqaneba da
wavakeba)

nax. 83
gavarCioT zemoT gamosaxuli yvela SemTxveva cal-calke:
1-el magaliTSi mocemulia Tanabari daqanebis mqone mTis ferdobis
gankveTa (warmodgeniT) horizontuli sibrtyeebiT. kveTaSi miiReba swori –
erTmaneTisagan Tanabrad daSorebuli paraleluri xazebi (e.i. gegmaze
Tanabrad daSorebuli paraleluri xazebi rom gveqneba unda vicodeT ras
warmoadgens is adgilze).
2-e SemTxvevaSi zedapirs aqvs amozneqili cilindris forma. kveTaSi
miiReba erTmaneTisgan araTanabrad daSorebuli wrfeebi.
3-e SemTxvevaSi zedapiri Cazneqilia da izohifsebic araTanabrad
iqneba daSorebuli.
4-e SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs Tanabari daqanebis mqone qedi (sami mimarTulebiT
daRmarTi, erTi mimarTulebiT aRmarTi. izohifsebi TiTqos gagvirbian).

89
 5-e SemTxvevaSi mocemulia Rele wyalSemkrebi anu uaryofiTi
invariantuli xazi. gvaqvs sami mimarTulebiT aRmarTi, erTi mimarTulebiT
daRmarTi.
6-e naxazze mocemulia ara Tanabari daqanebis mqone qedi, gankveTis
wirebi (izohifsebi) erTmaneTisagan ara Tanabradaa daqanebuli.
7-e naxazze gvaqvs ara Tanabari daqanebis Rele.
8-e naCvenebia safexura anu terasa.

Tu gvaqvs konusuri zeda-

piri kveTaSi, dagegmile-
bisas miviRebT koncentrul
wrexazebs.

nax. 84
zemoT moyvanili SemTxvevebi ganvazogadoT ufro rTul zedapirze.
vTqvaT, gvaqvs unagira, e.i. adgili erTdeba ori qediT da iwyeba ori Rele.

90
 nax. 85
rogorc vxedavT, izohifsebi arian Sekruli mrudebi toli simaRlis
mqone wertilebiT, romelTa niSnulebi jeradia kveTis.
Tu davakvirdebiT izohifsebs,
davinaxavT, rom (mTa) gora gamosaxulia
urTierT paraleluri izohifsebiT, magram
imave izohifsebiT SeiZleba gamosaxuli
iqnes tafobic. ismis kiTxva: rogor unda
gavarCioT gegmaze mocemuli izohifsebi –
ras gamoxataven tafobs Tu goras? aq
yuradReba unda mivaqcioT niSnulebs.
rodesac izohifsebze niSnulebi Suisaken
izrdeba, maSin izohifsebiT amaRlebuli

nax. 86 adgilia gamosaxuli, rodesac piriqiTaa,

maSin adgili tafobs warmoadgens. an
izohifsebze SeiZleba saerTod ar iyos niSnulebi. igi SeiZleba kvesurebiT
iyos aRniSnuli ) dadableba ) amaRleba, an ubralod izohifsebze
SuaSi eweros (+) an (_) niSani.
izohifsebi gvaZleven saSualebas nebismieri wertilis niSnulis
gansazRvrisaTvis.
Cven viciT, rom uswormasworobis gamomsaxveli pirobiTi niSnebi
unda gvaZlevdnen saSualebas ganvsazRvroT:
1. nebismieri wertilis niSnulebi;

91
 1. saiTkenaa daqaneba;
2. rogoria daqanebis xarisxi;
3. unda gvaZlevdes saSualebas war-
modgena gvqondes reliefis plas-
tikurobaze.
SeiZleba izohifsebi akmayofilebs
yvela am pirobas, magram mas mainc aqvs
nakli. igulisxmeba, rom or mezobel
izohifss Soris Tanabari daqanebaa, rac
swori araa (nax. 87), arc kveTis simaRlis
Semcireba gvaZlevs sasurvel Sedegs.
ganvixiloT kveTis simaRlis Semcirebis
magaliTi safexuraze (nax. 88)
nax. 87
safexura anu terasa gamoisaxeba
axlos ganlagebuli da mkveTrad daSorebuli izohifsebisagan.
ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi:

I – SevamciroT kveTis
simaRle, maSin damxmare izohifsebi
20-30 Soris ganawildeba, rogorc es
naxazzea gamosaxuli, magram,
rogorc zemoT ganxilulidan
viciT, Tanabrad daSorebuli
izohifsebiT igulisxmeba ara
iseTi daqaneba rogoric safexuras
gaaCnia, aramed Tanabari daqaneba AB
xazis gayolebiT. Tu davakvirdebiT
zedapirze arsebul 25-26 da 30

nax. 88 wertilebs davinaxavT, rom isini ar

Seesabamebian Cvens mier gegmaze
kveTis simaRlis SemcirebiT miRebul izohifsebs. axla mivaqcioT
yuradReba 20, 25, 26 da 30 wertilebs. interpoloba gegmaze gavakeToT
aRebuli wertilebis mixedviT, maSin gegma miiRebs I-is nacvlad II-re saxes
(nax. 88) romlebic arafriT ar emsgavsebian erTmaneTs. maSasadame

92
mniSvneloba aqvs damaxasiaTebeli wertilebis niSnulebis gansazRvras
velze da ara kveTis simaRlis Semcirebas, mxolod amis Semdeg SegviZlia
vimsjeloT kveTis simaRlis SerCevaze.

a) normaluri kveTis simaRlis gansazRvra

45ο -aris zRvruli daqaneba, romlis

zeviT daqanebis SemTxvevaSi, zedapirs
izohifsebiT ver gamovsaxavT.
0,01
vTqvaT gvaqvs 45ο -iani daqaneba.
normuli kveTis simaRle damokidebulia
45ο ferdobis zRvrul (kidegan) daqanebaze da

0,01 sm gegmis masStabze. zRvrul (anu kidegan)

daqanebad miRebulia daqaneba 45ο .
nax. 89
zRvruli siaxlove or izohifs Soris
aris 0.01 sm. kveTis simaRle zRvruli iqneba 0.01 sm anu roca masStabia
1
, h = 1 m. rodesac daxris kuTxe 45ο -is nacvlad aris 22 ο5 , maSin kveTis
10000

simaRle izohifsebs Soris imave dacilebisaTvis unda aviRoT h 2 (orjer

naklebi).
rogor SevarCioT kveTis simaRle?
amisaTvis gavarCioT ori SemTxveva 22 ο da 45ο -Tvis
I) – vTqvaT kveTis simaRlea – 1m.
45ο -ze rodesac h = 1m
izohifsebs Soris manZili 0.01 sm. e.i.
udris zRvrul grafikul sizustes.
h=0,01 sm
imave SemTxvevisaTvis 22 ο -ze manZili
izohifsebs Soris gaizrdeba e.i.
22o ,5
rodesac kveTis simaRle h = 1 m. 45ο -ze
0,01 sm izohifsebs Soris manZili zRvrulia,

nax. 90 xolo 22 ο -ze izohifsebs Soris

zRvrul dacilebas Seesabameba h

2
kveTis simaRle.
93
 ( 45ο -ze h = 1 m kveTis simaRlis dros izohifsebs Soris dacileba
h
zRvrulia, magram kveTis simaRlis
2
dros 45ο -ze izohifsebs Soris manZili
nax. 91 0.01sm-ze naklebi gamodis, ris gamo
izohifsebi Seirwymian. maSasadame 45ο -
isaTvis rodesac h = 1 m. dasaSvebia,
h
h (magram ara)
2
h/2
45ο 22 ο ,5 II) axla ganvixiloT 22 ο ,5 -ze
0.01 Tu h = 1 m izohifsebs Soris manZili
I
0.02sm. e.i. gaorkecebul zRvrul
h
sizustes, rodesac , maSin izohifsebs
II 2
22 ο ,5 45ο Soris manZili udris 0.01 e.i. kveTis
simaRle unda aviRoT 45ο -is Sesabamisi
da ara 22 ο ,5 -isa.
kveTis normaluri simaRle reliefisaTvis unda SeirCes.
saerTod Tu adgili
aqvs sxvadasxvagvar daqane-
bas, maSin kveTis simaRle
unda SevarCioT maqsima-
luri daqanebisaTvis da is
gamodgeba yvela danarCeni
daqanebebisaTvis. saerTod,
mTavaria pirvel rigSi
damaxasiaTebeli werti-
lebis SerCeva, xolo
Semdeg kveTis simaRlis
SerCeva.
davamyaroT damokide-

nax. 92 buleba a-qvedebulsa, ν

daxris kuTxesa da h kveTis simaRles Soris. a = h ⋅ ctgν

94
 SevadginoT cxrili
ν
1ο 2ο 3ο 4ο 5ο 10ο 15ο 20 ο 25ο 30 ο 35ο 40 ο 45ο
h
1m 57.3 28.6 19.1 14.3 11.4 5.7 3.7 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.0

qvedebulebi gamovTvaleT formuliT a = h ⋅ ctgν( ν = 1ο ,2 ο...45ο ) kuTxis

zrdisas manZili araproporciulad mcirdeba, xolo zogierT intervalebSi
daculia proporciulad Semcireba.
vTqvaT, gvinda gzis gayvana, romlis daxraa 7ο. gamovTvaloT
Sesabamisi a. ganvsazRvroT qvedebulis kleba 1ο -iT zrdisas 5ο -dan 10ο -mde.
. − 5.7
114
1ο − = 114
. m
5
axla ganvixiloT Sebrunebuli amocana. mocemulia a=9.12 da saWiroa
ganvsazRvroT daxris ν kuTxe.
11.4-9.12=2.28
2.28 : 1.14=2
e.i. ν = 5ο + 2 ο = 7 ο

ν
10 20 30 40 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
nax. 93
agebuli diagramis mixedviT ganvsazRvroT cxrilSi Seutaneli
daxris kuTxis Sesabamisi qvedebuli ν RerZze. gadavzomavT am kuTxis
Sesabamis manZils, miRebuli wertilidan aRvmarTavT marTobs diagramis
gadakveTamde da miviRebT qanobs mocemul masStabSi.
qvedebulis gansazRvra SeiZleba qanobis mixedviTac
h h
= tgν = i a= i = 0.01 = 1%
a i
i = 0.001 = 1% o .
gavutoloT h=1m da SevadginoT cxrili

95
 i
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.012
h
1m 1000 500 333.3 250.0 200.0 166.7 142.8 125.0 111.1 110.0 90.9 83.6

a,m

i %o
nax. 94
cxrilis saSualebiT aigeba diagrama: cxrilSi winaswar mocemuli
h-is da qanobis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebisaTvis gamoiTvlian qvedebulebs
formuliT
h h = 1m
a= roca
i i = 0.001
1m
a= = 1000 m da a.S.
0.001
diagramis asagebad horizontul xazze nebismieri masStabiT
movzomavT qanobebs, xolo Sveuli mimarTulebiT ki mocemul masStabSi
qvedebulebs. miRebul wertilebs SevaerTebT, ris Sedegadac miviRebT
saZiebel diagramas.

VIII Tavi

96
 Tarazoebi
8.1. Tarazos Teoria
xazebisa da sibrtyeebis horizontalur da vertikalur mdgo-
mareobaSi mosayvanad sargebloben TarazoTi. geodeziuri instrumentebi
Sedgeba RerZebisa da wredebisagan, romelTa dayeneba Sveulad an
Tarazulad aucilebelia
samuSaoebis Sesrulebis
dros. am amocanis gadasaw-
yvetad gamoiyeneba Tara-
nax. 95 zo.
Tarazo ZiriTadad orgvaria: cilindruli da sferuli.
cilindruli Tarazoebic
ori saxisaa:
1. pirveli saxis
cilindruli Tarazo (xe-
losnebis Tarazo) ase mzad-
deba: aiReben SuSis mils,
gaaxureben da sasurveli
radiusiT moRunaven. masSi
Caasxamen spirts, toveben
cota haers buStulasaTvis
da daxSaven. milis simrudis
nax. 96 maqsimaluri radiusi R max ≈ 2
metramdea.
1-li ampuliT sibrtye moyavT Tarazulad, 2-Ti ki vertikalurad.
TvaliT interpolobisaTvis Tarazos zemoT aqvs ori Strixi.
2. meore saxis cilindruli Tarazo aris ufro zusti. mis
dasamzadeblad iReben mils, Sig moaTavseben garkveuli profilis mqone
qlibs, romlis simrudis radiusi aRwevs 200 metrs. am qlibs abruneben
milSi. milis Siga zedapiri miiRebs qlibis profils. Tu mili orive
mxareze aris gaxexili, maSin gveqneba ormxrivi anu reversiuli Tarazo.
Tarazos milakze zrdad warwerebs akeTeben Suidan marjvniv da marcxniv
an erTi mxriT. naxazze mocemulia reversiuli (ormxrivi) Tarazo orgvari
warweriT. miRebulia Tarazos ormilimetriani danayofebi.
97
 mils erTi mxridan daxSaven minis sagozaviT da Sig Caasxaven
gogirdovan eTers, ise rom gavsebas cota akldes, aTavseben 30 ο − 40ο -mde
gacxelebul qviSian an marilian abazanaSi. mili siTxis gafarToebis
Sedegad aivseba da daiwyebs gadmosvlas, am dros mils daxSaven. gacivebis
Semdeg siTxe SeikumSeba da gaCndeba uhaero buStula. ase damzadebul
mils aTavseben sasurveli formis CarCoSi. CarCos ukeTeben Tarazos
Semasworebel xraxns. Tarazos aqvs 2 RerZi: 1. geometriuli anu simetriis
RerZi AB da 2. TviT Tarazos RerZi HH1, romelic aris nul punqtis mxebi
Signidan.
maSasadame, Tarazos HH1 RerZi ewodeba im wrfes, romelic
warmoadgens Siga mxebs nul
punqtSi. Tarazos gaaCnia 2
sakani Tarazos orive mxri-
saTvis (erTi sakani zeda
mxaresaTvis, meore qveda
mxaresaTvis), sakani gamoiye-
neba zamTarSi an zafxulSi

nax. 97 siTxis saregulireblad.

II sferuli Tarazo
sferuli Tarazo warmoadgens sferos nawils (naxazze mocemulia
WrilSi) Tarazos RerZia OC.
Tarazos aqvs Semasworebeli
xraxni.
Tarazos RerZis daxris
kuTxis gansazRvra

vTqvaT, Tarazos O (nul)

punqts emTxveva buStulas m
centri (aq laparakia orive

cilindrul da sferul Tara-

nax. 98
zoze), maSin naxazze HH cilin-
druli da OC sferuli Tarazos RerZebs eqnebaT Sesabamisad hori-
zontaluri da vertikaluri mdgomareobebi. OC sferuli Tarazos RerZi

98
davxaroT θ kuTxiT, cilindruli Tarazos H ' H ' RerZi ki α kuTxiT e.i. HH-
ma miiRo H ' H ' mdebareoba. xolo OC-em miiRo O' C mdebareoba. rogorc
naxazidan sCans α = θ .
erTi 2 milimetriani danayofis Sesabamisi centraluri kuTxe
avRniSnoT τ -Ti, rasac Tarazos safasuri ewodeba. naxazidan θ = α = τ ⋅ n , e.i.
Tu viciT τ da nul punqtidan buStulas Suagulis gadaxris Sesabamis
danayofTa n ricxvi, miviRebT α anu θ kuTxes.
vinaidan nul punqtidan buStulas Suagulis Sesabamisi anaTvlis
aReba zustad Znelia, amitom vsargeblobT misi boloebis Sesabamisi
anaTvlebiT (buStulas marjvena da marcxena boloebiT), amasTan
dakavSirebiT ganvixiloT ori SemTxveva.
1. buStula aris nul punqtidan marcxniv
m (naxazze Tarazos RerZis marjvena mxarea
c d
daxrili), davweroT am SemTxvevisaTvis om
o manZilis gamosaTvleli formula. naxazidan

oc − od oc + od
om = oc − cm = oc − = (8.1.1)
2 2
nax. 99
m o
c d
2. ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca
buStula OO-punqtidan marjvniv gadadis, e.i.
roca anaTvali aiReba O-punqtidan orive
mxares. maSin naxazidan.
oc + od oc − od
om = oc − cm = oc − = (8.1.2)
nax. 100 2 2
manZilebi gamovsaxoT anaTvlebiT.
aRvniSnoT
oc - manZili a danayofis raodenobiT,
od - manZili b danayofis raodenobiT,
om = n .
danayofebi aTvlili O-punqtidan marcxniv aRvniSnoT “+”-iT, O-
punqtidan marjvniv ki “_“-iT, e.i. (1) da (2) gagrZeldeba ase:
a+b a − ( − b) a + b
n= (nax. 99) n= = (nax. 100)
2 2 2

99
 danayofebis raodenoba O-punqtidan buStulis Suagulamde udris
buStulis boloebis Sesabamisi anaTvlebis algebrul saSualos.
aviRoT reversiuli Tara-
zos zedxedi orive mxridan da
ganvsazRvroT n-anaTvali.
I-dan
a + b −2 + ( −8)
n= = = −5 .
2 2
II-dan
2 k − a − b 20 − 12 − 18
n= = = −5 ,
2 2
k -manZilia Skalis sawyisidan
O-punqtamde.

Tarazos danayofis safasu-

nax. 101
ris gansazRvra.
Tarazos safasuris
gansazRvrisaTvis iyeneben
egzamenators. garegnulad
igi reisSinas waagavs. A da
nax. 102 B wertilebSi xistad
Camagrebulia wvetanebiT. C
wertilSi gayrilia xraxni, romlis Tavi dayofilia m nawilad.

nax. 103
avRniSnoT egzamenatoris safasuri τ Э " -Ti, danayofebis raodenoba

ki, rogorc viciT, aris m. gamosacdel Tarazos aTavseben egzamenatorze,

rogorc naCvenebia 103 naxazze.
100
 h _aris xraxnis biji, romelic Seesabameba mis erT srul
Semobrunebas da ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad. aviRoT xraxni da davaWiroT
qaRaldze. igi datovebs kvals. gavzomoT H manZili kidura kvalebs Soris
da davTvaloT maT Soris ramdeni xraxnis bijia – N . maSin
H
h= .
N
Sesabamisi centraluri kuTxe udris
mτ Э " -s. sanam Tarazos safasurs
ganvsazRvravdeT, manamde unda
nax. 104 ganisazRvros τ Э " naxazidan

h h
mτ Э = ρ" ; da τ Э"= ρ" (8.1.3)
λ λ⋅ m
sadac λ -gaizomeba, m-danayofTa raodenobaa egzamenatoris xraxnze;
ρ "= 206000" -radiania sekundebSi; h -biji gansazRvrulia.
Tarazos safasuris τ " gansazRvrisas viqceviT ase: egzamenatoris
xraxns vatrialebT manamde, sanam buStula mTlianad ar gadava nul
punqtidan marcxniv, aviRebT anaTvlebs a1 da b1 Tarazoze da m1
egzamenatorze, vatrialebT xraxns ise, rom Tarazos buStula gadavides
nulpunqtidan marjvniv mTlianad da aviRebT anaTvlebs a2 da b2 Tarazoze
da m2 egzamenatorze.
buStulas centris Sesabamisi anaTvali pirvel SemTxvevaSi iqneba
a1 + b1
n1 = ; Sesabamisi anaTvali m1 egzamenatorze;
2
meore SemTxvevaSi
a 2 + b2
n2 = ; Sesabamisi anaTvali m2 egzamenatorze.
2
danayofis raodenoba egzamenatorze m' = m 2 − m1 ;

danayofis raodenoba Tarazoze n = n1 + n 2 ;

daxris kuTxe Tarazoze n ⋅τ " udris daxris kuTxes egzamenatorze

m'τ Э " , e.i. n ⋅ τ "= m'τ Э aqedan

m'
τ "= τ "Э .
n

101
 Tu am moqmedebas gavimeorebT ramdenimejer, gamonaTvalTa saSualo
iqneba τ " -s zusti mniSvneloba. miRebul τ " gavyofT Suaze da SevitanT
zemoTaRniSnul formulebSi
a+b τ"
α= τ " = ( a + b) ,
2 2
2k − a − b τ"
α= τ " = ( 2 k − a − b) ,
2 2
amas ewodeba Tarazos RerZis daxris kuTxis gansazRvra naxevar
safasurebSi.

a) Tarazos mgrZnobiaroba

Tarazos mgrZnobiaroba aris mxilebis unarianoba, romelsac

gamoavlens Tarazo misi RerZis ama Tu im kuTxiT daxris SemTxvevaSi.
vTqvaT α kuTxiT daxril AB sibrtyeze devs ori Tarazo. erTi
gadaxrilia om manZi-
liT, meore ki o' m' -iT.
nulidan buStulis
centri daxrilia α
kuTxiT orive Tara-
zoze, magram rkali
α
erTi da igive kuTxi-
nax. 105 saTvis sxvadasxvaa.
meore Tarazos rkali ufro didia, e.i. is ufro mgrZnobiarea.
α α α
om = R1 ; o ' m' = R2 ; -kuTxuri radianuli zomaa.
ρ ρ ρ
Tarazos mgrZnobiaroba pirdapir proporciul damokidebulebaSia
radiusTan. Tarazos mgrZnobiaroba damokidebulia agreTve minis Siga
pireulis damuSavebaze, siTxiani buStulis sidideze da Tarazos
safasurze. Tarazos safasuri rac ufro mcirea, is miT ufro mgrZnobiarea,
e.i. Tarazos mgrZnobiaroba safasurTan ukuproporciul damokide-
bulebaSia. magaliTad, naxazze,

102
 α α
τ1 = , xolo τ2 = ;
3 4
mgrZnobiarobis mixedviT Tarazoebi iyofa 3 jgufad
1. zemgrZnobiare τ = 2"−10" -mde;
2. mgrZnobiare τ = 10"−30" ;
3. teqnikuri τ = 30"−120" .

b) xazebisa da sibrtyeebis horizontul mdgomareobaSi

moyvana da Tarazos Sesworeba

Tarazo wesrigSia maSin, rodesac Tarazos nuli aucileblad

Tarazos SuaSia, e.i. geometriuli RerZi AB paraleluria HH Tarazos
RerZis. aviRoT planSeti,
romelsac aqvs sami amwevi
xraxni A, B, C. davdoT
Tarazo ori amwevi AB
xraxnis gaswvriv. planSeti
rom Tarazul mdgomareobaSi
moviyvanoT, jer AB xazi
nax. 106
unda moviyvanoT Tarazul
mdgomareobaSi. AB-s gaswvriv dadebul Tarazoze buStulis SuaSi
mosayvanad A da B xraxnebs vabrunebT, sanam m wertili ar daemTxveva
nuls. Semdeg Tarazos SemovabrunebT 180 ο da Tu Tarazo wesrigSia,
buStulis m centri daemTxveva O centrs da AB xazi iqneba Tarazulad.
xolo, roca Tarazo wesrigSi ar aris, buStulis Suaguli iqneba m'
wertilSi. maSin mm' -is (gadaxris) naxevars SevasworebT Tarazos
Semasworebeli C xraxniT, xolo meore naxevars gadavaadgilebT ukan amwevi
xraxnebiT AB da a. S.
cnobilia, rom sibrtyis mdebareobas sivrceSi gansazRvravs masze
mdebare ori xazi, amitom marto AB xazis moyvaniT Tarazul mdgomareobaSi
sibrtyis Tarazulobas ver mivaRwevT. amitom vdebT Tarazos AB xazis
103
marTobulad C xraxnis mimarTulebiT da am xraxniT mogvyavs buStulas m
wertili nul wertilSi.

g) Tarazos RerZis Sesworebis geometriuli interpretacia

vTqvaT AB aris Tarazos

geometriuli RerZi, romelic
paraleluri unda iyos Tarazos
H1H2 RerZisa. davuSvaT, rom isini ar
arian paralelurebi da maT Soris
Seiqmna ε kuTxe, maSasadame,
rodesac Tarazos buStulas m
wertils nul wertilSi moviyvanT,
rac imas niSnavs, rom H1H2 RerZi

Tarazuli iqneba, maSin AB RerZi

nax. 107
daxrili iqneba ε kuTxiT. Tarazos
180 ο -iT Semobrunebisas buStula gadaixreba, radgan H1H2 RerZi miiRebs
H 1 ' H 2 ' mdebareobas da gadakveTavs H1H2 RerZs β kuTxiT. naxazidan β = 2ε ;

gavyoT <β Suaze da gavataroT H1" H 2 " RerZi, romelic

perpendikularulia AB -si; H1 ' H 2 ' RerZs, rom H 1 " H 2 " -is mdgomareoba
β
mivaRebinoT, saWiroa igi Seswordes Tarazos Semasworebeli xraxniT ε =
2
kuTxiT. AB geometriul RerZs moviyvanT Tarzul mdgomareobaSi amwevi
xraxnebiT, ris Sedegadac AB paraleluria H 1" H 2" da orive RerZi
Tarazulia.

d) Tarazos RerZis daxris kuTxis gansazRvra

104
 vTqvaT AB RerZs aqvs daxra α kuTxiT. Tu AB da H1H2 RerZebs Soris
ar aris ε kuTxe, maSin pirdapir miviRebT AB RerZis daxris kuTxes α -s,
magram rogori sizustis
H '1 Tarazoc ar unda iyos, ε -i
mainc iqneba (laparakia
uzustes Tarazoebze), amitom
α = θ 1 − ε . Semobrunebis Semdeg
(meore SemTxvevaSi)
H1
α =θ2 + ε
da maTi saSualo

θ1 +θ 2
nax. 108 α= sadac
2
τ
θ 1 = (a1 + b1 ) ,
2
τ
θ 2 = (a 2 + b2 ) .
2

IX Tavi
samiznebeli xelsawyoebi

105
 ZiriTadi samiznebeli xelsawyo aris
adamianis Tvali. Cven gvainteresebs adamianis
Tvalis broli, sadac sxivebi gadaikveTebian
da badura, sadac gamosaxuleba miiReba.
davuSvaT, rom saWiroa AB sagnis
damzera, sadac:
α -saukeTeso xedvis kuTxea;
ω -saukeTeso xedvis manZili. igi sxvadasx-
nax. 109 vaa da tolia –
Cveulebrivi TvalisaTvis=25 sm.;
beci TvalisaTvis =10 sm;
yuSi TvalisaTvis =50 sm.
sagnis kargad garCevis mizniT usasrulod misi miaxloeba
SeuZlebelia. rogorc naxazidan Cans, Tvalis gugaSi (MM) miviRebT AB-s
Sebrunebul ba gamosaxulebas, romelsac vmzerT saukeTeso mxedvelobis ω
manZilze.
kuTxes, romelsac qmnis Tvalis optikur centrTan samzeri sagnis
kiduri wertilebidan wamosuli sxivebi, mxedvelobis kuTxe ewodeba ( α ).
geodeziaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs Soreul sagnebTan. sagani rac ufro
Sorsaa, miT ufro mcire gveCveneba. saganTa garkveviT aRqma ki
aucilebelia. sagnebi, rom garkveviT aRviqvaT, saWiroa mxedvelobis kuTxis
gadideba e.i. Tvalis SeiaraReba. iaraRSi gamoiyeneba linzebi.

9.1. Wogri

Wogri Sedgeba obieqtivis da okularis muxlisagan.

106
 ganvixiloT, Cvens mier
Seswavlili, linzebis Tvise-
bebi rogor gamoiyeneba WogrSi,
romelic Soreul sagnebs
aaxloebs da adidebs. e.i. viRebT Sebrunebul warmosaxviT da gadidebul
gamosaxulebas.
Wogris obieqtivSi gamoiyeneba I SemTxveva,
okularSi ki II SemTxveva;
e.i. obieqtividan miRebul ba gamosaxulebas (Semcirebuls,
Sebrunebuls, namdvils, erTmag safokuso manZils gareT) davuxvedroT meore
linza, romelic mogvcems gamosaxulebas imave mxares-gadidebuls da
pirdapirs.
kepleris Wogri aaxloebs da adidebs, mikroskopi ki mxolod adidebs.
Wogri xasiaTdeba 3 TvisebiT:
1. gamadideblobiT,
2. mxedvelobis areTi,
3. naTelobiT.

a) Wogris gamadidebloba

Wogris gamadidebloba aris im kuTxis fardoba, romlis

farglebSic daimzireba sagani SeiaraRebuli TvaliT, kuTxesTan, romlis
farglebSic daimzireba sagani SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT, e.i. roca gvaqvs
Wogri da sagans vmzerT raRac β kuTxiT, xolo uWogroT α kuTxiT.
β
gamadidebloba G= , saerTod Wogris gamadidebloba rom gamoviyvanoT,
α
unda ganvsazRvroT obieqtivisa da okularis gamadidebloba cal-calke
da Semdeg maTi SeTavsebiT miviRoT, Wogris saerTo gamadidebloba.

107
 nax. 110
AB sagani obieqtiviT daimzireba α kuTxiT. miRebul ba
gamosaxulebas davuxvedroT Tvali saukeTeso xedvis ω manZilze, romelic
imave gamosaxulebas damzers α ' kuTxiT.
F – iyos mTavari safokuso manZili,
d – safokuso manZili linzidan gamosaxulebamde.
linzis mTavari fokusi aris is wertili, sadac miiReba
gamosaxuleba, rodesac sagani usasrulobaSia.

⎛ α '⎞
obieqtivis linzis gamadideblobis ⎜ g1 = ⎟ formula gavamravloT
⎝ α ⎠
d-ze da ganvsazRvroT (d-F).
d d ⎛ α '⎞
d−F= ⋅F ; aqedan unda SevcvaloT, amitom ⎜ g1 = ⎟
D D ⎝ α ⎠
gavamravloT D-ze
d F
= , (9.1.1)
D D−F
d F2
d−F= ⋅F = . (9.1.2)
D D−F
F – aris mTavari safokuso manZili. igi SeiZleba iyos max 8-10sm. D
– aris manZili Wogridan sagnamde da rogorc zemoT avRniSneT ≈ 200 m. d –
manZili gamosaxulebidan linzamde da igi ≈ F (radgan sagani Sorsaa).
axla ganvsazRvroT ab; naxazze Δabc da Δabc' dan
α α'
ab = 2 Ftg = 2ωtg . (9.1.3)
2 2

108
 arsebuli sidideebi mcirea da gamovsaxoT radianebSi.
Fα = ωα ' , aqedan (9.1.4)
α' F
= =g. (9.1.5)
α ω
esaa obieqtivis linzis gamadidebloba da igi udris mTavari
safokuso manZilisa da saukeTeso xedvis manZilis fardobas.

b) ganvsazRvroT gamadidebloba okularisaTvis

vTqvaT, sagani aris fo-

kussa da linzas Soris. rom
ar gvqondes linza, sagans
davmzerdiT α kuTxiT, magram,
radgan linza gvaqvs, vmzerT
β kuTxiT. e.i. okularis
β
gamadidebloba g2 = . unda
α
ganvsazRvroT D' . (5)-dan
f2
− d − f = −ω = aqedan
D'− f

nax. 111 ⎛ f⎞
D ' = f ⎜1 − ⎟ (9.1.6)
⎝ ω⎠
f
f max = 7 mm. ω = 500 mm (yuSi TvalisaTvis) e.i. SegviZlia
ω
vugulvebelvyoT, e.i. D' ≈ f . D' - vayenebT safokuso manZilze (maSasadame
gamosaxuleba miiReba mTavar fokusSi). axla gavigoT ab. naxazidan
α'
ab = 2 ftg β 2 = 2ωtg ; (9.1.7)
2
β ω ω
fβ = ωα ' , = = g2 , e.i. g2 = . (9.1.8)
α' f f
(8) aris muSa formula okularis gamadideblobis gamosasaxavad.
axla ganvsazRvroT, rogor miiReba sxivebi WogrSi (obieqtivSi da
okularSi erTad).

109
 sagani AB gaivlis obieqtivis linzaSi. gamosaxuleba ba miiReba
Soreuli sagnis Sebrunebuli da Semcirebuli. axla davuxvedroT meore
(okularis) linza ise, rom ba iyos okularis linzisa da mis mTavar
safokuso manZils Soris. Wogris saerTo gamadidebloba
F ω F
G = g1 ⋅ g 2 = ⋅ = , (9.1.9)
ω f f
e.i. gamadidebloba udris obieqtivis linzisa da okularis linzis
safokuso manZilebis fardobas.

nax. 112

β β F
ab = aFtg , Fα = fβ , = =G. (9.1.10)
2
α f
gamadideblobas praqtikulad gansazRvraven sxvadasxva xerxiT.
ganvixiloT galileis meTodi:
Wogridan 20-25m-is manZilze ayeneben lartyas da mzeren
cali TvaliT WogrSi, meoreTi uWogrod. Tvalebi ise unda iyos
dayenebuli, rom orive suraTi erTmaneTs hfaravdes. daTvlian im
danayofebis ricxvs uWogrod, romelic Seesabameba WogrSi
lartyis 1 danayofs. igi Cvens SemTxvevaSi =12 e.i. G = 12 , an
obieqtivis linzis Tavisufal ganxmulobas (xvrets) gazomaven
mm-Si, vTqvaT 30 mm. maSin Tvlian, rom gamadidebloba G = 30 .
axla ganvsazRvroT rodisaa gamadidebloba maqsimaluri
da minimaluri.

110
 nax. 113
vTqvaT gvinda Wogrs hqondes maqsimaluri gamadidebloba,
usasrulobidan wamosuli sxivebi ikveTeba mTavar safokuso manZilze. igi
(F) obieqtivisaTvis mudmivi sididea.
okulari davuxvedroT f1, f2, f3 manZilebze. linzis zRvruli sidide
iqneba q (Tvalis gugis diametri), igi Tvalze didi ar SeiZleba iyos.
eqsperimentalurad dadgenilia, rom f : 7.5 mm-ze naklebi ar
SeiZleba iyos, e.i. maqsimaluri gamadidebloba iqneba, rodesac f
minimaluria.
F F
G max = = , (9.1.11)
f 1 7.5
F F Q
G min = = q = . (9.1.12)
f3 Q ⋅ F q

Q – Tavisufali ganxmuleba obieqtivis linzisaTvis,

q – Tavisufali ganxmuleba TvalisaTvis.

9.2. mxedvelobis are

Wogris mxedvelobis are ewodeba sivrcis im nawils, romelsac

moicavs Tvali WogriT saganze mzeris dros mis uZrav mdgomareobaSi.

111
 nax. 114
mxedvelobis aris sazomi aris α kuTxe, romlis wvero obieqtivis
linzis optikur centrSia da gverdebi eyrdnoba ZafTa badis ganxmulobas.
mag. Tu mocemul sagans vmzerT obieqtivis linziT miviRebT
Sebrunebul, Semcirebul gamosaxulebas. mxedvelobis are
P 0.6 f 2063' 2000'
α'= ⋅ρ = ⋅ 3438' = ≈
F F G G
P-s iReben 0.6-s f-isas (okularis linzis mTavari safokuso
manZilisa). praqtikulad mxedvelobis are ase ganisazRvreba
λ
α'= ⋅ρ. (9.2.1)
D
CD – mxedvelobis areSi ver moxvdeba.

9.3. gamadidebloba

miRebuli odenobebi saSualebas gvaZlevs gamoviTvaloT Wogris

gamadidebloba, mxedvelobis are da naTeloba, roca mas dayenebuli aqvs
hiugensis okulari, obieqtivSi araferi Secvlila, maSasadame miRebuli
formulebis gamoyenebiT gveqneba:
2
Fkep
Fh 2
Gh = = 3 = G k e.i. Semcirdeba. (9.3.1)
fk fk 3

112
 2000 © 2000 3
mxedvelobis are α h = = = αk _ gadidda. (9.3.2)
Gh 2
Gk 2
3
Q2 Q2 9
fardobiTi naTeloba h h = 0.85 = 0.85 = hk (9.3.3)
2
q Gh2
4 4
q 2 G k2
9

ganvixileT sxivebis svla hiugensis okularSi da miviReT

gadidebuli gamosaxuleba.

a) Wogris samzerad dayeneba

es procesi Sedgeba 2 moqmedebisagan:

1. Wogris Tvalze dayeneba;
2.Wogris saganze dayeneba.
1. saerTod mTavaria, rom yovelTvis naTlad vxedavdeT ZafTa badis
samanZilo Zafebs. igi moTavsebulia k1k2-anu hiugensis okularis minebis
SuaSi.

Zafebi rom naTlad davinaxoT, unda vamoZraoT okularis muxli, sanam

naTlad ar gamoCndeba Zafebi.
2-re moqmedebis dros xdeba Wogris saganze dayeneba. aq SeiZleba
Segvxvdes Semdegi SemTxvevebi:
I – normalur mdgomareobaSi

113
 nax. 115
ZafTa badis sibrtye emTxveva gamosaxulebis sibrtyes. e.i. saidanac ar
unda SevxedoT k-s igi yovelTvis dafaravs (2) SemTxvevas.
II-rodesac ZafTa badis sibrtye ar emTxveva gamosaxulebis
sibrtyes da adgili aqvs paralaqss (3 da 4).

nax. 116
aseT SemTxvevaSi t kramalieris saSualebiT unda vamoZraoT ise, rom
ZafTa badis sibrtye davamTxvioT gamosaxulebas, e.i. paralaqss ar hqondes
adgili.

b) Wogris optikuri Zala

ε"
T= (9.3.4)
G
ε -aris kritikuli kuTxe ≈ 60" . 60" -aris kuTxe, romliTac daimzireba
wertili ( ω = 25 sm) saukeTeso mxedvelobis manZilze.

114
 X Tavi
danayofebis amTvleli xelsawyoebi
10.1 anaTvlebis aRebis meTodi

geodeziuri samuSaoebis Sesrulebis dros saWiroa kuTxeebis

gazomva. kuTxeebi rom gavzomoT, unda vicodeT anaTvlis aReba. ganvixiloT
rogor xdeba anaTvlis aReba.
vTqvaT, gvaqvs rkali.
erTi danayofis Sesabamisi
centraluri kuTxe, avRniSnoT
λ -iT, maSin
1 – rkalisaTvis λ = 30'
2 – rkalisaTvis λ = 20'
Tu isari gaCerda
zustad danayofze, rogorc es
nax. 117 1-rkalzea naCvenebi, maSin
anaTvali β = 22 ο30' , magram vTqvaT isarma gadainacvla kidev danayofis 0.7-
iT e.i. anaTvali iqneba
β = 22o30 '+ 21'± 3' = 22o51'± 3'
aseve 2-re rkalisaTvis, vTqvaT isari gadascda danayofis 0.9-iT, maSin
anaTvali β = 22o40 '+ 18'± 2 ' = 22o58'± 2 ' .
orive SemTxvevaSi anaTvlebi miaxloebiTia, e.i. anaTvlebs zustad ver
viRebT, amitom holandielma mecnierma
vernierma da portugalielma noniusma
gamoiyenes xelsawyo, romelsac ewodeba
vernieri.
adamianis Tvals
zedmiwevniT SeuZlia
gaarCios mijriT daye-
nebuli Skalebis dapi-
rispirebuli Strixebis
Tanxvedra. am Tanxved-
nax. 118 ras 10-jer ufro

115
zustad arCevs, vidre grafikuli sizustea. vernierSi swored Tvalis es
Tvisebaa gamoyenebuli.
aviRos rkali AB da davyoT igi n nawilad, imave rkalis Sesabamisi
sigrZe wredze ki n-1 nawilad.
I-dan AB = υ ⋅ n = λ(n − 1)
Cveni mizania ganvsazRrvoT danayofebs Soris sxvaoba.

λ
τ = λ−υ = + (10.1.1)
n

II-re SemTxvevisaTvis, AB-

rkalis sigrZe verni-erze isev
n nawilad davyoT, xolo
Sesaba-misi rkalis sigrZe
nax. 119 wredze n+1 nawilad.
maSasadame II-dan
AB = υ ⋅ n = λ( n + 1) , aqedan

λ
τ = λ− υ = −
n
I-SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs dadebiTi vernieri,
II-SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs uaryofiTi vernieri.
radgan sizuste I – SemTxvevisaTvis dadebiTia, am verniers ewodeba
dadebiTi vernieri, agreTve uwodeben pirdapirs, imitom rom anaTvlebi,
rogorc vernierze, aseve limbze izrdeba erTi mimarTulebiT.
II-re naxazze, gvaqvs uaryofiTi vernieri, imitom, rom τ miviReT (_)
niSniT. Sebrunebuli imitom, rom warwerebi limbze da vernierze izrdeba
urTierT sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.
saerTod instrumentebSi gvxvdeba I-li saxis vernieri. II-re saxis
vernierebi SeiZleba Segvxvdes saxazavebze.

116
 XI Tavi
gazomvebi da xazebis dasarva
11.1. pirdapiri gazomvebi

ricxvi aris materialuri samyaros raodenobrivi gamosaxuleba. igi

miiReba gazomvebis an gamoTvlebis Sedegad.
cnobilia, rom geodeziuri samuSaoebis Sesrulebis dros manZilebs
zomaven pirdapiri (meqanikuri) an arapirdapiri (analizuri da
instrumentuli) xerxiT.
praqtikis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, zemoxsenebuli gazomvebi sruldeba:
umartivesi instrumentebiTa da xerxiT; saSualo sizustis pirdapiri
xerxiT; maRali sizustis pirdapiri xerxiT; geometriuli da fizikuri
manZilmzomebis saSualebiT.
umartivesi xerxiT manZilebis gasazomad iyeneben: drois aRricxvas;
Tvalzomvas; adamianis bijs; sazom borbals; samiwaTmzomelo fargals da
sxva.
saSualo sizustis pirdapiri xerxiT manZilebis gasazomi iaraRebia
sazomi kverTxebi, sazomi bafTa da ruleti.
maRali sizustiT pirdapiri xerxiT manZilebs zomaven invaruli
(iderin giliomis) mavTulebiT da aRweven 1 ⋅10−6 da met sizustes. am
xerxiT manZilebis gazomvas sWirdeba didi dro da, agreTve, gauval
adgilebSi misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia.
geometriuli da fizikuri manZilmzomebiT manZilebis gazomvebi
sruldeba nebismieri saxis reliefis pirobebSi. geometriul manZilmzomebs
warmoadgens Zafebiani da optikuri manZilmzomebi (paralaqsuri
manZilmzomebiTurT), romelTa Teoria da praqtika dafuZnebulia
geometriuli optikis kanonebze. es meTodi meqanikuri xerxiT manZilebis
gazomvaze swrafia, mxolod gamoiyeneba SedarebiT mokle (erT
kilometramde) manZilebis gasazomad da agreTve xasiaTdeba mcire 2 ⋅10−4
sizustiT.
fizikur manZilsazomebSi iyeneben sinaTlis interferencias, bgeriTi
rxevebis gavrcelebis talRebs da eleqtromagnitur energias, e. w.
signalebis saxiT. bgeriT manZilsazoms mcire sizustis gamo geodeziaSi ar
iyeneben. rac Seexeba sinaTlis interferencias, anu sinaTlis
117
ganaTebulobis gaZlierebis da Sesustebis movlenas, geodeziaSi
SezRudulad gamoiyeneba. aq sinaTlis miRebuli gamosxivebis talRebis
sigrZeebSi izomeba mcire zomis etaloni, romelsac e. w. optikuri
gadamravlebis gziT TanamimdevrobiT adareben grZel manZilebs. sinaTlis
interferenciis meTodiT geodeziaSi xdeba invaruli mavTulebis
komparireba da sakontrolo bazisebis gazomva. misi sizuste aRwevs 1 ⋅10−7 ,
magram am meTodiT jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba 900 metrze meti manZilebis
gazomva, agreTve gazomvaze ixarjeba didi dro; fizikur manZilsazomebSi,
iyeneben ra eleqtromagnitur energias, awarmoeben im drois gazomvas, rac
sWirdeba am energias (signals) gaiaros gaorkecebuli gasazomi manZili;
amave dros, Tu am energiis siCqare cnobili iqna, gasazomi manZilebi martivi
damokidebulebebiT isazRvreba.
fizikuri manZilsazomebi amJamad warmoidgineba: eleqtrooptikuri anu
sinaTlis manZilsazomebis, geodeziuri radiomanZilsazomebisa da
radiogeodeziuri sistemebis saxiT.
eleqtrooptikur, anu sinaTlis, manZilsazomebSi eleqtromagnitur
energias (signals) warmoadgens eleqtrooptikuri talRebis nakadi,
romelsac iReben moZravi eleqtrosadgurebisagan.
geodeziuri radiomanZilsazomebis eleqtromagnitur energias
(signals) warmoadgens radiotalRebi, romelTac iReben akumulatorebis
saSualebiT.
radiogeodeziuri sistemebi iqmneba zemoxsenebuli fizikuri
manZilsazomebis safuZvelze. amisaTvis ramdenime punqtze awyoben
signalebis gadamcem da mimReb danadgarebs, rac saSualebas iZleva
Tanadroulad ganisazRvros aRniSnul punqtebs Soris manZilebi; agreTve
igi gamoiyeneba aerofotoTviTmfrinavisa da dedamiwis xelovnuri
Tanamgzavris mdebareobis dasadgenad da sxva.
fizikuri manZilsazomebis Teoria da praqtika emyareba fizikuri
optikis, eleqtroteqnikis, eleqtronikisa da radioteqnikis ZiriTadi
cnebebis srulyofilad gamoyenebas, am SromaSi maT ar ganvixilavT.
aRniSnuli sakiTxebi avtoris mier ganxilulia calke
saxelmZRvaneloSi - „fizikuri manZilsazomebi“ – 1996 weli da damxmare
saxelmZRvaneloSi–„Tanamedrove geodeziuri xelsawyoebi“ – 2004 weli.

118
 Cven ZiriTadad aq ganvixilavT pirdapiri (meqanikuri) da arapirdapiri
(analizuri da instrumentaluri) xerxis gazomvebs.
sazomi aris is, riTac vzomavT. xazebis gasazomad sargebloben
foladis bafTiT da CxirebiT. Ffoladis bafTa aris 20-24-48 metriani.
Ggeodeziur samuSaoebSi yvelaze Sromatevadi da sapasuxismgebloa
xazebis gazomva.

nax. 120

Cxirebi unda iyos miduRebuli da ara -ase. vsargeblobT 20

metriani bafTiT, magram sinamdvileSi bafTa ar aris 20m. igi an metia an
naklebi. saWiroa misi namdvili sigrZis dadgena – anu komparireba.
Kkomparirebas awarmoeben: 1) stacionaluri, 2) savele komparatoriT.
komparatoris sigrZes iReben 21 an 22 metrs, Mmets vidre bafTaa. λ-
komparatoris sigrZe winaswar dadgenilia. (mas amowmeben normaluri
bafTiT)
a= λ + (mj-mc) = 20000 + [ (+6) − (−4) ] = 20, 010 m,

gazomili bafTa gamovida 10mm-iT grZeli. vTqvaT, es gamocda

vawarmoveT t = 15ο –ze. Semdegi gazomvebis dros mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT
miRebuli gansxvaveba da garkveuli temperaturuli koeficienti.
vTqvaT, aseTi bafTiT gavzomeT n – jer, e.i. gazomil xazs unda
davamatoT (n × 10)mm. xolo, roca moklea unda gamovakloT.

N
nax. 121
ganvixiloT magaliTi: vTqvaT, gvinda gavzomoT xazi, gvyavs wina muSa,
ukana muSa da samuSaoTa mwarmoebeli. wina muSas aqvs 10 Cxiri, xolo
119
ukanas 1 - Cxiri. wina muSas ukana muSa ayenebs TavisTavsa da saris
gaswvrivobaSi.
wina asobs, ukana agrovebs. ukanasknel Cxirs rom Caasobs wina muSa,
ukanas eqneba 10 Cxiri, maSin samuSaoTa mwarmoeblis kontrolis qveS ukana
muSa gadascems wina muSas 10 Cxirs, rac =200m.
vTqvaT, ukanasknel adgilze varT da aweria 3. aucileblad bafTa
unda gadavabrunoT da warwera 3 unda gavakontroloT. 3-is sapirispirod
warwera unda iyos 17; 6-14; 8-12 da a.S.
vTqvaT, gvaqvs gazomili:
bafTa 20 gadatana, 8-Cxiri, 6m. 4dm. 8sm.
400 + 160.00 + 6 + 0.40 + 0.08 = 566.48m
xazis bolos wina muSa miadebs 0-s da aTvlas awarmoebs
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, Tu xazis gagrZeleba ar SeiZleba.
Ggazomili xazis sigrZe L= 566.48 gamovida, magram es sigrZe swori araa,
radgan sinamdvileSi bafTa grZeli iyo e.i. namdvili sigrZe
L
L0 = ⋅ δ + ε1 + L ; (11.1.1)
20
⎛ 566.48 ⎞
⎜ + δ ⎟ + L = L0 ,
⎝ 20 ⎠

axla temperaturisaTvis α = ( t − tο) Lο

zogadad Lο = L + ΔL ± ε 1 (11.1.2)
sadac ε 1 = α ( t − tο) L (11.1.3)
tο - bafTis komparirebis dros temperatura
t - muSaobis dros temperatura
ε 1 - Sesworeba temperaturisaTvis
L – xazis sigrZe
λ - bafTis sigrZe
kidev Seitaneba Sesworeba
adgilis daxrisaTvis
Lο = L ⋅ cos ν (11.1.4)
nax. 122 ν
εν = L − Lo = 2 Lo sin 2
2
(11.1.5)
120
 esaa Sesworebis zusti formula, sadac mxedvelobaSi miRebulia
adgilis daxra, magram Tu ν < 2 ο -ze, maSin daxra mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba.

11.2. xazebis dasarva

AB xazis nebismier or wertilze gatarebul vertikalur sibrtyes

AB xazis gaswvrivoba ewodeba (nax. 123). am xazis L0 orTogonaluri
proeqciis gazomvisas sazomi xelsawyo mudam mis gaswvriv unda iyos
daWimuli. am miznisaTvis aucilebelia paloebiT damagrebuli A da B
wertilebis maxloblobaSi dasmuli sarebi iyos maT gaswvriv. reliefis
Taviseburobisa an didi sigrZis gamo xSirad saWiro xdeba xazis
gaswvrivobis dadgena (dasarva) anu damatebiTi sarebis dasma AB xazis

nax. 123
gaswvrivobaSi. roca xazis sigrZe aRemateba 150 metrs, vake adgilebSi
sarebis dasmas awarmoeben yovel 60-90 wyvil nabijze, borcvnar adgilebSi –
yovel 15_30 wyvil nabijze da mTagorian adgilebSi ki ufro mokle
manZilebze. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xazis dasarvis TandaTanobiTi
miaxloebis xerxs viyenebT an, roca xazis A da B wertili kuTxis wveros
warmoadgens da adgili mniSvnelovnad uswormasworoa, maSin garda
gaswvrivobisa, aucilebelia am wertilebSi sarebi zustad Sveulad iqnes
dayenebuli. ganvixiloT orive SemTxveva.
B wertilSi dasmuli sari (nax. 124) α kuTxiT misi daxris gamo AB
xazis gaswvriv ar imyofeba. reliefis Taviseburebis gamo Tu dasarvisa da
xazis gazomvisas gamoviyenebT am saris bolo B1 wertils, xazis
gaswvrivobidan gadavixrebiT ε kuTxiT. gaswvrivobis am Secdomis odenoba
misi simciris gamo gamoiTvleba formuliT:

121
 bc bB ⋅ sin β h ⋅ cos α sin β
ε' = ⋅ ρ' = ⋅ ρ ' ≈ ρ '⋅ , (11.2.1)
Ab Ab L0
sadac ρ = 3438' aris radiani.

rogorc vxedavT, saris β = 0ο da β = 180 ο daxris SemTxvevaSi

gaswvrivobis Secdomas adgili ar eqneba. maSasadame, xazebis dasarvisa da
gazomvis dros unda vecadoT, rom yvela sari AB xazis gaswvrivobaSi iyos
dayenebuli. vTqvaT, L0 = 344 m; h = 2 m; β = 90ο ; α = 87 ο , maSin (1) formuliT AB

nax. 124

xazis mimarTulebis Secdoma ε ' ≈ 1' . im SemTxvevaSi, roca adgilze

daniSnuli wertili kuTxis wveros warmoadgens da masze dayenebuli saris
ZirSi damizneba ver xerxdeba, maSin aucilebelia sari dayenebuli iyos
gaswvrivobasTan erTad Sveulad. agreTve TandaTanobiTi miaxloebisaTvis
gamoyenebuli sarebi, sanam maT xazis gaswvrivobaSi davamagrebT, yovelTvis
Sveulad unda davayenoT, radganac isini (an maTgan) sxvadasxva
wertilebidan (wertilebi) daimzirebian. sarebis, rogorc xazis
gaswvrivobaSi, ise Sveulad dasayeneblad, gamoiyeneba Sveuli.
saWiroebisamebr AB xazis gaswvrivobaSi saris dasma xdeba AB
mimarTebiT SveuliT, xolo saris Sveulad dasayeneblad igi damatebiT
unda gaswordes AB mimarTulebis marTobulad SveuliT. tlanqad saris
Sveulad dayeneba SeiZleba Sveulis gareSe imave wertilebidan saris
Ziridan Tavisaken TvaliT gadaxris SefasebiT.

11.3. xazebis dasarvis SemTxvevebi

122
 praqtikaSi gvxvdeba dasarvis ori ZiriTadi SemTxveva: pirveli,
roca saWiroa dasmuli ori saris mixedviT xazis gagrZeleba, da meore, or
dasmul sars Soris xazis dasarva. teqstSi mocemuli wertilebi
aRniSnulia A da B asoebiT, xolo damatebiTi sarebi arabuli cifrebiT
da maTi dayenebis Tanamimdevroba – indeqsebiani imave cifrebiT.

dasmuli ori saris mixedviT xazis gagrZeleba

aq ganixileba rogorc vake, ise uswormasworo da dabrkolebis

mqone adgilebis dasarvebi.

a) vake adgilze dasmuli ori saris mixedviT

xazis gagrZeleba

am SemTxvevaSi dasarvas awarmoebs erTi kaci (damsarveli). igi

Sordeba B sars daaxloebiT 60_70 wyvili nabijiT (95_100 metri) (nax. 125a)
da Tavis gverdze gadaweviT gadaxedavs B sars ise, rom igi faravdes A sars

nax. 125
mTel mis simaRleze. amiT damsarveli adgens AB gaswvrivobas, romlis
Sesabamis sibrtyeSi igi adgilze ayenebs 1-l sars, rwmundeba imaSi, 1-li sari
faravs Tu ara A da B sars, agreTve igi dayenebulia Tu ara Sveulad
(nax.125b). Tu samive saris gverdebi moqceul iqna erT Sveul sibrtyeSi,
mizani miRweulia da Tu es piroba ar aRmoCnda Sesrulebuli, 1-li saris
mdebareoba unda Seswordes. imave wesiT unda iqnes dasmuli 2, 3, 4, . . .
sarebi. aseTi meTodiT xazis gagrZelebas ewodeba dasarva Tavisaken.

123
cxadia, binoklis gamoyenebiT dasmuli sarebi ufro zustad iqneba
dayenebuli AB-s gaswvriv.
igive amocana amoixsneba ufro zustad, swrafad Teodolitis
gamoyenebiT, mxolod aq saWiro iqneba damxmare muSa. amisaTvis Teodolits
vcentravT B wertilSi (nax. 126), momwesobaSi mogvyavs da Wogrs vumiznebT A

nax. 126

sars ZirSi. wred-alidadas SemovabrunebT 180ο -iT an Wogrs gadavitanT

zenitze da damxmare muSas (TanaSemwes) vasobinebT 1, 2, 3, me-4 sarebs yovel
60_70 wyvil nabijze daSorebiT. gaswvrivobaSi sarebis dasmas vamowmebT
ZafTa badis Sveuli Zafis saSualebiT, risTvisac Wogrs vamoZravebT misi
brunvis RerZis mikrometruli xraxnis saSualebiT vertikalur sibrtyeSi
saris Ziridan bolomde. Tu saWiroa 1, 2, 3, me-4... sarebis nacvlad Stativebis
dadgma (magaliTad, bazisis gazomvis dros), maSin Wogrs vumiznebT
Stativebis Tavis centrebs. rogorc vxedavT, aqac dasarva warmoebs
Tavisaken.

b) xeobebis erT mxareze dasmuli ori saris mixedviT

xazis gagrZeleba mis meore mxareze

nax. 127

124
 am SemTxvevaSi samuSaos asrulebs erTi damsarveli, risTvisac igi
xan erT ferdobzea da xan meoreze. magaliTad (nax. 127), 1-l sars asobs AB
gaswvriv; me-2 sars 1-l da B saris gaswvriv; me-3 sars me-2 da 1-lis
gaswvriv; me-4 sars me-2 da 3-is gawvriv; me-5-s me-4 da 2-is gaswvriv da me-6
sars me-5 da 1-li saris gaswvriv. saerTod, amgvar SemTxvevaSi, sizustis
gadidebis mizniT yovelTvis sxivi unda gadiodes gamoyenebuli sarebidan
rac SeiZleba erTi saris Tavsa da meoris ZirSi. magaliTad, me-6 saris
dasmisTvis sxivi gadis me-5 saris Tavze da 1-li saris ZirSi.
cxadia, TeodolitiT ganxiladi amocana ufro advilad da zustad
amoixsneboda TanaSemwesTan erTad. amisaTvis sakmarisi iyo B wertilSi
Teodolitis dayeneba da cnobili wesiT Tavisaken sarebis dasma (3, 2, 4, 6, 5,
1).

g) xazis gagrZeleba mcire dabrkolebis gadalaxviT

ganxilad SemTxvevaSi, sanam SesaZlebloba aris, vawarmoebT

dasarvas Tavisken (nax. 128). vTqvaT, B da A gaswvriv dasmul iqna 1-li sari,

nax. 128

Semdeg ekeris an sxva saSualebiT avRmarTavT marTobebs B da 1-l

wertilebSi, gadavzomavT orive marTobze λ manZils, romelic scildeba
dabrkolebas da vsvamT adgilze B1 da 11 sars; Semdeg maTi saSualebiT
daismeba me-21 me-31 da me-41 sarebi. ukanaskneli ori saridan avmarTavT isev

125
marTobebs da gadavzomavT isev λ sigrZeebs, cxadia, dasmuli me-3 da me-4
sarebi iqneba A, B da 1-li saris gaswvrivobaSi.

11.4. or dasmul sars Soris xazis dasarva

aqac ganixileba rogorc vake da uswormasworo, ise garkveuli

dabrkolebis mqone adgilebis dasarva.

a) or urTierT uxilav wertils Soris maRlobis dasarva

ganxiladi amocana sruldeba ori an erTi damxmaris gamoyenebiT.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi (nax. 129) damsarveli dgeba mwvervalze,
daaxloebiT AB gaswvrivobis axlos ise, rom igi xedavdes orive wertils

nax. 129

da asobs sars 11 wertilSi; gzavnis mwvervalis axlos damxmareebs 11B da

11A mimarTebiT da asmevinebs sarebs 21 da 31 wertilebSi ise, rom isini
erTmaneTs xedavdnen. damxmareebi gadaadgileben damsarvels sariT maT
gaswvrivobaSi da asmevineben sars 12 wertilSi. Semdeg damsarveli
gadaadgilebs TavianTi sarebiT orive damxmares 12B da 12A mimarTebiT,

126
romlebsac ayenebinebs sarebs 22 da 32 wertilSi da ase Semdeg. damxmareebi
yovelTvis urTierTs unda xedavdnen, iseve, rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi.
pirveli moqmedebebi sruldeba swrafad da tlanqad, xolo AB xazisadmi
miaxloebisas sjobs, Tu SesaZlebelia damsarvelma saris nacvlad
gamoiyenos Teodoliti. aRwerili wesiT gagrZeldeba samuSao. dasarva
damTavrebulad iTvleba, roca 1-dan me-2 faravs B-s da me-3 ki A-s; agreTve,
2-dan 1-li faravs me-3, xolo 3-dan 1-li me-2-s. mwvervalze sami saris dasmisa
da Semowmebis Semdeg amoiReba miwidan aRniSnuli sarebi da 1-l wertilSi
TeodolitiT (an TvalzomiT) damsarveli damxmareebis gamoyenebiT
awarmoebs ferdobebis dasarvas Tavisaken rogorc A, ise B wertilidan.
meore SemTxvevas aqvs adgili, roca erTi damxmare gvyavs da
Teodoliti ara gvaqvs, amave dros gansakuTrebuli pirobebis gamo saWiroa
erTbaSad AB-s gaswvriv oTxi, xuTi, eqvsi da meti saris dasma. vTqvaT, AB-s
gaswvriv saWiroa erTbaSad eqvsi saris dasma (nax. 130).

nax. 130

eqvsive sari unda iyos dasmuli daaxloebiT AB-s gaswvriv ise, rom,
garda pirvelisa da ukanaskneli (meeqvse) sarisa, danarCeni yoveli saris
dgomis wertilidan moCandes orive mxareze or-ori, xolo pirvelive da
ukanaskneli (meeqvse) saridan aucilebelia erT mxareze moCandes uaxloesi
mocemuli da meore mxareze dasmuli ori sari. ase, magaliTad, 11 wertilSi
dasmuli pirveli saridan: erT mxareze unda Candes A sari da meore mxareze
21 da me-31 sari , me-21 wertilSi dasmuli me-2 saridan erT mxareze 11 da A,
xolo meoreze 31 da me-4 sari da ase Semdeg 6 saramde., romlidanac Cans:
erT mxareze B, meoreze 51 da me-41 sarebi.

127
 dasarvis zogadi wesi mdgomareobs yoveli Sualedi saris
gadaadgilebaSi misi mosazRvre sarebis gaswvriv: ase, magaliTad, damsarveli
dgas ra me-21 wertilSi dasmul sarTan, 11 wertilSi dasmul sars
gadaataninebs damxmares 21A gaswvriv 12 wertilSi; mere TviT gadadis me-31
wertilSi da damxmares me-21 wertilidan gadaataninebs sars 31 12 gaswvriv
22 wertilSi; analogiurad gadaitaneba sari me-31 wertilidan 41 22-is
gaswvrivobis 32 wertilSi; me-41 wertilidan 51 32 gaswvrivobis 42 wertilSi;
me-51 wertilidan 61 42 gaswvrivobis 52 wertilSi, me-61 wertilidan B52
gaswvrivobis 62 wertilSi, riTac adgilze iqmneba Tokis A122232425262B
mravalkuTxedi. Tu davukvirdebiT, vnaxavT damsarveli yovelTvis dgeba
Sualedi gaswvrivobis sawyis wertilSi. saWiroa aRniSnuli Tokis
mravalgverdi gadavaqcioT wrfed. amisaTvis damsarveli gadadis me-62
wertilSi da damxmares gadaataninebs me-52 wertilidan sars 62 42
gaswvrivobis me-53wertilSi; analogiurad xdeba sarebis gadaadgileba: me-42
wertilidan 53 32 gaswvrivobis me-43wertilSi; me-32 wertilidan 43 22
gaswvrivobis 33 wertilSi; me-22 wertilidan 32 12 gaswvrivobis me-23
wertilSi. Semdeg 12 wertilidan 2 3A gaswvrivobis 13 wertilSi; me-23
wertilidan 33 13 gaswvrivobis me-24 wertilSi; me-3 wertilidan 43 24
gaswvrivobis me-34 wertilSi. analogiuri gziT daismeba sarebi me-44, 54, me-63,
. . . ,wertilebSi. rogorc vxedavT, Tokis mravalgverdi TandaTan
uaxlovdeba AB xazs da yvela sari iqneba AB-s gaswvriv, Tu nebismieri
Sualedi saridan mzeriT mis gverdze dasmuli sari dafaravs am
ukanasknelis Semdgom sars.
sizustis gazrdisa da muSaobis nayofierad Sesrulebis mizniT
saWiroa gamoviyenoT sarebis rac SeiZleba mcire raodenoba.

128
 b) xeobis orive mxareze dasmul sarebs
Soris xazis dasarva

am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa erTi damxmare. damsarvels uxdeba xeobis

orive mxares TanamimdevrobiT dgoma. igi A wertilSi dgomiT damxmares
daasobinebs 1-l da me-2 sarebs, xolo B wertilSi dgomiT ki me-3 da me-4

nax. 131

sarebs (nax. 131). cxadia, amgvari an analogiuri amocanebis amoxsnisaTvis

saukeTeso saSualebaa Teodolitis gamoyeneba. saerTod saWiroa
damatebiTi wertilis ise SerCeva, rom am wertilze gamavali sxivi gadiodes
gamoyenebuli sarebidan erTis ZirSi da meores boloSi. Tu reliefi
SedarebiT mSvidia, dasarva sruldeba Tavisaken (nax. 132).

nax. 132

129
 XII Tavi
zogierTi cnobebi ganazomTa
Secdomebis Teoriidan

cnobilma mecnierma, akademikosma a. aleqsandrovma SesaniSnavad

daaxasiaTa gazomvebi da maTi Secdomebis maTematikuri damuSavebis
problema: „Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi yoveli axali mimarTuleba ufro
xSirad warmoiSoba gazomvebis organizaciis axal meTodTan (ti pTan)
kavSirSi: an ufro maRali mgrZnobiarobiT an sxvadasxva movlenebze
erTdrouli dakvirvebiT, Tanxvdenilni an acdenilni droSi, an erTi da
imave movlenaze dakvirvebiT sivrcis sxvadasxva wertilidan.
axali aRmoCenebis umravlesoba dakavSirebulia swored imasTan, rom
axleburad iqna Camoyalibebuli dakvirvebis meTodika, aseve axleburadaa
organizebuli TviT gazomvebis sistemebi, maTi Sedegebis damuSaveba...“
sazomi teqnikis sxva saxeebTan SedarebiT eleqtruli gazomvebi,
rogorc wesi, gamoirCeva didi sizustiT, simartiviTa da saimedoobiT. amis
gamo amJamad eleqtrosazomi xelsawyoebis meqanizmebi ixmareba agreTve
bevri araeleqtruli sididis gasazomad da sul ufro da ufro metad
gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sawarmoo procesis kontrolisa da
avtomatizaciisaTvis.
unda ganvasxvavoT cnebebi „xelsawyos cdomileba*“ da „gazomvis
cdomileba“. es aixsneba imiT, rom gazomvis Sedegis sizusteze moqmedebs
ara marto sazomi xelsawyoebis cdomilebebi, aramed gazomvis procesSi
damatebiTi mowyobilobebisa da aparatebis gamoyenebiT gamowveuli
cdomilebebic. am mowyobilobebs miekuTvneba xelsawyos gazomvis zRvris
gazrdis saSualebebi – Suntebi da damatebiTi winaRobebi, agreTve sazomi
tranformatorebi. Tu calkeuli cdomilebebi erTi da imave niSnisaa,
gazomvis sizuste Semcirdeba. xolo, Tu cdomilebebis niSani sxvadasxvaa,
isini erTgvarad daakompensireben erTmaneTs.

* xSirad „cdomilebis“ nacvlad xmaroben „Secdomas“, rasac arsebiTad erTnairi

Sinaarsi aqvs.
130
 12.1 gazomvebis saxeebi

obieqtis saxeobisa da xasiaTis mixedviT geodezia – markSeideriaSi,

mimarTaven xazovan da kuTxur, agreTve haeris temperaturis da wnevis
gazomvebs.
gazomvebs yofen:
1. imis mixedviT Tu rogor aris miRebuli gasazomi obieqtis sidide –
pirdapiri (uSualo) da arapirdapiri (arauSualo, meSveobiT);
2. obieqtis gazomvaTa raodenobis mixedviT – aucilebeli da Warbi;
3. Tvisebebis mixedviT – erTgvarovani da araerTgvarovani;
4. pirobebis mudmivobis mixedviT, romelzec damokidebulia ganazomTa
sizuste – tolzusti da aratolzusti;
5. obieqtis elementTa ganazomebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mixedviT
– damoukidebeli da damokidebuli, pirobiTi da upirobo.

12.2 gazomvebis Secdomebi da Sesworebani

gazomvebis dros mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes ori garemoeba;

1) sazomi xelsawyos gazomvis procesSi ucvleloba. imisaTvis, rom
sazomis mciredi cvalebadoba mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli, saWiro xdeba
gazomvis dawyebamde da mis Semdeg Semowmdes sazomis sigrZe, agreTve
gazomvis procesSi garemos cvalebadoba aRiricxos (temperatura da sxv.)
da ganazomSi Setanil iqnes saTanado Sesworeba.
2) gasazomi obieqtis odenoba ar unda icvlebodes gazomvis
procesSi. bunebaSi absoluturad ucvleli obieqtebi ar arsebobs, magram
SeiZleba moiZebnos drois iseTi Sualedi, roca gasazomi sidide gazomvis
sizustis farglebSi miviCnioT ucvlelad. umaRlesi sizustiT
gansazRvrul raime sidides, romlis mniSvneloba drois garkveul manZilze
ucvleli rCeba, ewodeba namdvili, anu WeSmariti mniSvneloba gasazomi
sididisa. magaliTad, invaris mavTuliT gansazRvruli xazis sigrZe
WeSmaritia drois garkveul periodSi, imave xazis foladis bafTiT
gazomvis SedegTan SedarebiT.
131
 Tu raime sididis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas aRvniSnavT X-iT da imave
sididis gazomvis Sedegad miRebul mniSvnelobas l i -iT, xolo WeSmarit

Secdomas δi-iT, maSin WeSmariti Secdoma ganisazRvreba gamosaxulebiT

δi = l i − X (12.2.1)

da WeSmariti Sesworebis odenoba, romelsac ε i -iT aRvniSnavT, gantolebiT

εi = X − l i . (l i = 1, 2, 3...) (12.2.2)
Secdomis odenobis dasadgenad g a z o m v i T miRebul odenobas
vaklebT imave sididis im mniSvnelobas, romelic Teoriuli
gamoTvliT an uzustesi gazomvis meTodebiT gvaqvs
miRebuli, magaliTad, Tu SvidkuTxa mravalkuTxedis kuTxeTa jami
gazomvis Sedegad Seadgens 900o2 ' -s. Secdoma anu Seukvreloba iqneba +2 ' ,
xolo Sesworeba – 2 ' . bafTis sigrZe miRebuli gvaqvs 20 metris tolad,
sinamdvileSi SemowmebiT miviReT, rom igi 20,008 metris sigrZisaa. am
SemTxvevaSi bafTis nominaluri sigrZis Secdoma iqneba +8 mm. xazis
gazomvisas aseTi bafTiT yovel gazomvaSi Secdoma – 8 milimetria, xolo
Sesworeba iqneba + 8 milimetri. Secdomisa da Sesworebis amgvarad
gansazRvra logikurad savsebiT gamarTlebulia cxovrebaSi miRebuli
wesis mxrivac. magaliTad, amboben – Secdoma moviciloT, ukuvagdoT da
Sesworeba miviRoT. maSasadame, SecdomiT miRebuli Sedegis Sesasworeblad,
saWiroa ganazoms Secdomis sidide algebrulad gamovakloT an Sesworeba
davumatoT. marTlac, (1) formulidan miviRebT,
X = l i − δi , (12.2.3)
xolo (2) formulidan gveqneba
X = l i + εi . (12.2.4)
rogorc vxedavT, sididis WeSmariti odenobis maTematikurad miReba,
ganazomisagan Secdomis gamoklebiT an Sesworebis mimatebiT xdeba.
Secdomis an Sesworebis niSnis arasworad gansazRvra gamoiwvevs
SedegSi Secdomis gaorkecebas, amitom zemoT miRebuli wesi mudam unda
gvaxsovdes.
Secdomasa da Sesworebas Soris gansxvaveba mxolod niSnebis
sxvadasxvaobaSi ar mdgomareobs, maT Soris gansxvaveba unda gvqondes
warmodgenili sxvagvaradac, magaliTad,

132
 1. bafTis damzadebis Secdomasa da Sesworebas Soris niSnebSia
gansxvaveba da maTi absoluturi sidideebi tolia. e.i.
δ =ε .
2. geodeziaSi Secdomis odenobas adgenen (1) formuliT. magaliTad,
pirobiT ganazomebSi Secdoma tolia uSualod Sesrulebul ganazomTa da
Teoriul gamonaTvalTa Soris sxvaobisa, Sesworebebi ki gawonasworebis
Sedegad miRebuli odenobebia: mxolod obieqtis elementTa Sesworebebis
absolutur odenobaTa jami tolia obieqtis pirobiTi ganazomis Secdomis
absoluturi odenobisa.
magaliTad, brtyeli samkuTxedis kuTxeTa jamis Secdoma (W)
gamoiTvleba gamosaxulebiT
W = (α + β + γ ) − 180o , (12.2.5)

kuTxeebis SesworebaTa jami ki formuliT

ε1 + ε 2 + ε 3 = 180o − (α + β + γ ) , (12.2.6)

e.i.
W = ε1 + ε 2 + ε 3 . (12.2.7)

amrigad, Secdomis absoluturi mniSvneloba tolia SesworebaTa

absoluturi mniSvnelobebis jamisa, anu SesworebaTa jami udris Secdomas
Sebrunebuli niSniT.
3. Sesworeba araa Sedegi Secdomis. magaliTad,
bafTis sigrZis Sesworeba temperaturis cvalebadobis gamo
ε t = α ( t − t0 ) ι , (12.2.8)

sadac α aris temperaturuli gafarToebis koeficienti;

t - temperatura xazis gazomvis dros;
t0 - temperatura bafTis komparirebis dros ;
ι - komparirebiT gansazRvruli bafTis sigrZe.
gazomili xazis Tarazulobaze dayvana, anu Sesworeba xazis daxris
gamo ganisazRvreba formuliT
ν
εν = 2 L sin 2 , (12.2.9)
2
sadac L aris daxrili xazis sigrZe;
ν - xazis daxris kuTxe.

133
 am magaliTebidan Cans, rom Sesworebasa da Secdomas Soris
gansxvaveba arsebiTia.

12.3 ganazomTa rigebis saxeebi

ganazomTa rigebSi gansxvavebuli cifrebi ori saxisaa da praqtikaSi

Sesabamisad ganazomTa rigebic ornairi saxis gvxvdeba.
ganazomTa pirveli rigi iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, roca ganazomi
obieqtis mravaljer gazomvis Sedegebi icvleba raime garkveuli wesis
mixedviT.
meore saxis rigi ar xasiaTdeba wevrTa raodenobis kanonzomieri
cvalebadobiT.

12.4 ganazomTa Secdomebis saxeebi

ganazomTa romelime rigis miReba damokidebulia im komponentebze,

romlebic monawileobs gazomvebSi (gasazomi obieqti, xelsawyo, mzomi an
gamomTvleli da garemo pirobebi).
ganazomTa Secdomebs yofen:
warmomSobi wyaroebis mixedviT – xelsawyos, piradi, garemo pirobebiT
da obieqtiT gamowveuli; xasiaTis, anu TvisebaTa mixedviT – tlanqi,
sistematuri, mudmivi da SemTxveviTi.
ama Tu im bunebis, anu Tvisebis Secdomis warmomSobi mizezi SeiZleba
iyos gazomvis calkeuli faqtori an yvela faqtori erTad. amitomac
sainJinro – geodeziuri da markSeideruli gazomvebis Tanmxlebi
ucilobeli Secdomebis analizi da maTi saboloo Sedegebze Semoqmedeba
Seiswavleba specialur disci plinaSi, romelsac - geodeziur -
markSeideruli ganazomebis maTematikuri damuSavebis Teoria“ ewodeba
(n. TevzaZe).
cnobilia, rom yoveli ganazomis tlanqi, sistematuri da mudmivi
Secdomebisagan ganTavisufleba SeiZleba. rac Seexeba, SemTxveviT
Secdomebs, maTi mospoba Cven ar SegviZlia, am Secdomebs emateba narCeni
sistematuri da mudmivi Secdomebi. maTi erToblioba, romelsac
„ucilobeli“ Secdoma ewodeba, gvaZlevs meore saxis rigs.

134
 12.5 SemTxveviT SecdomaTa Tvisebebi

manZilis mravaljer gazomvis analizis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom

SemTxveviTi Secdomebi garkveul pirobebSi tolzusti gazomvebis rigebSi
warmoiSoba normaluri statistikuri ganawilebis kanoniT. es
kanonzomiereba erTnairia nebismieri saxis gazomvisaTvis. aseT SecdomaTa
kanonzomiereba miT ufro mkveTria, rac ufro metia rigis wevrTa ricxvi.
es aris statistikuri kanonzomierebis zogadi Tviseba da mas did ricxvTa
kanons uwodeben.
manZilis mravaljer tolzusti gazomvis Sedegad miRebuli ganazomTa
meore saxis rigis safuZvelze dgeba SecdomaTa rigi, romelic iqneba meore
saxis da mas ewodeba SemTxveviTi xasiaTis ucilebel SecdomaTa rigi. igi
xasiaTdeba Semdegi TvisebebiT:
1. Secdomebis absoluturi odenoba ar aRemateba garkveul zRvars;
2. rac ufro didia Secdomebis absoluturi mniSvneloba, miT ufro
iSviaTad gvxvdeba rigSi;
3. absoluturad toli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Secdomebi
daaxloebiT erTgvari raodenobiT gvevlineba rigSi;
4. SecdomaTa saSualo ariTmetikuli mcire sasruli odenobisaa da
gazomvaTa ricxvis usasrulo gadidebis SemTxvevaSi misi zRvari
nulis tolia.

12.6. gazomvis erTeulebi

gazomvis dros gansasazRvrav sidides adareben zomis erTeuls.

adre erTeulis SerCevis sakiTxi wydeboda nebismierad. pirveli erTeulebi
ukavSirdeboda adamianis sxeulis zomebs: futi (terfis sigrZe), saJeni
(manZili gaSlili xelebis boloebs Soris), diumi (cera TiTis sigane) da
a.S. mravali am erTeulTagani dRemde SenarCunebulia, rac qmnis aSkara
uxerxulobas sigrZeebis saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobebSi,
samecniero-kvleviT da saproeqto samuSaoebSi. amitom mecnierebma
gadawyvites daedginaT yvela qveyanaSi gamosayenebeli zogadi erTeulebi.

135
 radgan praqtikaSi saqme gvaqvs gasazomi sididis sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobasTan, amitom mizanSewonilia gvqondes Sesabamisad sxvadasxva
zomis erTeulebi, magram daculi unda iqnes piroba, rom erTi erTeulidan
meoreze gadasvla xvdebodes SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad. frangi
mecnierebisagan (borda, kondorse, laplasi, monJi) Semdgarma komisiam,
romelic 1790 wels Seiqmna, nacionaluri krebis dadgenilebis safuZvelze,
sigrZis erTeulad miiRo dedamiwis meoTxedis erTi meaTmilionedi nawili
da 1791 wels safrangeTSi am erTeulad SemoRebuli iqna metri. metris
prototi ps warmoadgenda platinis da iridiumis Senadnobisagan
specialurad damzadebuli kverTxi (saxazavi). es Senadnobi imitom iqna
arCeuli, rom mas aqvs siTburi gafarToebis metad mcire koeficienti da
koroziis mimarT mdgradia. bevrma qveyanam gadaiRo am kverTxidan asli
sakuTari zomiTi SedarebisaTvis.
me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan metruli sistema farTod gavrcelda
da dakanonda TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. zomaTa metruli, anu rogorc mas
xSirad uwodeben, aTobiTi sistemis gamorCeul Tvisebas warmoadgens is, rom
masSi erTi da imave sididis sxvadasxva erTeuli erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulia aTis mTeli dadebiTi an uaryofiTi xarisxebiT.
Semdgom astronomiul-geodeziur gazomvaTa sizustis gazrdis
Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom sigrZis arCeul erTeulsa da misTvis damzadebul
prototi ps Soris arsebobs sakmao gansxvaveba, magram gadawyda, rom
daefiqsirebinaT es prototi pi, rogorc sigrZis erTeulis ZiriTadi
etaloni, radganac ar iyo garantia imisa, rom axali dazusteba ar
gamoiwvevda mis xelaxal Secvlas. prototi pis mixedviT metris
gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT daikarga metruli sistemis erT-erTi
upiratesoba – misi daculoba da zusti aRwarmoebis SesaZlebloba.
SemdgomSi SesaZlebeli gaxda metris sigrZis dakavSireba gansazRvruli
speqtruli xazis talRis sigrZesTan. am xazis saxiT miRebul iqna
kri ptonis narinjisferi xazi. metris Tanamedrove gansazRvra Semotanilia
1960 wels, romlis Tanaxmad metri Seicavs vakuumSi kri ptonis speqtruli
⎛ 86 ⎞
xazis talRis sigrZis 1650763,73-s, masobrivi ricxviT 86 ⎜ ⎟ kg. aTobiT
⎝ 36 ⎠
sistemaSi arsebobs sigrZis Semdegi erTeulebi: kilometri (1km)=103 m; metri

136
(1m)=10dm=102 sm; decimetri (1dm)=10sm; santimetri (1sm)=10mm; milimetri
(1mm)=103mkm; mikrometri (1mkm)=103nm; nanometri (1nm)= 10 Ao ; angstremi ( 1Ao )=10-10m.
erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistemis (sast 9867-61) SemoRebamde, romelic
aRiniSneboda abreviaturiT CИ , mikrometri iwodeboda mikronad da
aRiniSneboda mk. zogjer, sxva erTeulTa rusuli aRniSvnebis dros,
mikroni aRiniSneboda berZnuli asoTi μ (miu), romelic Sedis
saerTaSoriso aRniSvnaTa erTobliobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom
saxelwodeba „mikroni“ da „mk“ gauqmebulia, igi arc Tu iSviaTad gvxvdeba
literaturaSi. nanometri adre iwodeboda milimikronad da aRiniSneboda
mmk.
farTobis erTeulad miiReba im kvadratis farTobi, romlis gverdi
sigrZis erTeulis tolia: 1km2=106m2; 1m2=104sm2; 1dm2=10-2m2=100sm2; 1sm2=100mm2;
1mm2=10-6m2. miwis zomis erTeulad miRebulia heqtari: 1ha=10-2km2=10ar=104m2.
moculobis erTeulad miiReba kubis moculoba im wiboTi, romelic
sigrZis erTeulis tolia: 1m3=103dm3=106 sm3, 1dm3=103sm3, 1sm3=103mm3.
kuTxur zomad gamoiyeneba gradusebi, minutebi da sekundebi. kuTxuri
gradusi aris wrewiris centraluri kuTxe, romlis rkali Seadgens erT
rkalur graduss, anu wrewiris 1/360 nawils. gradusi – 1o = 60 ' ; minuti
1' = 60" . marT kuTxes zogjer yofen 100 nawilad. marTi kuTxis meased

nawils uwodeben gons (adre grads); goni – 1d = 100s ; meaTedi minuti –

1s = 100ss ; meaTedi sekundi – 1ss = 10-4 goni. dasaxelebul kuTxur zomebs
Soris arsebobs Semdegi Tanafardoba:

1o = 1,111...d ; 1d = 0,9o ;

1' = 1,851...s ; 1s = 0,54 ' ;

1" = 3, 08641075ss ; 1ss = 0,324" .

erTi kuTxuri zomis meoreSi gadayvanis gasaadvileblad adgenen
cxrils.
rkalur zomaSi wrewiris centraluri kuTxe ganisazRvreba rogorc
l
rkalis sigrZis fardoba radiusTan – ϕ = , sadac l rkalis sigrZea, xolo
r
r - radiusi.

137
 rkaluri zomis erTeulis mniSvnelobas Seesabameba ρ kuTxe,
romlisTvisac rkalis sigrZe radiusis tolia. rkaluri zomis am erTeuls
uwodeben radians. ρ kuTxe SeiZleba mocemul iqnas or kuTxur zomaSi:

ρ o = 360o / 2π ≈ 57o,3 ; ρ d = 200d/π = 63, 6d ; ρ ' = 3438' ; ρ s = 6366s ; ρ " = 206265 ;

ρ ss = 636620ss .
CИ _ ZiriTad erTeulebs miekuTvneba agreTve droisa da masis
erTeulebi, drois erTeulad miRebulia wami (wm). drois erTeulTa
sistemaSi Sedis: wuTi – 1wT=60wm; saaTi – 1sT=60wT=3600wm.
masis erTeulad miRebulia kilogrami (kg) – es aris platinisa da
iridiumis Senadnobisagan damzadebuli etalonis masa. kilogramis
saerTaSoriso etaloni inaxeba q. sevrSi (safrangeTi). masis etalonis
mixedviT damzadebulia aslebi da gadacemulia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
aTobiT sistemaSi: tona – 1t=103kg; grami – 1g=10-3kg; miligrami – 1mg=10-3g.
litri (l), romelic xSirad iwodeba „tevadobis erTeulad“, adre
ganisazRvreboda rogorc moculoba, romelsac ikavebs 1kg wyali 4o C -is
dros. es moculoba Seadgens 1, 000028 dm3. 1964 wels litri gatolebul
iqna erT kubur decimetrTan: 1l=1dm3. miwis masis moculobis
gansazRvrisas iyeneben ZiriTad erTeuls 1m3-s.
zemoT CamoTvlil erTeulTa safuZvelze Seqmnilia Zalisa da
rxevaTa sixSiris warmoebuli erTeulebi. Zalis erTeulad miRebulia
niutoni. erTi niutoni (1n) aris Zala, romelic 1kg masis mqone sxeuls
aniWebs 1m/wm aCqarebas Zalis moqmedebis mimarTulebiT. aTobiT sistemaSi
arsebobs kiloniutoni – 1kn=103n. adre Zalis erTeulad zogjer iyenebdnen
kilograms (1kg); 1kg Zala q. sevris ganedze daaxloebiT Seesabameba 9,81n.
f rxevebis sixSiris erTeulad miiReba herci (1hc) – es aris sixSire,
romlis drosac wamSi sruldeba perioduli sistemis erTi cikli. aTobiT
sistemaSi: kiloherci – 1khc=103hc; megaherci – 1mghc=106hc=103khc.

138
 XIII Tavi
kuTxzomiTi agegmva

vTqvaT, mocemulia sivrceSi A, B da C wertilebi da saWiroa β-

kuTxis orTogonaluri proeqciis gazomva.

nax. 133

arsebuli SemTxvevisaTvis igulisxmeba mcire sivrce da ufleba gvaqvs

davagegmiloT donebriv zedapirze. miviRebT A0, B0, C0 orTogonalur
proeqciebs. miRebuli β 0 kuTxe aris orwaxnaga kuTxis proeqcia, romelic
izomeba Sesabamisi xazovani kuTxiT. AB da AC xazebis orTogonaluri
proeqciebi iqneba A0B0 da A0C0.
Tu BAC kuTxes davagegmilebT Tarazul sibrtyeze, miviRebT Tarazul
kuTxes, xolo Tu davagegmilebT vertikalur sibrtyeze miviRebT daxris
139
kuTxes, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sivrceSi erT-erTi gverdi Tarazuladaa,
vertikaluri kuTxis kerZo SemTxvevaa daxris kuTxe.
A0A gavagrZeloT, davayenoT Sveuli, Tarazuli wrediT, romelic
dayofilia gradusebad. B da C wertilSi davayenoT sarebi da davmziroT
AB da AC mimarTulebebs Soris kuTxe.
β0 = βC − βB , (13.1)
marjvena mimarTulebis anaTvals akldeba marcxena mimarTulebis
anaTvali. vTqvaT, gvinda gavigoT ara β 0 , aramed β 0 ' (ix. nax. 208). Tu β B

mcirea β C -ze, maSin vamatebT 360ο da gveqneba

β 0 ' = (β B + 360 ο ) − β C . (13.2)

kuTxes vzomavT Semdegi wesiT: saxiT vdgebiT kuTxisaken, kuTxis
wveroze vayenebT kuTxmzom iaraRs, romlis limbi Tarazuladaa da viRebT
anaTvals orive mimarTulebaze, marjvenas vaklebT marcxenas, Tu marjvena
naklebia marcxenaze vamatebT 360ο -s.
daxris kuTxes vzomavT analogiurad, amisaTvis saWiroa gvqondes
Sveuli wredi da Tarazuli wredi. Tu A wertilidan gadavzomavT AB-s
proeqciis paralelurs, miviRebT daxris kuTxes ν -s, B wertilisaTvis
aRmavlobiT, radgan B – A-Tan SedarebiT maRlaa, xolo C wertilisaTvis
_ ν' -daRmavlobiT. kuTxeebs vzomavT kuTxmzomi iaraRiT – TeodolitiT.
Teodoliti idgmeba samfexze, (Stativze) da magrdeba xerxemala
xraxniT. mas aqvs 3 Sto, romelSic gayrilia amwevi an damyenebeli xraxnebi.
saerTod instruments aqvs 5 saxis xraxni:
1. xerxemala xraxni, romliTac magrdeba Teodoliti samfexze;
2. amwevi anu damyenebeli (3) xraxnebi;
3. damtkecni anu dammagrebeli (limbze, wred-alidadaze);
4. mikrometruli;
5. Semasworebeli (mag. Tarazosi, ZafTa badis).
instruments aqvs limbi dayofili 360ο -ad (TviT gradusi
dayofilia minutebad), limbs aqvs Tavis damtkeci da mikrometruli
xraxnebi. limbis zemoT aris wredalidada, romelsac aqvs Tavisi damtkeci
da mikrometruli xraxni. wredalidadaze damagrebulia (amTvleli
meqanizmebi) vernierebi da cilindruli Tarazo (erTi an ori) Tavisi
Semasworebeli xraxnebiT. wredalidadaze aris agreTve ori dgari, romlis

140
budeebSi Camagrebulia Wogri. erT-erT dgarze aris Sveuli wredi. Sveul
wredzec aris amTvleli meqanizmi – vernieri (SimSa-alidada) da Tarazo,
meore dgarze aris busoli.
muSaobis procesSi instrumentis nawilebis horizontalurad (an
Sveulad) dasayeneblad iaraRi aRWurvilia sami an oTxi cilindruli
TarazoTi. ori Tarazo aris horizontul wredTan (wredalidadaze) da
damagrebulia urTierT marTobulad. erTi Tarazo SimSa alidadazea
dayenebuli. meoTxe Tarazo SeiZleba damagrebuli iyos Wogrze.
instrumentis nawilebis mcire gadanacvlebisaTvis instrumenti
aRWurvilia oTxi mikrometruli xraxniT. erTi mikrometruli xraxni
mowyobilia horizontul wredTan, meore wredalidadasTan, mesame WogrTan,
meoTxe SimSa alidadasTan. TeodolitSi varCevT or RerZs: mTavar RerZs
da Wogris brunvis RerZs.
1. mTavari RerZis qveS igulisxmeba warmosaxviTi swori, romelic
gadis Wogris mzeris RerZisa da brunvis RerZis gadakveTaze,
wredalidadis da limbis centrze da xerxemala xraxnze (mas uwodeben
Sveul RerZs, rac swori ar aris), igi Sveuli maSin iqneba, rodesac limbs
moviyvanT Tarazul mdgomareobaSi.
2. Wogris brunvis RerZs uwodeben Tarazul RerZs, (rac swori ar
aris), igi Tarazuli maSinaa, rodesac limbi Tarazuladaa da dgarebi
tolia.
ZiriTadad arsebobs ori saxis
Teodoliti:
1) ganmeorebiTi; 2) ara ganme-
orebiTi.
araganmeorebiT TeodolitSi lim-
bi ar brunavs, xSuladaa wredali-
dadasTan erTad.
ara ganmeorebiTi Teodoli-
tebi 2 saxisaa.
1. limbi ar moZraobs da wreda-
nax. 134 lidada moZraobs an
2. roca, limbs daamagreben, wre-

141
dalidada moZraobs an wredalidada da limbi damoukideblad moZraoben.
wredalidada limbs ar daetkecneba.
ganmeorebiT TeodolitSi
brunavs, rogorc limbi, ise
wredalidada. amave dros wre-
dalidada moZraobs limbTan
erTad.
vTqvaT, ganmeorebiT
TeodolitSi daketilia lim-
bi da aSvebulia wreda-
lidada, igi moZraobs. Tu
davamagrebT wredalidadas
da avuSvebT limbs, igi
miemagreba limbs da imoZ-
ravebs limbTan erTad.
nax. 135

13.1. xelsawyoebis Semowmebebi

Semowmebebi aris safabriko-saqarxno da savele.

Tarazo gamoiyeneba xazebis da sibrtyeebis Tarazul mdgomareobaSi
mosayvanad. mTavari anu idealuri RerZi, romlis garSemo brunavs iaraRi,
qarxanaSi winaswar dayenebulia limbis marTobulad e.i. rodesac limbis
sibrtyes moviyvanT Tarazul mdgomareobaSi, maSin mTavari RerZi dadgeba
Sveulad, radgan igi ⊥ -ia limbis sibrtyis. saWiroa limbis sibrtye
davayenoT Tarazulad.
I – Semowmeba
wredalidadaze damagrebuli Tarazos RerZi marTobi unda iyos
instrumentis mTavari RerZis.
amisaTvis ase viqceviT: iaraRs vdgamT Stativze. wred alidadaze
moTavsebul Tarazos vayenebT ori damyenebeli xraxnis gaswvriv da
xraxnebis urTierT sawinaaRmdego moZraobiT buStula mogvyavs SuaSi.
avuSvebT wredalidadis damtkecn xraxns da SemovabrunebT 180ο -iT, Tu
buStula SuaSi darCa (e.i. buStulis centri m daemTxva O wertils-
142
nulpunqts) piroba Sesrulebulia, Tu ara gadaxris naxevars SevasworebT
Semasworebeli xraxniT, meore naxevars ki ukan gadmovaadgilebT amwevi
xraxnebiT, e.i. Tarazos 0-l punqts davamTxvevT buStulis Suaguls m-s.
isev SemovabrunebT 180ο -iT, Tu buStula SuaSi darCa, piroba Sesrulebulia,
Tu kidev gadaixara, naxevars SevasworebT Semasworebeli xraxniT, meore
naxevars ki gadavaadgilebT amwevi xraxnebiT da a.S. sanam buStula SuaSi
ar darCeba yoveli Semobrunebis dros.
I – Semowmebis geometriuli interpretacia
imis gamo, rom OK – mTavari RerZi araa marTobi H1H2 Tarazos
RerZisa da maT Soris Seiqmneba
ε -kuTxe, iZulebuli varT
xraxniT marcxena mxare avwioT,
xolo marjvena mxare davwioT ε
kuTxiT, rom buStulis Suaguli
davamTxvi-oT 0-s (nulpunqts).
axla aviRoT da wredi Semovab-
runoT 180ο -iT, e.i. ise, rom H 1 H 2 -
em miiRos H 1 ' H 2 ' mdeba-reoba. maT
Soris Seiqmneba β kuTxe.
β -kuTxis Sesabamisad m
nax. 136
gadaadgildeba m' -Si, e.i. gadaad-gilebas
Seesabameba β kuTxe an 2ε . I-el mimar-
Tulebasa da axal mimarTulebebs
Soris kuTxe naxazidan iqneba:
β = (90 ο + ε ) − (90 ο − ε ) = 2ε ; (13.1.1)
β
β = 2ε aqedan ε= ; e.i. mm'
2
gadaadgilebis naxevars Sevaswo-rebT
nax. 137
Tarazos Semasworebeli xraxniT (buS-
tulis centri m' -dan gadava m" -Si. aq vspobT erT ε -s (0 wertilTan), meore
ε -kuTxes (K wertilTan) vspobT marcxena xraxnis daweviT. amis Semdeg
Tarazos RerZi H 2 " H 1 " ⊥ gaxdeba OK (iaraRis mTavari RerZisa) da naxazi

143
(211) miiRebs (212) naxazis saxes. e.i. (Tarazos H 1 H 2 RerZi marTobi gaxdeba
OK-iaraRis mTavari RerZis). Tarazos RerZi ⊥ -ia iaraRis RerZisa, magram
sibrtyis Tarazul mdgomareobaSi mosayvanad saWiroa ori gadamkveTi xazi
iyos Tarazulad. amisaTvis wreds SemovabrunebT 90 ο -iT, Tu buStula
gadaadgilda, mas SevasworebT mesame damyenebuli xraxniT. ukve sxva
xraxnebs xels ar vaxlebT.
instrumentis qvemo nawili – limbi da wredalidada Tarazuladaa,
magram wertilebze vakvirdebiT WogriT. anaTvlebi rom swori iyos, saWiroa
instrumentis zemo da qvemo nawili geometriulad sworad iyos
dakavSirebuli. amisaTvis instruments aqvs II – Semowmeba.
Wogris mzeris RerZi marTobi unda iyos
misi (Wogris) brunvis RerZisa. (nax. 138)
Wogris mzeris RerZi aris ZafTa badis
gadakveTis da linzebis optikuri centrebis
SemaerTebeli xazi, amitom ase viqceviT:
I-li Semowmebis Semdeg 2-3 km-ze vumiznebT
raime wertils da rodesac vertikaluri wredi
marjvnivaa aviRebT β R anaTvals (saSualo orive

vernieriT) limbze. SemovabrunebT 180ο -iT,

nax. 138 davumiznebT imave wertils. Tu saSualo anaTvali,
rodesac wredi marcxnivaa, β L gansxvavdeba β R -sagan, maSin 180 ο ± 2 τ (τ-
vernieris sizustea) marTobuloba daculia. Tu gansxvaveba metia, aviRebT
anaTvlis saSualo ariTmetikuls da wredalidadas vernieris
(mikrometruli xraxniT) davayenebT saSualo ariTmetikulze. amis Semdeg
davmzerT isev imave wertils. ZafTa badis Semasworebeli xraxnebiT
gadavwevT da vamTxvevT ZafTa badis gadakveTis samiznebel wertils.
Semdeg isev davmzerT arsebul wertils da gavimeorebT igives. Tu kidev
aRmoCnda βR da βL Soris sxvaoba ormag sizusteze meti, isev
gadavaadgilebT ZafTa bades. am moqmedebas gavimeorebT manam, sanam
kolimaciur cdomilebas ar daviyvanT minimumamde.
kolimaciuri Secdoma aris is kuTxe, romelsac Wogris mzeris
RerZi qmnis misi brunvis RerZis marTobTan. (nax. 139)

144
 vTqvaT, K 1 K 2 -s emTxveva ν1 ν 2 vernierebis 0-ovani diametri da igive
K1 K 2 marTobia Wogris mzeris RerZisa, maSasadame mdgomareoba
idealuria, rac ar xdeba. axla
davuSvaT, rom es piroba
darRveulia – K 1 K 2 -ma miiRo
axali mdebareoba, ise rom maT
Soris ( K 1 K 2 -is marTobsa da
mzeris RerZs Soris) Seiqmna C
kuTxe. e.i. K1 K 2 ar aris
marTobi mzeris RerZis. rode-
sac wredi marjvnivaa miviReT
anaTvali β R (saSualo orive
nax. 139 vernieridan), naxazidan
β = βR − C . (13.1.2)
axla gadavitanoT Wogri zenitze da davmziroT isev im wertils.
aviRoT (isev saSualo anaTvali orive vernierze, rodesac wredi marcxnivaa)
β L . miviRebT K 1 K 2 -s axal mdebareobas, romelic gadaixreba Wogris brunvis
RerZis idealuri mdebareobidan imave C kuTxiT, maSin naxazidan
β = βL + C . (13.1.3)
βR + βL
(2) da (3) SevkriboT da ganvsazRvroT β; β= ; axla igive
2
tolobebi gadavwyvitoT C-s mimarT:
βR − βL
C= , (13.1.4)
2
maSasadame, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT C da β (namdvili kuTxe). erTi
da igive gverds vumiznebT 2-jer. ismeba kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara C
gamovTvaloT miRebuli formuliT da Semdeg yvelgan SevitanoT anaTvalSi
Sesworebis saxiT? ar SeiZleba, radgan wertilebi sxvadasxva simaRlezea,
kolimaciuri Secdomis gavlenac sxvadasxva iqneba (yvela wertili, rom
erT doneze yofiliyo, gavlenac erTi da igive iqneboda). amitom
mimarTulebis gansazRvrisas kolimaciuri cdomilebis gansazRvra da
Semdeg Sesworebis saxiT misi Setana ar SeiZleba. aucileblad saWiroa
yoveli damzeris dros anaTvlis aReba vertikaluri wredis or

145
mdgomareobaSi β R da β L . maTi saSualo ariTmetikuli mTlianad
gamoricxavs minimumamde dayvanil kolimaciur cdomilebas. Tanamedrove
instrumentebSi ZafTa badis gadasawevi xraxnebi naklebadaa xel Sesaxebi.
amas uzrunvelyofs qarxana.
III – Semowmeba
Wogris brunvis RerZi marTobuli unda iyos iaraRis mTavari RerZisa.
e.i. dgamebi unda iyvnen urTierTSoris toli da paralelurebi. (nax. 140)
gavalT Senobidan ≈ Senobis si-
maRlis tol manZilze (vTqvaT 30m-ze) da
davumiznebT maRal wertils. Semdeg
nelnela davuSvebT Wogrs Cvens simaR-
leze (ise, rom SevZloT damzera)
zustad. zemo wertils davaniSninebT
ZafTa badis gadakveTis wertilze.
Semdeg Wogrs gadavitanT zenitze,
SemovabrunebT 180ο -iT da isev gavi-
meorebT zemod aRweril moqmedebas. Tu
ZafTa badis gadakveTa daemTxva Cvens
nax. 140 daniSnul wertils, dgamebi Tanabari
yofila, magram Tu ar daemTxva, Secdomas mainc vspobT orjer damiznebis
Semdeg.
vTqvaT, davumizneT T-wertils. davuSviT Wogri da aRvniSneT A-
wertili, Semdeg SemovabruneT wredi 180ο -iT, Wogri gadavitaneT zenitze da
isev gavimeoreT, axla gamosaxulebas A-s nacvlad miviRebT B-Si, maSin AB
xazs gavyofT Suaze da davniSnavT C wertils. Cven ki Wogrs
gadavaadgilebT wredalidadas mikrometruli xraxniT C-saken. axla isev
davmzerT T-s, magram igi gamoCndeba ara T-wertilSi, aramed T' -Si, e.i.
dgamebi toli araa, rom gavaTanabroT saWiroa erTi romelime dgamis
simaRlis Secvla manam, sanam ZafTa badis centri ar daemTxveva T-wertils.
es moqmedeba sruldeba dgamis Semasworebeli xraxnebiT.
igive Semowmeba mSvidi amindis pirobebSi SeiZleba gavakeToT Sveulis
gamoyenebiT (nax. 141).

146
 davkidebT Sveuls da davmzerT, Tu Sveuli gayva ZafTa badis Sveul
Zafs, piroba Sesrulebulia,
Tu gadaixara marcxniv
(miiRo 1-li mdebareoba),
marcxena dgami yofila
mokle, Tu gadaixara mar-
jvniv (miiRo 2-re mdeba-
reoba), marjvena dgami yo-
fila mokle, Tu miiRo 3-me
mdgomareoba, maSin 1-li
Semowmeba ar aris swori.
nax. 141

wredalidadas eqscentrisiteti (nax. 142)

aviRoT C centri da nulovani diametri 0 ο − 180 ο . vTqvaT limbisa da
wredalidadas centrebi emTxveva erT-
maneTs. SemovabrunoT wredalidada,
aviRoT anaTvali β , romlis Sesabamisi
centraluri kuTxea β . igi izomeba
Sesabamisi rkaliT. axla davuSvaT,
rom qarxana Secda da wredalidadas
centri ar emTxveva limbis centrs.
misi centri C-s nacvlad C1-Sia,
maSasadame alidada Semobrundeba C1-
is garSemo. igive kuTxuri gadax-
risaTvis β -s nacvlad anaTvali iqneba
β1 . gansxvaveba β − β1 = X (xazovani
nax. 142
gansxvaveba). X-is Sesabamisi kuTxuri
gansxvaveba iqneba ε . C1C-s ewodeba
eqscentrisiteti. C1-dan davuSvaT marTobi ν1 ν 2 diametrze, miviRebT C2-
wertils.
X = C1C 2 = r ⋅ sin ε = λ⋅ sin β , (13.1.5)
sadac ε aris (X-xazovani Secdomis Sesabami kuTxuri Secdoma) mcire kuTxe
da SegviZlia SevcvaloT Sesabamisi radianuli zomiT:

147
 ε"
r = λ ⋅ sin β , maSasadame
ρ"

λ
ε" = ⋅ ρ"⋅ sin β , (13.1.6)
r
λ
ewodeba fardobiTi eqscentrisiteti (mudmivi sididea). ρ aris radiani
r
1
= 57 ο ,3 = 3438' = 206265" = (mudmivia) e.i. ε" -is cvalebadoba damokidebulia
sin 1"
β -ze, naxazidan β = β1 + X ,

β = β 2 − X − 180 ο .

β 1 + (β 2 − 180ο )
es ori gantoleba gadavwyvitoT β -s mimarT, β= .
2
X-cvalebadi sididea, igi sxvadasxva mdebareobis dros icvleba max-dan
min-mde 0-mde. (mag. rodesac β = 0ο an 180ο , maSin X = 0 (anu min) da rodesac

β = 90ο an β = 270ο , am dros X = λ anu max-s), amitom orjer anaTvlis aRebas

azri aqvs. e.i. eqscentrisitetis mosaspobad vsargeblobT orive vernieriT. I-
vernieriT viRebT gradusebs da minutebs, II-vernieriT mxolod minutebs.

13.2. Sveuli wredis nul adgili

daxris kuTxe ewodeba mocemul mimarTulebasa da Tarazul

mimarTulebas Soris Seqmnil Sveul kuTxes.
Cven viciT, rom iaraRSi gvaqvs Sveuli wredi, romelic daxris kuTxis
gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba. daxris kuTxe ki gvWirdeba wertilebs Soris
aRmatebis gansazRvrisaTvis. Sveuli wredi mimagrebulia dgarze uZravad.
Cven vmzerT WogriT. Tu Sveul wredsa da Wogris mzeris RerZs Soris ar
iqna swori geometriuli damokidebuleba, anaTvali ar iqneba swori.
daxris kuTxe, rom ganisazRvros, saWiroa Tarazuli mimarTuleba.
Tarazul mimarTulebas gvaZlevs Tarazo.
iaraRs aqvs Wogri – mzeris RerZiT, Sveuli wredi nulovani diametriT,
Tarazo – Tavisi RerZiT da vernierebi – vernierebis 0-ebis SemaerTebeli
xaziT. maSasadame, ZiriTadad saqme gvaqvs 4 RerZTan.

148
 1. Wogris mzeris RerZi da Sveuli wredis 0-vani diametri unda iyvnen
paralelurebi
2. Sveul wredze Tarazos RerZi da vernierebis diametri unda iyos
paraleluri. e.i. Tu wyvil-wyvilad es RerZebi paralelurebi arian,
anaTvali iqneba 0. Tu romelime piroba darRveulia, Sveul wredze
adgili eqneba nul adgils, rac uaryofiTi movlenaa instrumentSi.
Sveuli wredis nul adgili aris anaTvali Sveul wredze maSin,
rodesac Wogris mzeris RerZi da SimSa alidadaze damagrebuli Tarazos
RerZi arian Tarazulad.
normalur instrumentSi igi unda iyos 0-is toli. Tu is 0-s ar
udris amis mizezi iqneba, erTis mxriv Wogris mzeris RerZisa da Sveuli
wredis 0-ovani diametris araparaleluroba.
ganvixiloT arsebuli Sveuli wredebis ZiriTadi ti pebi

nax. 143
I-aris limbis ti pis. sawyisi aris erT adgilze da bolo
danayofebi izrdeba 360ο -mde.
II-Si gamoyenebulia orive bolo. iwyeba bolodan, grZeldeba 360ο -
mde. davuSvaT, rom Wogris mzeris RerZi Tarazuladaa da paraleluria
Tarazos H1H2-RerZisa. am SemTxvevaSi Tu υ1 υ 2 -vernierebis 0-ovani diametri
emTxveva am RerZebs, maSin anaTvali iqneba 0-li. axla davuSvaT rom H1H2
ar emTxveva υ1 υ 2 -s. gvaqvs Sveuli wredi marjvniv da vmzerT raRac B
wertils. mzeris RerZsa da nulovan diametrs Soris Seiqmneba raRac ε 1
kuTxe. meore mxriv υ1 υ 2 da H 1 H 2 -s Soris ε 2 -kuTxe, namdvili daxris kuTxea-
ν , romelSic Seitaneba Secdoma ε 1 da ε 2 .

149
 ε 1 + ε 2 -aRvniSnoT – N da vuwodoT nul adgili (Secdoma) e.i.
SecdomiT aRebulia kuTxe ν R .
ν = ν R − ( ε 1 + ε 2 ) = ν R − N . (13.2.1)
axla gadavitanoT Wogri
zenitze da davayenoT wredi mar-
cxniv. Cven gvainteresebs isev ν
kuTxe (nax. 146)
ν = 360ο − ν L + N = N − ν L . (13.2.2)
νR − νL
ν= . (13.2.3)
2
νR + νL
N= . (13.2.4)
2
moviyvanoT magaliTi
ν R = 9 ο40' ;
nax. 144
ν L = 350 ο10' ,
marjvena anaTvals meqanikurad
vumatebT 360ο , maSin
(9 ο40'+360ο ) + 350 ο10'
N= = 359 ο55' .
2
kontrolis mizniT gamovi-
yenoT (13.2.2) formula
ν = 359 ο55'−350 ο10' = +9 ο45' ,

gansxvaveba miviReT (+) niSniT e.i.

nax. 145 yofila aRmarTi.
gamoviyenoT (13.2.1)-i formula
ν = 369 ο40'−359 ο55' = +9 ο45' .

369 ο40'−350 ο10'

gamoviyenoT (13.2.3)-me formula ν = = +9 ο45'
2
es n. a. didia Cveni anaTvali ν R = 9 ο40'

n. a. = 5' da ν kuTxe 9 ο40' nacvlad gamovida 9 ο45' .

nuladgilis minimumamde dayvana xdeba ori xerxiT.

150
 1. vTqvaT, gvaqvs 9 ο45' , romelic miviReT gamoyvaniT, anaTvali ν R = 9 ο40' ,
vertikaluri wredis mikrometruli xraxniT Sveuli wredis vernierebis
nulovani diametri davayenoT 9 ο45 -ze, axla Tarazos buStula gadaixreba,
Tarazos Semasworebeli xraxnebiT Tarazos buStulis gadaxras
SevasworebT.
2 xerxi. buStulas moviyvanT SuaSi, Semdeg Wogrs daaxloebiT
davayenebT Tarazulad da anaTvals davayenebT 359 ο55' (e.i. im anaTvalze,
romelic miviReT gamoTvliT), amis Semdeg vertikaluri wredis
mikrometruli xraxniT anaTvals gadavaadgilebT 0-mde, maSin vertikaluri
wredis Tarazos buStula gadaixreba. axla buStulas moviyvanT SuaSi
Tarazos Semasworebeli xraxnebiT.
kolimaciuri Secdoma mudmivia, gavlena cvalebadi, asevea
eqscentrisiteti. magram aq n. a. SeiZleba erTxel ganisazRvros da Semdeg
SevitanoT Sesworebis saxiT.
Tu davakvirdebiT naxazs, rodesac Sveuli wredi marjvniv gvaqvs,
anaTvals viRebdiT jer I-li, Semdeg II-re vernieriT. axla vTqvaT gvaqvs
wredi marcxniv da anaTvals viRebT jer II-e, xolo Semdeg I-li vernieriT,
maSin (13.2.1) formula ZalaSi rCeba, (13.2.2)-is nacvlad gveqneba (13.2. 2' ).
ν = 180 ο − ν L + N ; (13.2. 2' )
ν = ν R − ν' L + N ; (13.2. 3' )

N = ν R + ν' L ±180 ο . (13.2. 4' )

e.i. I-li ti pis wredisaTvis (pirvel SemTxvevaSi), formulaSi emateba
360 ο , rodesac vsargeblobT I-lis Semdeg II vernieriT da gvaqvs Sveuli
wredi marjvniv, xolo rodesac Sveuli wredi marcxnivaa, anaTvals
pirvelad aviRebT II-vernieriT, Semdeg I-iT da formulaSi vamatebT 180ο -s.
I-li ti pis dros vsargeblobT pirveli 4-formuliT, xolo II-re
ti pisaTvis 1-li ZalaSi rCeba da gamoiyeneba agreTve 2' 3' 4' .
III-ti pisaTvis (1)-li isev ZalaSi rCeba, danarCeni formulebi ki miiRebs
aseT saxes:
ν = νL + N ; (13.2. 2" )
νR + νL
ν= ; (13.2 3" )
2

151
 νR − νL
N= , (13.2. 4" )
2
magram niSani Cven unda davimaxsovroT. velze niSnis dasma, Tu
rogoria aRmarTi, Tu daRmarTi, xandaxan Zneldeba, amitom am wredebSi
TviTon formula gvaZlevs niSans.
Tu yovelTvis anaT-vals viRebT im vernieriT, romelic Cvenskenaa,
maSin vsargeblobT I-li
formuliT. II ti pis
wreds Seesabameba pir-
veli 4 formula, mxo-
lod mcires vamatebT
360ο -s.

Sveuli wredis
nuladgili roca
Wogrze damagrebulia
nax. 146 Tarazo
am SemTxvevaSi I-
el rigSi unda davr-
wmundeT, Tarazos RerZi
aris Tu ara para-
leluri Wogris mzeris
RerZisa da Semdeg mov-
spoT nul adgili, Tu
igi arsebobs. amisaTvis
SevarCevT daxril ad-
gils da vasrulebT
nax. 147
ormag nivelobas. A da
B wertilebs Soris simaRleTa sxvaoba vTqvaT aris h. A wertilSi
davcentreT Teodoliti, B wertilSi ki davayeneT lartya. RerZebi rom
erTmaneTs emTxveodnen, anaTvali iqneboda swori, magram radgan RerZebi ar
emTxvevian, arsebul a1 anaTvalSi adgili eqneba Δa cdomilebas gamowveuls

152
Tarazos RerZisa da mzeris RerZis ara paralelobiT. Cven gvainteresebs
arsebobs Δa Tu ara. naxazidan:
h = i 1 − ( a 1 + Δa ) . (13.2.5)
axla SevabrunoT, instrumenti davayenoT B – wertilSi, A – wertilSi
ki lartya. am SemTxvevisaTvis simaRleTa sxvaoba
h = (a 2 + Δa ) − i 2 . (13.2.6)
gadavwyvitoT orive gantoleba Δa -s mimarT
a 1 + a 2 i1 + i 2
Δa = − , (13.2.7)
2 2
e.i. cdomileba ar aris 0-is toli. anaTval a2-s davamatebT Δa -s, an Wogrs
gadavaadgilebT Δa -s mimarT, Tarazos buStula gadaiwevs. Tarazos
SevasworebT Semasworebeli xraxniT. aviRoT sxvaoba a 2 − Δa da am
anaTvals lartyaze davumiznoT Wogris mzeris RerZi. masze mowyobili
Tarazos buStula am dros gadaixreba. es gadaxra SevasworoT Tarazos
Semasworebeli xraxnebiT. am moqmedebiT Tarazos RerZi Wogris mzeris
RerZis paraleluri gaxda da orive Tarazulia. Semdeg daviwyoT nul
adgilis Sesworeba. SimSa alidadas mikrometruli xraxnis saSualebiT
davayenoT Sveul wredze anaTvali nulze. Tu SimSa alidadaze mdebare
Tarazos buStula isev gadaixara, moviyvanoT igi nul punqtSi, am Tarazos
Semasworebeli xraxnebiT.

13.3. instrumentis dacentvrisa da reduqciis Secdoma

1. dacentvris Secdoma. kuTxe, rom gavzomoT, instrumenti unda

davayenoT kuTxis wveroSi. vTqvaT, limbis centri zustad daemTxva C-
wertils. Cveni mizania β kuTxis gazomva. Tu gvaqvs limbi 0-ovani
diametriT, avuSvebT wred alidadas da davumiznebT A – wertils, miviRebT
β A -polarul kuTxes, aseve aviTvliT β B -s. miRebuli anaTvlebiT
ganvsazRvravT β . < β = β B − β A , Tu marjvena anaTvali mcire iqneba marcxenaze,

vamatebT 360ο -s. miRebuli kuTxis mniSvneloba swori iqneba, Tu instrumenti

zustad C wertilSi davcentreT, magram davuSvaT rom sxvagan davcentreT

153
nebiT Tu uneblieT, vTqvaT I-wertilSi. maSasadame, wredi gadmoinacvlebs,
orientacia igive aviRoT (nax. 148).
manZils CI-aRniSnaven λ -iT da uwodeben dacentvris xazovan elements

e.i. CA = D A -s nacvlad
gveqneba IA = D' A .
Q-kuTxe aris dacen-
tvris kuTxuri elementi.
CB = D B nacvlad gveq-neba
IB = D' B .
C1 aris dacentvris
kuTxuri Secdoma, roca
vmzerT A-s, C2 aris
dacentvris kuTxuri Sec-
doma, roca vmzerT B. Cven
nax. 148 gvWirdeba β A naxazidan
β A = β ' A +C 1 ,
(*)
β B = β ' B +C 2 .
nacvlad β kuTxisa, vsazRvravT M kuTxes, e.i. unda SevitanoT
Secdoma C1 da C2. (*)-dan ganvsazRvroT β
β = β' B − B' A + (C 2 − C1 ) = M + C , (13.3.1)
sadac C 2 − C1 = C (aRvniSneT), axla ganvsazRvroT cal-calke C1 da C2.
λ
naxazze sinusebis Teoremis safuZvelze, ΔCIA -dan C1 = ⋅ ρ "⋅ sin Q aseve
DA

λ
C2 = ⋅ ρ "⋅ sin(Q + M ) . sadac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, λ -dacentvris
DB
xazovani elementia, ρ -radiani = 206265" . formulaSi cvalebadi sididea DA-
manZili. igi ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia gazomvis sizustesTan. e.i.
gazomvis dros velze xazebi unda SevarCioT rac SeiZleba grZeli, maSin
dacentvris Secdoma is gavlena iqneba mcire.

154
 2. reduqciis
Secdoma. davuSvaT,
rom instrumenti zus-
tad davcentreT da
< β = βB − βA , magram
zustad ver davmzi-
reT. adgili aqvs wina-
aRmdegobas. davmzireT
A wertili da gamo-
saxuleba miviReT A' -
nax. 149
Si_ D' A ; <r-ewodeba
reduqciis kuTxuri Secdoma, rodesac vmzerT A wertils. λA -ewodeba
reduqciis Secdoma, rodesac vmzerT A wertils. aseve reduqciis gamo, B-e
davmzireT B ' -Si da analogiurad miviReT D' B , λB da r2 . e.i. Cven β -s
nacvlad ganvsazRvreT M.
A – wertilisaTvis β A = β' A − r1 ,
B – wertilisaTvis β B = β' B + r2 ,
orivedan
β = β' B −β' A + ( r2 − r1 ) = M + r . (13.3.2)
λA λB
ΔCAA' -dan r"1 = ⋅ ρ ⋅ sin Q A ; ΔCBB' -dan r"1 = ⋅ ρ ⋅ sin Q B .
DA DB
aqac, ise, rogorc dacentvris dros mniSvnelSi manZilebia, e.i.
reduqciis gavlena rom naklebi iyos, saWiroa gverdebi iyos grZeli.

13.4. kuTxeebis gazomva

magnituri azimutis gansazRvris Semdeg, busols vxsniT da viwyebT

kuTxeebis gazomvas. imis gamo, rom kuTxeebis gazomva Tanxvdenilia
SemTxveviTi da sistematuri cdomilebebiT (mag. vTqvaT romelime 359
anaTvali ar aris sworad dakvesili, maSin danarCeni anaTvlebi Tanxvdenili

155
iqneba sistematuri cdomilebiT, an vTqvaT, romelime kvesuri msxviladaa
dakvesili, an ar gadis zustad centrSi, adgili eqneba mcdar anaTvlebs).
arsebobs kuTxeebis gazomvis sxvadasxva xerxebi: ganmeorebiTi, ileTebis,
wriuli ileTebis, alajalovis, Sreiberis da sxva mravali. (SeviswavloT
ileTebis, wriuli ileTebis da ganmeorebiTi xerxebi).

a) ileTebis xerxebi
ileTebis xerxiT kuTxeebis gazomvis
dros erTi da igive mimarTulebas vumiznebT
Wogrs ramodenimejer, limbis sxvadasxva
nawilebis gamoyenebiT da yoveli damiz-
nebisas limbze viRebT anaTvlebs. vsazRvravT
yoveli mimarTulebis ualbaTes mniSvnelobas
(saSualo ariTmetikuls) da bolos gani-
sazRvreba kuTxe. ileTebis xerxiT kuTxis

nax. 150
180 ο
gasazomad gamoiyeneba formula _ (i − 1) ,
n
sadac n–ileTebis ricxvia, i–ileTebis
Tanmimdevroba. vTqvaT n=2 niSnavs,
gamoviyenebT wredis or nawils, i =1 e.i.
180 ο
pirveli ileTi (1 − 1) = 0 ο , roca i = 2 e.i.
2
180 ο
meore ileTi (2 − 1) = 90 ο ;
2
nax. 151
axla vTqvaT, kuTxes vzomavT 3 ileTiT
I-ileTi
180 ο
(1 − 1) = 0 ο 0 ο − 60 ο
3
180 ο
(2 − 1) = 60 ο 60 ο − 120ο
3
180 ο
(3 − 1) = 120 ο 120 ο − 180ο
3
maSasadame, limbi daiyofa Semdegnairad:

156
 vTqvaT, unda gavzomoT ACB = β kuTxe, Tu ganmeorebiTi Teodoliti

gvaqvs SevaTavsebT 0-s 0-Tan (Tu araa ganmeorebiTi Teodoliti, maSin 0 ο - 0 ο

ar SeTavsdeba). sinamdvileSi 0 ο -ki ar vaTavsebT, gadavacilebT raRac 5' -ze
(nax. 152) anaTvlebis ukeT aRebis mizniT. (vumzerT saris ZirSi, zemoT ara,
igi SeiZleba gadaxrili
iyos). gvaqvs wredi marjvniv,
RA-anaTvali gveqneba A-
wertilze damiznebisas. lim-
bi damagrebulia, avuSvebT
alidadas da davmzerT B
nax. 152 wertils, aviRebT anaTvals
RB-ze (Sesrulda I-ileTi).
gadavitanT Wogrs zenitze da davmzerT isev A-s (am SemTxvevaSi wredi
marcxnivaa). limbi damagrebulia, wredalidada moZraobs. analogiurad
gveqneba LA da LB anaTvlebi. mimarTuleba A wertilze imzireba orjer da
aiReba saSualo anaTvali
R A + LA
βA = ; (13.4.1)
2
R B + LB
analogiurad β B = ; (13.4.2)
2
[R B + L B ] − [R A + LA ]
kuTxe β = β B − β A = , (13.4.3)
2
maSasadame, erTi β kuTxis gasazomad yovel mimarTulebas davmzireT or-
orjer. aviReT anaTvali 4-jer. e.i. erTi ileTiT gazomvisas erT
mimarTulebaze viRebT ori anaTvlis saSualo ariTmetikuls da meore
mimarTulebazedac saSualo ariTmetikuls.
ori ileTiT gazomva niSnavs gamoviyenoT wredis 2-nawili 0 ο − 90 ο -mde
da am nawilis simetriuli 180 ο − 270 ο -mde. da gazomvis dros igive
moqmedebebs gavimeorebT.
sami ileTis SemTxvevaSi 90 ο -is nacvlad gveqneba 60o − 120o − 180o
maSasadame, n-ileTis SemTxvevaSi formula miiRebs saxes.
[ R B + L B ]1n − [ R A + L A ]1n
β n = β Bn − β An = , (13.4.4)
2⋅n
sadac n-ileTebis raodenobaa,
157
 RA da RB –anaTvlebi limbze, rodesac Sveuli wredi marjvnivaa;
LA da LB – anaTvlebi limbze, rodesac Sveuli wredi marcxnivaa.
β _ kuTxis n-ileTiT gansazRvrisaTvis limbze anaTvlebs viRebT
4n-jer, aseve A da B sagnebs WogriT vumiznebT 4n-jer.

b) wriuli ileTebis xerxi

es xerxi gamoiyeneba, rodesac saqme gvaqvs ramdenime mimarTulebasTan,
Cveni mizania ganisazRvros 5 kuTxe β 1 , β 2 , β 3 , β 4 , β 5 naxazidan
β1 = β B − β A ,
β2 = βC − β B ,
β3 = β D − βC ,
β4 = βE − βD,
β 5 = ( β A + 360 ο ) − β E .
gansxvaveba ileTebsa da wriul
ileTebs Soris aris is, rom wriul
ileTebSi erTdroulad izomeba ramdenime
kuTxe da pirveli anaTvali iReba orjer
kontrolis mizniT.

nax. 153 muSaobis TanmimdevrobaSi formula

rCeba (ileTisaTvis), magram wriul ileTebSi daculi unda iqnas
Tanmimdevroba: vTqvaT davumizneT A wertils, aviReT anaTvali RA, Semdeg RB,
RC da a.S. isev R ' A -s kontrolis mizniT saaTis isris mimarTulebiT. Tu
iaraRi mdgradia, RA unda daemTxvas R ' A -s. vTqvaT ar daemTxva, maSin maT
Soris sxvaoba ar unda aRematebodes instrumentis sizustes, e.i.
R A − R ' A ≤ τ , sadac τ -instrumentis sizuste. alidadis marjvniv brunviT da
yvela mimarTulebaze anaTvlebis aRebiT mTavrdeba naxevari wriuli ileTi.
Semdeg gadavitanT Wogrs zenitze da alidadas brunviT vumzerT sawyis A-
punqts. viRebT anaTvals, Semdeg alidadas marcxniv brunviT Sebrunebuli
TanmimdevrobiT damzeren punqtebs. analogiurad gveqneba anaTvlebi LA, LF,

158
LC, LD, LB da L' A , aqac L A − L' A ≤ τ (mowodebulia gausis mier). amiT
damTavrda erTi wriuli ileTi.
maSasadame wriul da Cveulebriv ileTebs Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom
yovel naxevar ileTSi sawyis wertils vumzerT orjer, vamowmebT
instrumentis mdgradobas.

g) ganmeorebiTi xerxi
ganmeorebiTi xerxiT kuTxis gazomvisaTvis aucilebelia ganmeorebiTi
Teodoliti. am xerxis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
erTi da igive mimarTulebas vumiznebT Wogrs ramodenimejer,
risTvisac viyenebT wredis sxvadasxva nawilebs, xolo anaTvlebs limbze
viRebT oTxjer (geodezistebi) an orjer (markSeiderebi). am xerxiT iseve,
rogorc ileTebis (wriuli ara) xerxiT, izomeba mxolod erTi kuTxe, or
mimarTulebas Soris. praqtikulad, yovel wyvil damiznebisas vzomavT
kuTxeebs da viRebT maT saSualo ariTmetikuls.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: vTqvaT unda gavzomoT β kuTxe (ix. nax. 154)

SevuTavsebT limbis 0 ο –s alidadis 0 ο -s, ufro sworad cotaTi gadavacdenT

5' an 10' , davumiznebT A
wertils Teodolitis Sve-
uli wredis marjvniv
mdgomareobaSi. I damizneba
mogvcems RA (1) anaTvals,
limbi damagrebulia. avuS-
vebT wredalidadas da
nax. 154
mivmarTavT B-saken, miviRebT
RB (2) anaTvals (aq aucilebelia ganmeorebiTi Teodoliti, rom wredali-
dada miemagros limbs). axla davamagrebT wredalidadas limbs da
avuSvebT limbs. mivmarTavT A-saken, Tan Wogrs gadavitanT zenitze.
maSasadame (1) da (2) anaTvlebis Sesabamisi seqtori < β R gadainacvlebs
(naxazze zemoT) β R = R B − R A ; β L = L B − L A ; davmzerT isev A wertils, anu
aviRebT anaTvals (3) LA analogiurad. wredalidadis moZraobiT aviRebT
anaTvals LB (4). LA da LB-saSualebiT miviReT β L mniSvnelobas. maSasadame β

159
kuTxe gavzomeT 2-jer, an anaTvali aviRebT 4-jer, e.i. erTi da igive kuTxe
gaizoma 2-jer da aviReT saSualo ariTmetikuli.
β R + β L (R B − R A ) + (LB − LA )
β= = , (13.4.5)
2⋅n 2⋅n
Tu davakvirdebiT formulas ileTebisaTvis da ganmeorebisaTvis,
naTlad davinaxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris.
erTi ganmeoreba da erTi ileTi erTi da igivea. n ganmeorebiT
gazomvis dros dakvirvebas imeoreben n-jer, yovelTvis limbis moZraobiT
marcxena saganze da alidadis moZraobiT marjvena saganze (damiznebiT).
alidada da limbi brunavs erTi mimarTulebiT ukanasknelad kuTxis n-jer
gazomvis Semdeg, roca alidada dayenebulia marjvena B-saganze aiReba
anaTvali. maSasadame gasazomi kuTxis limbze n-jer gazomvisas anaTvali
aiReba mxolod dasawyisSi da boloSi.
anaTvlebis mcire raodenobis saWiroeba warmoSva anaTvlis SecdomiT
aRebam. e.i. rac metjer viRebT anaTvals, miT met Secdomebs vuSvebT.
axla vnaxoT, rogor izomeba kuTxe miwis qveS. markSeiderebi muSaoben
miwis qveS Znel pirobebSi. maTi sizuste dedamiwis zedapirze geodeziuri
samuSaoebis sizustes emyareba. amitom miwis qveS mzeren orjer. aqac
saWiroa ganmeorebiTi
Teodoliti. vaTavsebT 0-
s 0-Tan. davmzerT A-s da
aviRebT anaTvals RA–s,
vTqvaT 15' -ia. davamagrebT
limbs, avuSvebT
wredalidadas da
nax. 155 davmzerT B-s, anaTvals
ar viRebT. davamagrebT wredalidadas, avuSvebT limbs, Wogrs gadavitanT
zenitze da davmzerT isev A-s. aqac seqtori gadainacvlebs da anaTvlebs
aviRebT bolos
LB − RA
β= , (13.4.6)
2
es aris erTi sruli ganmeoreba. ramdeni ganmeorebac ar unda iyos, anaT-
vals viRebT orjer. ori ileTiT gazomvis dros vmzerT 8-jer. anaTvals

160
viRebT 2-jer. RA da RB sxvaobas vyofT 2n-ze. yovelTvis limbi moZraobs
marcxniv, wredalidada marjvniv, n-ganmeorebaTa ricxvia.
ganvixiloT kuTxeebis Caweris rogori forma arsebobs (vTqvaT
wriuli ileTebis SemTxvevisaTvis):
1-2-3 grafa rom Seivseba, gadavitanT Wogrs zenitze da isev aviRebT
anaTvals SevavsebT 4 grafas. gansxvaveba gradusebSi unda iyos 180ο , amis
Semdeg gamoiTvleba danarCeni grafebi.
mag. 3 da 4 svetis saSualo anaTvali Caiwereba 5-Si.

anaTvali
sadguri wertili R R+L
wredze saS. 2C = R − L mim.
#_ # # L 2
↓R ↑L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0 A 16 ' 17 ' _ 2
0 ο18' 16 ' 0 ο19'
18 '

20 ' 24 ' _ 2
B 42 ο22' 20 ' 42 ο21'
22 '

24 ' 25 ' _ 2
C 76 ο26' 28 ' 76 ο27 '
26 '

28 ' 29 '
D 182 ο30 ' 32 ' 180 ο31' _ 2
36 '

E 275 ο34'
32 '
275 ο35'
33'
_ 2

17 ' 18 ' _ 1
A 0 ο19' 0 ο19'

6-svetSi Caiwereba ormagi kolimaciuri Secdoma, romelic daiyvaneba

minimumamde ZafTa badis gadaweviT.

161
 13.5. gazomili kuTxeebis gawonasworeba

rac ufro metjer iqneba gazomili kuTxe, miT ufro zusti iqneba
saSualo ariTmetikuli, magram kuTxeebis absoluturi mniSvneloba mainc
ar gveqneba. amitom saWiroa kuTxeTa ualbaTesi sididis dadgena e.i.
cdomilebis gawonasworeba.
vTqvaT, mocemulia elementaruli
figura Δ . Δ –Si α , β , γ -kuTxeebi. α -s, β -s
da γ -s miRebisaTvis gazomili gvaqvs
damoukideblad kuTxeebi da calkeuli
gazomvebiT miviReT kuTxeebi α , β , γ .
nax. 156
α -Tvis . . . . . . . α 1 , α 2 , α3 , . . . . . . . α n ,

aseve β -Tvis . . . . . . . β 1 , β 2 , β3 , . . . . . . . β n ,

γ -Tvis . . . . . . . γ 1 , γ 2 , γ 3 , . . . . . . . γ n .
cxadia samkuTxedis yoveli kuTxis ualbaTesi sidideebi
ganisazRvreba
α β γ
α= ; β= ; γ= , (13.5.1)
n n n
e.i. α , β , γ - ualbaTesi sidideebia. miuxedavad amdeni gazomvebis

warmoebisa, mainc α + β + γ ≠ 180 ο e.i. Teoriuls ar udris, maSasadame

α + β + γ − 180 ο = W , (13.5.2)
adgili aqvs Seukvrelobas - W, romelic aris Sedegi am sami kuTxis
gazomviT miRebuli, magram, kerZod, romeli kuTxis gazomvaSi davuSviT
Secdoma, ar viciT. imis gamo, rom gazomva xdeba erTi instrumentiT, erTi
adamianis mier, erTi da igive pirobebSi, gazomva aris tolzusti. W-s ki
gaawonasworeben ase: (α + ε 1 ) + (β + ε 2 ) + ( γ + ε 3 ) − 180 ο = 0 e.i. Sesworebis Setanis
Semdeg unda gautoldes Teoriuls an Sesworebulisa da Teoriulis
sxvaoba unda gaxdes 0-is toli. Secdoma udris, Sesworebebs Sebrunebuli
niSniT, magram maT erTmaneTTan zogjer kavSiri ara aqvT.

ε1 + ε2 + ε3 = W an ε1 + ε2 + ε3 − W = 0 ; sadac W= α + β + γ −180ο (13.5.3)

162
 es aris saerTod figuris piroba, mocemuli SemTxvevisaTvis ki
samkuTxedis piroba an Sesworebis piroba. es meTodi mowodebulia gausis
mier.
samkuTxedSi an mravalkuTxedSi Siga kuTxeebis jami unda gautoldes
Teoriuls
2d ( n − 2 ) . (13.5.4)
analogiurad poligonis piroba
iqneba
ε 1 + ε 2 +...+ ε 6 − 2d ( n − 2) + W = 0 , (13.5.5)
W = β1 + β 2 +...+β 6 − 2d ( n − 2) . (13.5.6)
esaa Sekruli poligonis piroba.

nax. 157

13.6. direqciuli kuTxeebis gamoTvla

Cven ganvixileT sawyisi mimarTulebis azimutis gansazRvra, ris

Semdeg instruments vxsniT yiblans, xolo Semdeg cnobili direqciuli
kuTxiTa da
gawonasworebuli
kuTxeebiT vsazRvravT
danarCeni gverdebis
direqciul kuTxeebs.
vTqvaT, mocemulia
α1−2 , viciT α = A g + δ ο ; α -

direqciuli kuTxea, A g -

geografiuli azimuti, δ ο -
mixriloba. Cveni mizania
nax. 158 ganvsazRvroT α 2 − 3 direq-
ciuli kuTxe naxazidan
α 2 − 3 = α 1− 2 + 180 ο − β 2 .

163
 yoveli gverdis direqciuli kuTxe udris, wina gverdis direqciul
kuTxes (+) 180ο -i da (_) am gverdebs Soris marjvena kuTxe. axla vTqvaT
gvaqvs ara β 2 aramed β' 2 -marcxena kuTxe, naxazidan

α 2−3 = α1− 2 + 180o − (360o − β 2 ) = α1− 2 − 180o + β 2 .

yoveli gverdis direqciuli kuTxe udris, wina gverdis direqciul
kuTxes (-) 180ο -i da (+) am gverdebs Soris svlis marcxena kuTxe. Tu
saklebs maklebi ar akldeba, vamatebT 180ο . axla gamoviyvanoT wesi
zogadad.
yoveli gverdis direqciuli kuTxe udris, wina gverdis direqciul
kuTxes (+) an (_) 180ο da minus marjvena kuTxe am gverdebs Soris an plius
marcxena kuTxe (es damokidebulia saiT gveqneba svla). kontroli aris
gamoTvla imave gverdis direqciuli kuTxisa, romeli gverdidanac daviwyeT.

13.7. pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli geodeziuri amocana

geodeziuri amocanebi orgvaria: 1) pirdapiri da 2) Sebrunebuli

pirdapiri ewodeba amocanas, rodesac mocemulia erTi sawyisi
wertilis koordinatebi, manZili meore wertilamde da mimarTuleba anu
direqciuli kuTxe da unda ganisazRvros meore wertilis koordinatebi.
(moc. sawyisi wertilis koordinatebi ar unda iyos zoldneris an gausis).
mocemuli polaruli koordinatebiT veZebT marTkuTxa koordinatebs.
Sebrunebuli geodeziuri amocana mdgomareobs SemdegSi: mocemuli ori
wertilis koordinatebiT unda ganisazRvros mimarTuleba anu direqciuli
kuTxe da manZili mocemul or wertils Soris. e.i. mocemuli marTkuTxa
koordinatebiT veZebT polarul koordinatebs (mocemul 2 wertilis
koordinatebs mniSvneloba ara aqvs raze iqneba, sibrtyeze, sferoidze Tu
sferoze). TviT koordinatebis gansazRvra sferoze da sferoidze, miT
umetes, Tu saqme gvaqvs geografiul koordinatebTan (rasac saerTaSoriso
mniSvneloba aqvs) Zalian Znelia.

164
 nax. 159

pirdapiri da Sebrunebuli geodeziuri amocanebis gadawyveta xdeba

sferoidis zedapirzedac, rac ufro rTulia. ganvixiloT pirdapiri da
Sebrunebuli amocana sibrtyeze, rac gacilebiT martivia.
vTqvaT mocemulia 1, 2, 3, . . . wertilebi.
1. wertilis koordinatebi x, y; direqciuli kuTxe α 12 da manZili d;
saWiroa ganisazrvros x2, y2; x3, y3, . . . naxazidan x 2 = x 1 + Δx 1 ,
x 3 = x 2 + Δx 2 = x 1 + Δx 1 + Δx 2 ,
rom davbrundeT isev 1 wertilSi
xn = x1 + Δx1 + Δx2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + Δxn
n

∑ Δx
i =1
i ≠ 0 da udris Wx ,

n
e.i. rodesac mivediT isev 1 wertilSi ∑ Δx
i =1
unda iyos 0, magram gvaqvs

raRac cdomileba Wx da ≠ 0 -s. marTalia kuTxeebi gavawonasworeT, magram

gverdebis sigrZeebi ar gagviwonasworebia. analogiurad y-Tvis gveqneba.
y 2 = y 1 + Δy 1
y 3 = y 2 + Δy 2 = y 1 + Δy 1 + Δy 2 ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
y n = y 1 + Δy 1 + Δy 2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + Δy n
n

∑ Δy
i =1
i ≠ 0 da Wy .

165
 xazovani Secdoma W=x da y RerZebis gaswvriv SecdomaTa
geometriul jams, e.i. naxazidan

W = Wx2 + Wy2 .

Seukvreloba unda veZeboT im gverdSi, romelic paraleluri iqneba

arsebuli gverdisa. e.i. gamoTvlis dros romeli gverdis r (rumbic)
miuaxlovdeba aRebuli gverdis rumbs im gverdze movaxdenT xelmeored
(gazomvas) dakvirvebas.
W 1
ganazomTa Secdomebis Teoria gvikarnaxebs, rom Tu piroba ≤
∑ d 2000
W 1
(grZivi Secdoma) daculia, maSin yvelaferi sworadaa Tu > , maSin
∑ d 2000
Wy
naxazidan ganvsazRvravT r (rumbs). naxazze patara samkuTxedidan tgr = ;
Wx
amis Semdeg veZebT, romeli ganazomia saeWvo e.i. miviReT saeWvo gverdis
rumbi. igi Cvens SemTxvevaSi (ix. nax.235) aris 4-5. e.i. am xazs gavzomavT
xelmeored. axla vTqvaT, gvaqvs raRac cdomileba TiToeul metrze x
RerZis gaswvriv erTi gverdisaTvis, Secdoma TiToeuli metrisaTvis amave
RerZisaTvis unda gavamravloT gverdis sigrZeze da SevitanoT
Sebrunebuli niSniT. e.i.
Wx Wy
= a, = −b .
∑d ∑d
Δx 1 + ( − ad 1 ) = Δx'1 Δy 1 + ( + bd 1 ) = Δy'1
−ad 1 ⋅⋅⋅ − Δx'1 + bd 1 ⋅⋅⋅ + Δy'1
Δx 2 + ( −ad 2 ) = Δx' 2 Δy 2 + ( + bd 2 ) = Δy' 2
−ad 2 ⋅⋅⋅ − Δx' 2 + bd 2 ⋅⋅⋅ + Δy' 2
Sesworebis Semdeg gansazRvrul koordinatebs davitanT qaRaldze.
naxazidan
Δx = d cosα , Δy = d sin α ,
an λgΔx = λgd + λg cosα . λgΔy = λgd + λg sin α .
Sebrunebuli geodeziuri amocana ki ase gadawydeba
moc. 1 (x1, y1); 2 (x2, y2);
y 2 − y 1 Δy Δx Δy
tgα = = d= = = ( Δx) 2 + ( Δy) 2
x 2 − x 1 Δx cos α sin α
166
 13.8. wvliladebis gadatana

wvliladebis datanis mravali xerxi arsebobs: 1) marTobebis, 2)

polaruli xerxi, 3) gadakveTis (xazovan_kuTxuri), 4) gaswvrivobis xerxi, 5)
fargis sigrZivi svlis xerxi.
wvliladebis agegmva gulisxmobs, Cvens mier gamoTvlili
davukavSiroT garemos wvliladebs.
a) marTobebis xerxi.
vTqvaT, poligonis 1-2 gver-
dTan miiklakneba mdinare,
meore mxares aris saxli, Wa.
naxazze davuSvebT marTobebs
mdinaris damaxasiaTebeli
wertilebidan. davawerT x1, y1,
x2, y2, x3, y3. aq masStabi ar
gamoiyeneba. abrisi keTdeba
nax. 160 umasStabod, saxeldaxelod
mdinaridan xazze vuSvebT marTobebs, saxlze ki TviT xazidan ekeris
saSualebiT aRvmarTavT marTobebs im gverdze, romelic xazidan kargad
Cans. aq aseTi 2 wertilia. am
wertilebiT iqneba mimagrebuli
poligonis gverdze (1-2), manZili
saxlis kuTxeebs Soris unda
gaizomos λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ λ8 .
b) polaruli xerxi. iaraRiT
vdgebiT 3 wertilSi da vmzerT
topogaremos damaxasiaTebel
wertilebs. aq I-ad izomeba 4-e
wertili, Semdeg daitkecneba
limbi, aiSveba alidada da aiReba
nax. 161 sami maCvenebeli. mimarTuleba- β
anaTvali lartyaze - n da daxris

167
kuTxe ν . sawyisad miiReben 3-4-s da mimarTaven nulovan anaTvals 4-ken.
auSveben wredalidadas da damzeren Semdeg damaxasiaTebel wertils (muSa
yovelTvis dgeba gardatexis wertilebze).
g) gadakveTis xerxi. 1) kuTxuri. moc. β1 da β2 (bi polaruli
koordinatebi). A wertili ganisazRvreba β 1 da β 2 ; A(β 1 , β 2 ) an direqciuli
kuTxe A(α 1 , α 2 ) (nax. 162).
2) xazovani. vTqvaT
agegmvas vawarmoebT qalaqSi.
mocemulia kvadrati da gva-
interesebs B Wa ra manZi-
liTaa daSorebuli an sad
mdebareobs. amisaTvis vzo-
mavT A Senobidan λ1 , λ2 , λ3
manZilebs. arsebuli sami sig-
nax. 162
rZiT SeiZleba gadavitanoT B
wertili gegmaze, magram kontrolis mizniT kidev gavzomavT II-re A1
wertilidanac λ'1 , λ' 2 , λ' 3 da gavakontrolebT B-s gadatanis siswores.
3) gaswvrivobis xerxi (nax. igive). vTqvaT, gvinda C-Wa davitanoT
gaswvrivobis xerxiT, amisaTvis vzomavT manZils A" -sa da C-s Soris. Semdeg
A -sa da C-s gaswvrivobaSi C-dan manZils D-mde. gazomili manZilebiT
Tavisuflad davitanT gegmaze A da D-s cnobil wertilebs Soris C-
wertils.
4) fargis sigrZis svlis xerxi.
aq awarmoeben saridan saramde svlas
anu fargis gaswvriv svlas. aq fargiT
viRebT raRac cnobil adgils (vTqvaT
gzas) 9-8 da 9-10. izomeba β 1 da β2
kuTxeebi da manZili 1 wertilamde d1.
Semdeg 1-Si marjvena an marcxena kuTxe
(umjobesia orive) kontrolis mizniT
aseve 2 wertilSi da ase Semdeg (nax.
nax. 163 164).

168
 aRniSnuli xerxi mocemuli masStabisaTvis unda iqnas SerCeuli
adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. es Cvenzea damokidebuli.

nax. 164

169
 XIV Tavi
niveloba

niveloba aris moqmedebaTa erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac

ganisazRvreba wertilebs Soris simaRleTa sxvaoba (aRmateba).
Cven ganvixilavT mxolod sami saxis nivelobas: trigonometriuls,
geometriulsa da barometruls.

14.1. trigonometriuli niveloba

trigonometriuli niveloba sruldeba daxrili sxiviT,

Teodolitis an taqeometris saSualebiT.

nax. 165
vTqvaT saWiroa A da B wertilebs Soris simaRleTa sxvaobis
gansazRvra. warmovidginoT, rom A – wertili aris ZiriTad donebriv
zedapirze.
A-wertilSi davcentravT Teodolits.

170
 B-wertilSi ki Sveulad vayenebT lartyas. davuSvaT, rom iaraRma
mogvca ZiriTadi donebrivi zedapiris paraleluri sxivi A ' P' . davumiznoT
lartyas T' wertilSi, lartyis simaRle aris υ .
υ = BT' , xolo
instrumentis simaRle udris i-s, maSin
h = i + P' T'− υ ,
magram, radgan instrumenti ver gvaZlevs mrud xazs (ZiriTadi
donebrivi zedapiris paralelurs), aramed gvaZlevs raRac A ' P -xazs da
kuTxur Secdomas ε 1 -s, P' P = K , dedamiwis simrudis gamo, Secdomas. amave
dros refraqciis gamo sxivs T' -is magivrad T-Si miviRebT, T'T = r aris
refraqciis gavlena. < ε r -refraqciis kuTxuri Secdomaa, maSasadame h-is
namdvili mniSvneloba gveqneba:
h = i + K + h '− r − υ , (14.1.1)
gamovTvaloT K-s mniSvneloba. amisaTvis SevTanxmdeT, rom
R = 6400 km; i = 15
. m. SegviZlia instrumentis simaRle vugulvebelvyoT da
h + i CavTvaloT R-ad.
naxazidan
1
⎛ L2 ⎞ ⎛ L2 ⎞ L2
( )
2
1
K = CP − R = R + L2 2
0
2
− R = R⎜⎜1 + 02 ⎟⎟ − R = R⎜⎜1 + 0 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⎟⎟ − R = 0 ;
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ 2R ⎠ 2R

e.i. dedamiwis simrudis gamo Secdoma K udris iaraRidan

lartyamde manZilis kvadrats, gayofils gaorkecebul radiusze.
axla ganvsazRvroT r – refraqciis gavlena. eqsperimentalurad
dadgenilia, rom refraqciis simrudis radiusi R r = 6R (e.i. udris
gaeqvskecebul radiuss), maSasadame
L20 L20
r= = .
2 R r 12 R
dedamiwis simrudisa da refraqciis erToblivi gavlena avRniSnoT
f -iT.

L20 L2 L2
f = K − r , maSin f = − 0 = 0.42 0 ;
2 R 12 R R
Tu manZili L20 = 200 metramdea, maSin f -is gavlena mxedvelobaSi ar
aris misaRebi.
axla ganvsazRvroT h' . SevitanoT aRniSvna < A ' TC = γ , maSin naxazidan
171
 γ = 180 ο − (90 ο + ν) − ε = 90 ο − ( ν + ε ) ,
sin ν L 0 sin ν L 0 sin ν sin ν
h' = L 0 = ο
= = L0 =
sin γ sin[90 − ( ν + ε )] cos( ν + ε ) cos ν ⋅ cos ε − sin ν ⋅ sin ε
1
= L 0 tgν ≈ L 0 tgν
cos ε (1 − tgν ⋅ tgε )
e.i. h' ≈ L 0 tgν ; gavyoT cos ν ⋅ cos ε radgan L 0 = 200 m; ε -mcire kuTxea,
cosε = 1 ; tgε = 0 . Tu SevitanT gamoTvlil mniSvnelobebs (14.1.1) formulaSi
gveqneba
h = L0 tgν + i − υ + f , (14.1.2)
(14.1.2) Aaris trigonometriuli nivelobis formula, romelsac aseve
geodeziuri nivelobis formulasac uwodeben. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac L 0
gazomilia bafTiT, an gamoTvlilia trigonometriuli formulebiT, gvaqvs
trigonometriuli niveloba, xolo, Tu manZilebs manZilmzomis saSualebiT
vzomavT, maSin gveqneba taqeometriuli nivelobis formula, romelsac aqvs
Semdegi saxe:
L 0 = Kn 1 cos 2 ν + C ⋅ cos ν ≈ ( Kn 1 + C) cos2 ν ,
sadac L 0 -aris dedamiwis fizikuri zedapiris A da B wertilebs
F1
Soris Tarazuli manZili. K = Ct ; C = . K aris manZilmzomis koeficienti;
P
F1 -obieqtivis mTavari safokuso manZili; P – samanZilo Zafebs Soris
manZili; t-danayofis fasi; n 1 -danayofis raodenoba lartyaze; ν -kuTxe,
romelsac adgens daxrili xazi mis proeqciasTan (meore ν lartyis ara
marTobulobiT Seqmnili kuTxe), xolo c = F1 + δ aris obieqtivis mTavari
safokuso manZilisa da obieqtivis linzis centridan Wogris brunvis
RerZamde manZilebis jami.

14.2. geometriuli niveloba

geometriuli niveloba ewodeba nivelobas Tarazuli sxivis

saSualebiT.
vTqvaT, gvsurs A da B wertilebs Soris simaRleTa sxvaobis gageba.
iaraRiT vdgebiT A da B wertilebs Soris, xolo A da B wertilebSi ki

172
Sveulad vayenebT lartyebs. Cven, rom saSualeba gvqondes donebrivi
zedapiris paraleluri sxivis miRebis, maSin aRmateba h gamoiTvleboda
formuliT
h = a 1 − b1 (14.2.1)
(sadac a1 - aris danamzeri ukana
lartyaze, b 1 - aris danamzeri wina
lartyaze).
magram, iaraRi ZiriTadi doneb-
rivi zedapiris paralelur xazs ver
gvaZlevs, aramed gvaZlevs Tarazul
sxivs. e.i. dedamiwis simrudisagan
gamowveuli Secdomebi gveqneba K 1 da
K 2 , magram agreTve viciT, rom Tara-
zuli sxivi gaivlis ra atmosferos
sxvadasxva simkvrivis fenebSi, refraq-
ciis gamo gadatydeba da sabolood
sxivi miiRebs mimarTulebas, romelic
naxazze mTliani xaziT aris aRniS-
nax. 166
nuli. refraqciis gavlena iqneba r1
da r2 . axla ganvsazRvroT a 1 da b 1 .
a1 = a − ( k1 − r1 ) = a − f1 avRniSnoT ( k1 − r1 ) − f 1 -iT,
b1 = b − ( k 2 − r2 ) = b − f 2 avRniSnoT ( k 2 − r2 ) − f 2 -iT.
SevitanoT (1) gamosaxulebaSi a 1 da b 1 -is mniSvnelobebi. gveqneba
h = ( a − f1 ) − ( b − f 2 ) = a − b + ( f 2 − f1 ) (14.2.2)
d1 d
dadgenilia, rom f1 = 0.42 ; f 2 = 0.42 2 ,
R R
sadac d 1 -aris A wertilidan iaraRis centramde manZili; d 2 -aris B
wertilidan iaraRis centramde manZili; R-aris dedamiwis radiusi. im
SemTxvevaSi, roca d 1 = d 2 , maSin f1 = f 2 da r1 ≈ r2 (daaxloebiT tolia imitom,
rom manZilebi sxavadasxvaa).
h = a−b, (14.2.3)
maSasadame, rodesac iaraRiT manZilis SuaSi vdgebiT, refraqciisa da
simrudis gavlena ispoba. im SemTxvevaSi, roca d 1 = 0 maSin
173
 h = i − (b − f ) , (14.2.4)
(i – aris iaraRis simaRle). rogorc vxedavT, ufro mosaxerxebelia niveloba
Suidan (garda amisa Suidan warmoebuli nivelobis dros ispoba
instrumentaluri Secdomebi).
vTqvaT vawarmoebT A da B wertilebs Soris nivelobas. vdgavarT am
wertilebs Soris ara tol manZilze, e.i. ara zustad SuaSi. iaraRi
nacvlad Tarazuli sxivisa gvaZlevs daxril sxivs, amitom simaRleTa
sxvaoba toli iqneba
h = (a + Δa ) − ( b + Δb) , (14.2.5)
(sadac a da b anaTvlebia
lartyaze), roca d 1 = d 2 , maSin
Δa = Δb da h=a−b e.i. ispoba
instrumentaluri Secdomebis
gavlena.

nax. 167

rTuli niveloba (geometriuli)

rTuli niveloba aris martivi nivelobebis jami. misi arsebobis
mizezia: 1) wertilebs Soris didi manZili, 2) dabrkoleba wertilebs Soris,
3) simaRleTa didi sxvaoba wertilebs Soris.
vTqvaT, saWiroa vawarmooT A 1 da A n wertilebs Soris simaRleTa
sxvaobebis gansazRvra.

h1 = a1 − b1 ;
h2 = a2 − b2 ;
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
hn = an − bn .

nax. 168
n n
H = ( h 1 + h 2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + h n ) = (a 1 + a 2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + a n ) − ( b 1 + b 2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + b n ) = ∑ a i − ∑ b i
i =1 i =1

14.3. nivelirebi

174
 nivelirebi ZiriTadad ori ti pis gvxvdeba: 1) xSuli da 2) gadasadeb
Wogriani.
1) xSul nivelirebSi TviT Wogrzea mimagrebuli kontaqturi
Tarazoebi da misi boloebi, rodesac Tarazos RerZi ar aris Tarazulad
moyvanili, gamoCndeba ase , Tarazul mdgomareobaSi ki . 2)
gadasadeb Wogrian nivelirebSi Tarazoebi gvxvdeba a) SimSaze mimagrebuli;
b) Wogrze mimagrebuli da Wogrze dasadgmeli.

a) Semowmebebi
nax. 169
orive ti pis nivelirebs aqvT sami saerTo
Semowmeba.
I-li Semowmeba. ZafTa badeze Sveuli Zafi unda iyos mkacrad Sveulad,
rom Tarazuli Zafi iyos Tarazulad. Tarazo moyavT SuaSi. niveliridan
30-50m-is daSorebiT kedelze daniSnaven wertils, romelic Sua ZafiT
ifareba (aiReben anaTvals lartyaze), Semdeg mikrometruli xraxniT nela
amoZraveben nivelirs vertikaluri RerZis garSemo. Sua Zafi unda gayves am
wertils (an ar icvlebodes anaTvali lartyaze), Tu es ar sruldeba, maSin
Seasworeben ZafTa badis Semasworebeli xraxniT. es Sesworeba xraxnebis
saSualebiT sruldeba, magram rTuli Sesworebaa da axali sistemis
iaraRebSi amas qarxana uzrunvelyofs.
II – Semowmeba. Wogris optikuri Zala da Tarazos mgrZnobiaroba
60"
urTierT Sesabamisi unda iyos. viciT, rom Wogris optikuri Zala T=
G
( G -gamadideblobaa, 60" -mzeris kritikuli kuTxe). cnobilia, rom buStulis
nul punqtze dayenebis zRvruli sizuste = 015
. τ (sadac τ -Tarazos danayofis
60"
fasia), e.i. = 015
. τ; Gτ = 400 . gamartivebuli saxe am Semowmebisa
G
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ayeneben lartyas niveliridan 50-70m-is daSorebiT.
moyavT Tarazo SuagulSi da iReben anaTvals lartyaze. Semdeg xraxniT
buStulas gadaadgileben Suidan da Semdeg isev imave xraxniT moyavT
SuaSi. iReben anaTvals. Tu anaTvali igive iqneba, maSin Tarazos
mgrZnobiaroba Seesabameba Wogris gamadideblobas an metia masze. Tarazos
zedmet sizustes amJRavneben Semdegnairad: Tarazo moyavT SuaSi, iReben

175
anaTvals a1-s, Semdeg damyenebeli an Semasworebeli xraxniT cvlian
anaTvals da kvlav abruneben a1 anaTvalze. Tu buStula kvlav SuaSi ar
dadga, maSasadame, igi zedmeti sizustis yofila. zedmeti sizustis Tarazo
ki sagrZnoblad anelebs muSaobis temps.

b) Tarazos safasuris gansazRvra lartyis saSualebiT

vake adgilze niveliridan ≈ 50 m-is daSorebiT kargad ganaTebul
adgilze ayeneben lartyas (niveliris erTi Semasworebeli xraxni lartyis
mimarTulebiT unda iyos), d manZils niveliridan lartyamde zomaven
xveulaTi an bafTiT.
Wogrs umizneben lartyas,
amwevi xraxniT Tarazos buStu-
las gadaweven Suidan, mxolod
ise, rom orive bolos anaTvlis
aReba SeiZlebodes. iReben anaT-
vals lartyaze b1 da buStulis
nax. 170 boloebze a1 da a2, Semdeg
buStulas gadaadgileben meore mxares da kvlav iReben anaTvlebs
lartyaze b2 da buStulis boloebze a3 da a4 gamoiTvlian λ = b 2 − b1 .
buStulis boloebiT aRebuli anaTvlebis sizustis kontrolisaTvis
gamoTvlian buStulis sigrZes a 2 − a1 da a 4 − a 3 , maT Soris dasaSvebia
gansxvaveba 0.2 – 0.3 danayofi. Semdeg gamoiTvleba buStulis mdebareoba
a1 + a 2 a3 + a4
orive gadaxrisaTvis n 1 = da n2 = da buStulis gadaxras n-s,
2 2
n = n 2 − n1 .
naxazidan naTlad Cans, rom Wogris mzeris RerZis Setrialebas ε
mcire kuTxeze, Seesabameba Tarazos buStulis n danayofze gadaadgileba.
ε
amitom erTi danayofis safasuri τ = , ε mcire kuTxe SeiZleba CaiTvalos
n
centralur kuTxed, romelic d radiusis mqone λ( λ = b 2 − b 1 ) rkals Wimavs,
λ λ
amitom ε= ρ" da τ -ki gveqneba τ= ρ" . xSirad Tarazos safasurs
d d⋅n
sazRvraven xelsawyoTi – egzamenatoriT.

176
 III – Semowmeba. Wogris fokusirebis dros mzeris RerZi ar unda
tydebodes. vake adgilze SeirCeven C wertils da am wertilidan ≈ 50 m-is
radiusiT daniSnaven A1, A2, A3,
A4, A5 wertilebs. C wertilSi
ayeneben nivelirs da iReben
anaTvlebs lartyaze A1, A2, A3,
A4, A5 wertilebSi. vinaidan es
nax. 171
wertilebi C wertilidan toli
manZilebiT arian daSorebuli (r=50m), amitom Wogris fokusireba mxolod
erTxel A1 wertilze gvWirdeba. gamoviTvliT simaRleTa sxvaobebs
(aRmatebebs), am wertilebs Soris h1, h2, . . . h4-s, Semdeg gadagvaqvs iaraRi C1
wertilSi. C1 mdebareobs AC mimarTulebis gagrZelebaze ≈ 10 m-is daSorebiT.
C1 wertilidan daniSnul (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5) wertilebze anaTvlebis asaRebad
saWiro xdeba yvela danamzerze fokusireba, vinaidan manZilebi C1
wertilidan daniSnul wertilebamde sxvadasxvaa. viRebT anaTvlebs da
vsazRvravT simaRleTa sxvaobebs h'1 , h' 2 ,... h' 4 . cxadia simaRleTa sxvaobebi
gansazRvruli C-wertilidan, toli unda iyos simaRleTa sxvaobebisa C1-
wertilidan (an gansxvavdebodes 2τ -Ti, sadac τ -lartyaze anaTvlis aRebis
sizustea). e.i. h 1 − h'1 ≤ 2 τ ; h 2 − h' 2 ≤ 2 τ ; h 3 − h' 3 ≤ 2 τ ; h 4 − h' 4 ≤ 2 τ ; Tu es piroba
daculia, maSin cxadia, rom niveliris mzeris RerZi ar tydeba fokusirebis
dros. Tu es piroba ar aris daculi, maSin aseTi niveliriT sargebloba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu SevasrulebT nivelobas SuaSi
dgomiT. gadasadeb Wogrian nivelirebisaTvis es Semowmeba sruldeba
ormagi nivelobiT. es igivea rac xSuli nivelirebis meore Semowmeba (ix.
qvemoT).

g) xSuli nivelirebis Semowmeba

I – Semowmeba. Tarazos RerZi marTobi unda iyos iaraRis brunvis
RerZisa.
Tarazos aTavseben ori damyenebeli xraxnis gaswvriv da orive
xraxnis urTierT sawinaaRmdego brunviT buStula moyavT SuaSi (H1H2),
Semdeg Wogrs Semoabruneben 180ο -iT (TvaliT) ( H ' 2 H '1 ). Tu buStula
gadaixara, maSin gadaxris naxevars Seasworeben Tarazos Semasworebeli

177
xraxniT, Semdeg buStula SuaSi mohyavT damyenebeli xraxnebiT. zemoT
aRweril operacias imeoreben manam, sanam yoveli 180ο -iT Semobrunebis dros
buStula ar gaCerdeba SuaSi (gadaxra dasaSvebia erTi danayofis 0.2-0.3)
( H" 2 H"1 ). Semdeg Semoatrialeben Wogrs 90 ο -iT da mesame damyenebeli
xraxniT Tarazos buStula moyavT SuaSi. axla sibrtyeze mdebare ori xazi
Tarazuladaa, e.i. sibrtye Tarazuladaa. amis Semdeg brunvis RerZi sakmaod
kargad aris Sveulad moyvanili. magram Tarazos Semowmebas axdenen

β
β = (90o + ε ) − (90o − ε ) = 2ε ε=
2
nax. 172 nax. 173

xelaxla da sabolood brunvis RerZi moyavT Sveul mdgomareobaSi.

II – Semowmeba. Wogris mzeris RerZi paraleluri unda iyos Tarazos
RerZisa. aRniSnuli Semowmeba sruldeba ormagi nivelobiT, amasTan
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT erT-erTi meTodi arsebuli ori meTodidan.
I-li meTodi. nivelirs dgamen jer A wertilSi ise, rom okulari da A
wertilSi Camagrebuli palo erT vertikalur sibrtyeSi iyos. moyavT
iaraRi momwesobaSi, sazRvraven iaraRis simaRles palodan okularis
centramde i 1 -s. B wertilSi paloze adgamen lartyas da iReben anaTvals a1-
s. Semdeg gadaaqvT iaraRi B wertilSi da lartya A wertilSi.
analogiurad ganisazRvreba iaraRis simaRle i2 da anaTvali lartyaze a2.

178
 nax. 174 nax. 175

h = i1 − (a1 + Δa ) h = (a2 + Δa ) − i2
i +i a +a
gamoTvlian Δa = 1 2 − 1 2 ,
2 2
Tu Δa ≤ ±2 mm, maSin piroba daculia, Tu gansxvavebulia, maSin unda
Seswordes ZafTa bade.
II meTodi. moedanze paloebiT daniSnaven tolgverda samkuTxeds
≈ 40 − 50 metriani gverdebiT. Suidan nivelobiT C wertilSi dgomiT
ganisazRvreba A da B wertilebs Soris simaRleTa sxvaoba h. moqmedeba
unda Sesruldes zustad, ara nakleb 2-jer, ganazomis SecdomiT ara umetes
±2 mm-isa. amis Semdeg niveliri gadaaqvT A wertilSi (an B-Si). sazRvraven

a = i − hi

nax. 176

niveliris simaRles palodan okularis centramde. winaT Sesrulebuli

nivelobis SedegiT cnobilia aRmateba h. advili gamosaTvlelia, rom
anaTvali lartyaze unda iyos a = i − h , amis Semdeg iReben anaTvals
lartyaze a1-s B wertilSi. Tu sxvaoba a 1 − a ≤ 2 mm, maSin piroba daculi
iqneba, Tu ara da maSin Seswordeba ZafTa bade vertikaluri Semasworebeli
xraxnebiT.

179
 d) gadasadeb Wogriani nivelirebis Semowmeba

I – Semowmeba: Wogris mzeris RerZi unda emTxveodes geometriul (da

optikur) RerZs.
aRniSnuli Semowmebis Sesas-
ruleblad dgamen nivelirs, moyavT
misi RerZi Sveul mdgomareobaSi
da iaraRidan ≈ 50 − 70 m-is daSo-
rebiT aTavseben lartyas da
iReben anaTvals a1-s. Semdeg gada-
atrialeben Wogrs Tavis budeSi
nax. 177
180ο -iT da kvlav iReben anaTvals
a2-s. Tu anaTvali igivea, maSin piroba Sesrulebulia, Tu gadaadgilda, maSin
a1 + a 2
piroba darRveulia da asworeben Semdegnairad: gamoTvlian a=
2
mniSvnelobas da ZafTa badis Semasworebeli xraxnebiT Seasworeben. ZafTa
badis horizontaluri Zafi ar gviCvenebs a-s tol anaTvals.
II – Semowmeba: aucilebelia, rom Wogris salteebis msaxveli (ab)
paraleluri iyos Tarazos RerZis (H1H2), sasurvelia aseTive
damokidebuleba iyos Tarazos RerZisa (H1H2) da Wogris mzeris RerZs
Soris.
aq SeiZleba Segvxv-
des sami SemTxveva
1) d1=d2 da P1=P2
2) d1=d2 da P1 ≠ P2
3) d1 ≠ d2 da P1 ≠ P2
pirvel SemTxvevaSi

nax. 178 Tarazos RerZi Wogris

salteebSi gadadebis Sem-
deg horizontalurad darCeba. aq H 1 H 2 ÈÈab da H 1 H 2 ÈÈKT, e.i. moTxovnili
piroba Sesrulebulia. meore SemTxvevaSi, Wogris gadadebis Semdeg Tarazos
buStula gadaixreba, radganac Tarazos RerZsa da salteebis msaxvels
Soris arsebobs kuTxe. ra Tqma unda, Tarazos SuaSi mosayvanad saWiroa
buStula gadavaadgiloT vertikaluri Semasworebeli xraxnebiT, gadaxris
180
naxevriT. Semowmeba sruldeba ramdenjerme. ris Sedegadac vaRwevT, rom
P1=P2 da amasTan H 1 H 2 ÈÈabÈÈKT pirobasac. mesame SemTxvevaSi, roca
diametrebi ar aris toli, aRniSnuli SemowmebiT vaRwevT H 1 H 2 ÈÈab, magram
Tarazos RerZi H 1 H 2 da geometriuli RerZi KT paralelurebi ar iqnebian.
garda amisa, am Semowmebis ganxilvis dros Cven davuSviT, rom Tarazos
RerZi da geometriuli RerZi erT sibrtyeSi mdebareoben, magram, SeiZleba,
rom es ase ar iyos. Semowmebis Sesasruleblad Tarazos buStula moyavT
nul punqtSi, Semdeg arxeven Tarazos, nel-nela atrialeben Wogrs
salteebSi. Tu buStula sagrZnoblad gadaixara Suidan, maSin mas
asworeben Tarazos gverdiTi Semasworebeli xraxnebiT. Semdeg aRniSnul
Semowmebas imeoreben. amasTan erTad, Tarazos rxevis Semdeg Wogris brunvis
dros salteebSi SeiZleba SevniSnoT buStulis sami mdebareoba. 1)
buStula adgilze (nul punqtze) rCeba. 2) Tarazos buStula nulpunqtidan
sul erT mxares ixreba. 3) buStula xan erT mxaresaa, xan meore.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tarazos RerZi paraleluria geometriuli RerZis,
meore SemTxvevaSi Tarazos RerZi da geometriuli RerZi erT sibrtyeSi
mdebareoben, magram paralelurebi ar arian. mesame SemTxvevaSi es piroba
daculi ar aris, mis misaRwevad Tarazos gverdiTi Semasworebeli xraxnebiT
unda iqnas miRweuli is, rom buStula ar gadadiodes nul punqtis erTi
mxridan meore mxareze.

14.4. nivelobis warmoeba

daniSnulebis mixedviT niveloba aris: gaswvrivi, gaswvriv-ganivi da

moednis.
a) g a s w v r i v - g a n i v i n i v e l o b a sruldeba zoluri reliefis
asaxva-Semecnebis mizniT, sanam geometriul nivelobas SevasrulebdeT am
zolze, winaswari kvleviTi samuSaoebis safuZvelze (barometruli an
taqeometriuli samuSaoebis gamoTvlebis Semdeg), Seswavlilia sanivelo
zoli.
am mizniT warmoebuli niveloba ori ZiriTadi amocanisagan Sedgeba: 1)
sanivelo RerZis Semzadeba da 2) TviT nivelobis warmoeba.

181
 sanivelo RerZis Sesamzadeblad, saWiroa gvqondes kuTxzomiTi iaraRi
(Teodoliti), mrudeebis dakvalvis cxrili, sapiketaJo Jurnali, 20-metriani
foladis bafTa, 6 an 11 foladis Cxiri, xveula, 3 – 4 sari, paloebi, fanqari,
najaxi. sapiketaJo Jurnali warmoadgens
milimetrebian wignaks, romelic ivseba
Semdegnairad. upirvelesad irCeven tra-
sis mimarTulebas da amagreben niSnebiT
trasis sawyis da bolo wertilebs,
moxvevis wertilebs da a.S. Semdeg
awarmoeben trasis piketaJs, e.i. piketebis
daniSvnas. piketi aris palo, romliTac
trasis wertilebi aRiniSneba. piketebs
amagreben erTi meoridan 100 metris

nax. 179 daSorebiT (qalaqisa da sawarmoo

teritoriaze misi daSoreba SeiZleba
iyos 40-50 metri). manZilebs piketebs Soris zomaven foladis bafTisa da
Cxirebis daxmarebiT. garda amisa piketebs Soris manZili damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ramdenadaa saWiro trasis reliefis Seswavla. piketebis
numeracia iwyeba trasis sawyisi wertilidan. TviTeuli sapiketo wertili
aRiniSneba ori paloTi: “wertiliT da darajiT”, wertilSi miwis piramde
Caismeba palo 10 sm-is siRrmeze da nivelobis warmoebis dros masze
idgmeba lartya. wertilidan 10 sm-is daSorebiT Caisoba meore palo
miwidan 10 sm-iT zeviT amosuli. es aris e.w. “daraji”, romelic gamoiyeneba
wertilis mosaZebnad. masze fanqriT iwereba piketis nomeri. Sualedi
wertilebi, romlebic saWiroa damatebiT reliefis dasaxasiaTeblad,
aRiniSneba mxolod “darajiT” da waewereba wina piketis nomers plius
daSoreba am piketidan Sualed wertilamde. mag: (2)+40, amitom aseT
wertilebs plius wertilebi ewodeba. ganiv wertilebsac aRniSnaven
mxolod “darajebiT” da waewereba maTze nomeri da daSoreba trasidan.
b) moednis (zedapiris) n i v e l o b a . samSeneblo moednebze,
aerodromebze, stadionebze da a.S. xSirad warmoiqmneba miwis samuSaoebis
moculobis gamoTvlis saWiroeba anda vertikaluri dagegmarebis
(nivelobis) Sesruleba, risTvisac aucilebelia msxvilmasStabiani (1 : 1000,

182
1 : 500, 1 : 200) topo-gegmebis Sedgena kvadratebis meTodiT, Seqmnil
sasimaRlo safuZvelze dayrdnobiT.
adgilze vagebT dasakvalav kvadratebs, Tu kveTis simaRle h = 0, 25 m
kvadratis gverdi a = 10 − 40 m, roca h = 0,5 m, a = 50 − 100 m da ufro mets.
kvadratebis numeracia mocemulia 256 naxazze:

AA1 2 3 4 5 6
I II III IV V
B
B
XVI a aVI
C
XV X V II X V III X IX V II
DD
D4
X IV V II I
E
E
X II I X II XI X IX
F

nax. 180
adgilze qselis dakvalvis Semdeg vatarebT nivelobas. Jurnalis
nacvlad yvela monacemi gamoisaxeba qaRaldze, romelzec iwereba yvela
saWiro informacia. winamdebare naxazze (180) yoveli kvadratis centrSi
arsebuli cifrebiT naCvenebia instrumentis dgomis wertilebi, romlebic
rac SeiZleba axlos unda iyos kvadratebis diagonalebis gadakveTis
wertilebTan. moiTxoveba, rom yovel wertilze iyos minimum ori danamzeri,
amitom (180) naxazze 19 sadguria da amiT dakmayofilebulia moTxovnili
piroba. kvadratebis niveloba damokidebulia misi gverdebis sigrZeze. Tu
a ≥ 100 m, maSin yoveli kvadratis niveloba tardeba dgomis erTi
wertilidan; Tu a < 100 m, maSin erTi sadguridan nivelobas vawarmoebT
ramodenime kvadratze. (180) naxazze vixilavT SemTxvevas, roca a ≥ 100 .
niveliris gadaadgilebis sqema naCvenebia punqtiriT.
nivelobis Catareba kidev SeiZleba paraleluri xazebiTac. saWiroa
Seiqmnas gaxsnili an Sekruli svla, raTa vuzrunvelvyoT dakvirvebaTa
Sedegebis kontroli.
183
 kameraluri damuSaveba gamoixateba SemdegSi:
1) gamoviTvliT momijnave kvadratebis horizontebis simaRleTa sxvaobas
(sadguris): VH = bi +1 − bi = H hi +1 − H hi ,
sadac i aris kvadratis (sadguris) nomeri;
bi +1 - anaTvali lartyaze, romelic dgas momdevno kvadratis wveroze;

bi - anaTvali winamdebare sadgurze;

2) vasrulebT sanivelo svlis kontrols (Tu svla Sekrulia, maSin

∑ VH = f h , unda davicvaT Semdegi piroba: f h = 2sm ⋅ n , sadac n aris

sadgurebis raodenoba svlaSi; 2sm=2m, rodesac anaTvali lartyaze

1sm-dea);
3) vawarmovebT sanivelo svlis gawonasworebas; cdomilebas vanawilebT
Sebrunebuli niSniT TiToeul VH -ze Tanabrad, gamoviTvliT H h ;
4) gamoviTvliT kvadratis wveroebis niSnulebs Semdegi formuliT:
HD = Hh − d ,

sadac d aris anaTvali lartyaze D wertilSi.

5) samuSao Tavdeba gegmis SedgeniTa da misi gamoxazviT.
saxazav formatze mocemuli masStabiT vadgenT kvadratebis sqemas.
miRebuli kvadratebis wveroebis niSnulebis garda, formatze unda
davitanoT yvela saSualedo wertilebi (reliefis maxasiaTebeli
wertilebi da konturebi). Jurnalidan unda amoviweroT yvela wertilis
niSnulebi (1sm-mde). Semdeg vaxdenT horizontalebis (izohifsebis)
interpolirebas da reliefis gamoxazvas (qanobebis da reliefis yvela
damakavSirebeli xazis CaTvliT). gegma unda daixazos tuSiT pirobiTi
aRniSvnebis sruli SesabamisobiT.

184
 14.5. mrudeebis dakvalva

nagebobaTa RerZebi ganlagebulia ara marto swori an texili

xazebis mimarTulebiT, aramed zogjer mrudi xazis mimarTulebiTac (mag.
sanaosno arxebi, gzebi, didi kaSxlebi, saxlebi). aseT SemTxvevaSi ori
sworxazovani mimarTulebis SeuRleba xdeba metwilad mrudis saSualebiT
(nax. 181).
mrudis dakvalvisaTvis saWiroa moxvevis
kuTxe α da mrudis radiusi R, rac
saSualebas gvaZlevs vi povoT adgilze
mrudis sami mTavari wertilis mdebareoba:
A 1 -mrudis dasawyisi, P1 -mrudis Sua wer-
tili da D 1 -mrudis bolo wertili.
mTavari wertilebis mdebareobis adgilze
gadasatanad α -moxvevis kuTxisa da R
radiusis sidideebis codnis garda
nax. 181 saWiroa vicodeT: A 1 P = PD 1 mxebi xazis
sigrZe, romelsac SemoklebiT ewodeba T (tangesi), A 1 D1 -mrudis sigrZe,
romelic aRiniSneba K-Ti. PP1 -s aRniSnaven Б -Ti da ewodeba biseqtrisa
(manZili kuTxis wverodan mrudis Sua wertilamde). unda vicodeT agreTve
D minazomi, romelic warmoadgens ori mxebis da mrudis sigrZis sxvaobas.
e.i. D = 2T − K . simrudis radiusi winaswaraa mocemuli, xolo α -s
ganvsazRvravT TeodolitiT. gamovTvaloT mrudis damaxasiaTebeli
elementebi. naxazidan
α
T = R ⋅ tg (14.5.1);
2
α
2 R sin 2
⎛ α ⎞ 4 ≈T
2
Б = OP − R = R⎜ Sec − 1⎟ = (14.5.2);
⎝ 2 ⎠ α 2R
cos
2
K α 2 πRα πRα Rα
mrudis sigrZe aris K ; = ; K= = = (14.5.3);
2π R 360o 360 ο 180ο ρ

α
D = 2T − K ; γ = 90 ο + ;
2
piketaJis gamoTvlis Semowmeba
185
 vTqvaT gazomvebiT miviReT T = 50m K = 95m D = 5m
By = (28) + 10 By = (28) + 10
− T = (0) + 50 + T = (0) + 50
HK = (27) + 60 = (28) + 60
+ K = (0) + 95 − D = (0) + 05
KK = (28) + 55 KK = (28) + 55
Tu reliefi rTulia, maSin saWiroa ufro dawvrilebiT dakvalvis
Catareba. mrudis detalurad dakvalvisaTvis arsebobs sami xerxi:
1) marTobebis xerxi
2) kuTxeebis xerxi
3) wagrZelebuli qordebis xerxi

a) marTobebis xerxi
vTqvaT mrudze, romlis radiusia R, saWiroa P1 , P2 , P3 ... wertilebis
daniSvna ise, rom maT Soris mrudwiruli manZili udrides K-s (nax. 182). am
mizniT AM mxebi miviRoT abscisis RerZad, AO ordinatis RerZad. A
wertili ki RerZis dasawyisad. maSin, P1 , P2 , P3 ... wertilebis mdebareoba
mrudze SeiZleba ganisazRvros marTkuTxa koordinatebiTY( x 1 , y 1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 ),
( x 3 , y 3 ), am mizniT ganvsazRvroT K-mrudwiruli manZilis Sesabamisi ϕ
kuTxis sidide. gasagebia, rom

ϕ 360ο K 180ο
= aqedan ϕ = ⋅ (14.5.4)
K 2 πR R π
(nax. 182)-dan gveqneba

ϕ
X 1 = R sin ϕ ; y1 = R − R cos ϕ = R (1 − cos ϕ ) = 2 R sin 2 (14.5.5)
2
X 2 = R sin 2ϕ ; y2 = R − R cos 2ϕ = R (1 − cos 2ϕ ) = 2 R sin 2 ϕ (14.5.6)

mcire radiusis Sem-

TxvevaSi X-abscisebis mniS-
vnelobebs gadavzomavT
mxebis mimarTulebiT,
xolo B, C da D werti-
nax. 182 lebidan aRmarTuli mar-

186
Tobebis mimarTulebiT y1, y2 da y3 koordinatebis gamoTvlil
mniSvnelobebs. mrudze miRebuli wertilebi iqneba: P1, P2, P3.
roca radiusi R didia, maSin X abscisi Sesabamisi rkalisgan mcired
gansxvavdeba. amitom, ufro mosaxerxebelia praqtikulad X RerZis gaswvriv
gadavzomoT ara abscisTa mniSvneloba, aramed e.w. „mrudi uabscisod“. K-X.
amisaTvis X RerZze gadaizomeba K-rkalis sigrZe da Semdeg sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT (ukan) movzomavT rkalis bolo wertilidan K-X sigrZes da
miRebul wertilSi abscisaTa RerZis marTob mimarTulebaze xveulaTi
gadazomaven y sigrZes. miRebuli wertili iqneba mrudze.
marTobebis xerxiT mrudze P1, P2, P3... wertilebi miiReba erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad. amis gamo Secdomebis dagroveba ar xdeba. am xerxis
Rirsebac swored amaSi gamoixateba.

b) kuTxeebis xerxi

es meTodi gamoiyeneba im
SemTxvevaSi, roca dakvalva mar-
TkuTxa koordinatebis wesiT mou-
xerxebelia. am meTodis arsi Sem-
degSi mdgomareobs: vTqvaT, gvinda
mrudis dasawyisidan, romlis radi-
usia R, aRvniSnoT maszed ramodenime
wertili A, B, C, D, romlebic
daSorebuli arian erTmaneTisagan S
sigrZis qordiT (nax. 183). amisaTvis
gansazRvraven S qordis Sesabamis
nax. 183
centralur kuTxe ϕ -s Semdegnairad:
S ϕ ϕ S
= R ⋅ sin aqedan sin = (14.5.7)
2 2 2 2R
aqedan gamomdinare centraluri kuTxis naxevars an kuTxes, mxebsa da
mkveTs Soris gansazRvraven (7) gamosaxulebiT. Tu cnobilia S (qorda) da
R (radiusi), mrudis sawyis A wertilSi dgamen Teodolits. instruments
moiyvanen momwesobaSi. limbis nuls SeuTavseben wred-alidadis nuls da
187
wred-alidadas daamagreben. auSveben limbs da Wogrs umizneben M
wertils. am dros daamagreben limbs, auSveben alidadas da AM
ϕ
mimarTulebidan gadazomaven kuTxes, romelic tolia -is da WogrSi
2
mzeris dros am mimarTulebiT gadazomaven qordas, riTac miiReben mrudis
ϕ
B wertils. axla, Tu anaTvals limbze gaadideben -kuTxiT, miiReben
2
Wogris axal mdebareobas, romelic mimarTuli iqneba C wertilisaken. ris
Sedegadac B wertilidan mozomaven Wogris mzeris RerZis mimarTulebis
gadakveTamde S (qordis) sigrZes da miiReben mrudis C wetrils. ase
agrZeleben dakvalvas saboloo Sedegis miRebamde. A, B, C, D wertilebSi
Caasoben paloebs.
am xerxis uaryofiTi mxare is aris, rom Sualedi wertilebis
raodenobis zrdasTan erTad, izrdeba mrudze wertilebis mdebareobis
gansazRvris Secdoma.

g) wagrZelebuli qordebis meTodi

am meTodiT mrudis dakvalvis

SemTxvevaSi iqcevian Semdegnairad:
mrudis dasawyis A wertilSi (nax. 184)
mxebis mimarTulebas daniSnaven Teo-
dolitiT an goniometriT. Semdeg
SeirCeven qordis sigrZes (10m an 20m)
da gamoTvlian mrudis B wertilis (x
da y) koordinatebs Semdegi formu-
lebiT
nax. 184

x = R sin ϕ (14.5.8)
ϕ
y = 2 R sin 2 (14.5.9)
2
sadac ϕ -aris S-qordis Sesabamisi centraluri kuTxe. Tu R mocemulia,
ϕ S
ϕ -advilad ganisazRvreba Semdegi formuliT: sin = , amis Semdeg
2 2R

188
saWiroa iangariSon e.w. K Sualedi gadaadgileba. misi sidide
ganisazRvreba tolferda C' BC da AOB samkuTxedebidan. am samkuTxedebSi
∠C' BC = ∠AOB = ϕ , e.i. isini msgavsia.

K S S2
aqedan gamomdinare = , maSin K = , B wertilis y koordinatis
S R R
sidide (romelsac kidur gadaadgilebebs uwodeben), Seadgens Sualedi
K
gadaadgilebis naxevars. e.i. y = , TviT dakvalvis Tanmimdevroba adgilze
2
sruldeba Semdegnairad: mrudis A sawyisi wertilidan mxebis
mimarTulebaze movzomavT X-sidides da mis marTobulad ki gadavzomavT y-s.
miviRebT mrudis B wertils. Tu B wertilidan qordis mimarTulebas
gavagrZelebT da masze movzomavT S-qordis sigrZes, miviRebT C' -wertils.
axla saWiroa B-wertilidan (romelsac centrad viRebT) movxazoT S
qordis toli radiusiT rkali da C' -wertilidan xveulaTi gadavzomoT K-s
mniSvneloba. maTi urTierT gadakveTiT miviRebT mrudis saZiebel C
wertils. ase vagrZelebT dakvalvas danarCeni wertilebis mrudze misaRebad.
es xerxi sxva xerxebTan SedarebiT nakleb sizustes iZleva, magram
miuxedavad amisa, misi moxerxebulad gamoyeneba SeiZleba SezRudul
adgilebSi (mag. gvirabSi an mTagorian viwro adgilebSi).
d) serpantini

nax. 185
vTqvaT AC midamoSi SeuZlebelia dakvalvis warmoeba β kuTxis
simciris gamo da iZulebuli varT winaaRmdegobas SemovuaroT (mag. xevis

189
an dabrkolebis gamo). amas qvia serpantini, e.i. serpantini aris sworebisa
da Sebrunebuli mrudeebis erToblioba.
velze vzomavT β -kuTxes, xolo winaswar mocemuli iqneba r, d da R.

r – ZiriTadi mrudis radiusia,

R – Sebrunebuli mrudis radiusia,
d – ZiriTad da Sebrunebul mrudebs Soris moTavsebuli swori ubani.
am radiusebs gvaZleven reliefisa da samuSaos (gza, arxi) mixedviT,
α -aris moxvevis kuTxe. rogorc ukve viciT
α α
T = Rtg , K= ⋅R , (14.5.10)
2 ρ

⎛ α ⎞
Б = R ⎜ Sec − 1⎟ , D = 2T − K , (14.5.11)
⎝ 2 ⎠
r
ΔNBE -dan tgα = , (14.5.12)
d +T
(14.5.10)-dan T -s mniSvneloba SevitanoT (14.5.12)-Si, miviRebT
r
tgα = . (14.5.13)
d + Rtg α2

⎛ α⎞
(14.5.13) gantolebis orive mxare gavamravloT ⎜ d + Rtg ⎟ -ze miviRebT:
⎝ 2⎠

⎛ α⎞ α
tgα ⎜ d + Rtg ⎟ = r dtgα + Rtgαtg =r, (14.5.14)
⎝ 2⎠ 2
α
2tg
tgα = 2 . tgα -is es mniSvneloba SevitanoT (14.5.14) gamosaxulebaSi,
α
1 − tg 2
2
α α
2dtg 2 Rtg 2
miviRebT 2 + 2 =r.
α α
1 − tg 2 1 − tg 2
2 2
⎛ α⎞
am gantolebis orive mxare gavamravloT ⎜1 − tg 2 ⎟ -ze, miviRebT:
⎝ 2⎠

α α ⎛ α⎞
2dtg + 2 Rtg 2 = r ⎜1 − tg 2 ⎟ ,
2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
α α α
2dtg + 2 Rtg 2 = r − rtg 2 ,
2 2 2

190
 α α α
2dtg + 2 Rtg 2 + rtg 2 −r = 0,
2 2 2
α α
(2 R + r )tg 2 + 2dtg − r = 0.
2 2
amovxsnaT tg α2 -is mimarT

α −d ± d 2 + (2 R + r ) r
tg = ,
2 2R + r
r
aqedan gavigebT α -s. BE = ;
sin α
β -kuTxe izomeba adgilze TeodolitiT. γ = 360 ο − 2(90 ο − α ) − β = 180 ο + 2α − β
TviT dakvalva sruldeba Semdegnairad: upirveles yovlisa, unda
ganisazRvros adgilze S mrudis mdebareoba. ZiriTadi mrudis N wertilis
misaRebad TeodolitiT vdgebiT B wveroze, Wogrs mivmarTavT A
wertilisaken da limbs davamagrebT. Semdeg marto alidadis brunviT
Wogrs SevatrialebT (90 ο − α ) -Ti (vernierze saTanado anaTvlis aRebiT). am
SemTxvevaSi Wogris mzeris RerZi iqneba mimarTuli N wertilisaken da Tu
am mimarTulebiT gadavzomavT r-radiusis sigrZes, miviRebT TviT N wertils.
analogiurad, BC xazTan dakavSirebiT miviRebT ZiriTadi mrudis M
wertils. Tu Wogrs mivcemT β -kuTxis biseqtrisis mimarTulebas da mas
gadavitanT zenitze, maSin Wogri miiRebs mimarTulebas Q wertilisaken da
Tu am mimarTulebiT gadavzomavT r-is mniSvnelobas, miviRebT Q wertils
(ZiriTadi mrudis Sua wertils).
amis Semdeg B wverodan A da C mimarTulebiT gadavzomavT BE
sigrZes. adgilze miviRebT E da E1 wertilebs ( α kuTxis wveroebs), Semdeg
E da E1 wveroebidan orive mxareze gadavzomavT tangensebs da adgilze
miviRebT Sebrunebuli mrudeebis T1T2 da T3T4 wertilebs.
agreTve, E da E1 wertilebidan biseqtrisis mimarTulebiT
gadavzomavT Б -mniSvnelobas da miviRebT mrudis Sua Б1 da Б 2 wertilebs.
amrigad, adgilze miviRebT serpantinis mTavar wertilebs, e.i. movaxdenT mis
dakvalvas.

14.6. barometruli niveloba

191
 rogorc adre aRvniSneT, niveloba aris moqmedebaTa erToblioba,
romlis saSualebiTac ganisazRvreba wertilTa Soris simaRleTa sxvaoba.
fizikuri xerxiT SegviZlia nebismier wertilze wnevis gansazRvra.
vinaidan, sxvadasxva simaRleze wneva sxvadasxvaa, amitom wnevaTa sxvaobebiT
SegviZlia simaRleTa sxvaobebis gamoTvla.
barometruli niveloba aris niveloba haeris wnevis gansazRvris
saSualebiT. imisaTvis, rom gamoviyvanoT formula simaRleTa sxvaobis
gamosaTvlelad, gavixsenoT sxvadasxva kanonebi fizikidan.
viciT, rom haeri warmoadgens sxvadasxva airebis erTobliobas, e.i.
airebi qimiurad ganzavebulebi ar arian, magram cal-calke TiTeuls
TavianTi wnevebi aqvT (parcialuri wnevebi), garda amisa, gvxvdeba
SemTxvevebi, rodesac temperatura ucvlelia, magram wneva icvleba, agreTve
piriqiTac. Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT bunebis yovelgvari movlenebi.
I-daltonis kanoni. Tu gazebi qimiurad ganzavebulebi ar arian, maSin
saerTo wneva udris parcialur wnevaTa jams e.i.
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ⋅⋅⋅ + Pn (14.6.1)
II-boil-mariotis kanoni. mudmivi temperaturis dros simkvrive
pirdapir proporciulia wnevisa da ukuproporciulia moculobis (es
xdeba idealur gazebSi). e.i. temperatura iyo T0 , darCa T0 , wneva iyo P0 ,
gaxda P, simkvrive iyo Δ 0 , gaxda Δ i , moculoba iyo υ 0 , gaxda υ1 . boil-
mariotis kanonis Sesabamisad SegviZlia davweroT
T0 P0 Δ0 υ0
P0 Δ 0 υ1
T0 P Δi υ1 = = (14.6.2)
P Δ i υ0
P0
am proporciidan ganvsazRvravT υ1 . υ1 = ⋅ υ0 (14.6.3)
P
me-3 formula warmoadgens daltonisa da boil-mariotis
gaerTianebul kanons.
III-gei-lusakis kanoni. mudmivi wnevis dros moculoba pirdapir
proporciulia temperaturisa.
kanonis Tanaxmad υ = υ1 (1 + εT) , (14.6.4)
P T0 υ1
P T υ 1
sadac ε = aris gazebis gafarToebis koeficienti.
273
gavaerTianoT es kanonebi. SevitanoT υ1 -is mniSvneloba (14.6.3) formulidan

192
 P0
(14.6.4) formulaSi. gveqneba, υ = υ 0 (1 + εT) , am tolobis orive mxare gavyoT
P
υ P
υ 0 -ze miviRebT = 0 (1 + εT) aq (14.6.2) formulidan SevitanoT moculobebis
υ0 P
Sefardebis mniSvneloba, miviRebT:
Δ 0 P0 P 1
= (1 + εT) aqedan Δ= Δ0 (14.6.5)
Δ P P0 1 + εT
(14.6.5) formula aris klapeiron-mendeleevis formula, romelic
aerTianebs samive kanons, e.i. amyarebs damokidebulebas simkvrivesa, wnevasa
da temperaturas Soris.
ganvixiloT 186-e naxazi.

nax. 186

Cvens mizans Seadgens h-is gansazRvra. formulis gamosayvanad unda

gavakeToT sami daSveba:
I-daSveba. TiTqos Q1 da Q2 wertilebi erT vertikalze mdebareoben
(aseTi SemTxveva bunebaSi aris ).
II-daSveba. TiTqos orive wertilze anaTvlis aReba erTsa da imave
dros xdeba (sinamdvileSi winaswar xdeba drois daweseba, vTqvaT 12 saaTze
aviRoT anaTvali).
III-daSveba. TiTqos wertilebze anaTvlebis aRebis dros wneva
mudmivia.

193
 muSaobis Tanmimdevroba: Q1 da Q2 wertilebSi vdgebiT barometrebiT
da viRebT anaTvlebs. barometrebi sindiyiania da anaTvlebi zevidan qveviT
izrdeba.
cxadia, anaTvali dabal Q1 wertilSi ufro didi iqneba, vidre maRal
Q2 wertilSi. anaTvalTa Soris sxvaoba B1–B2 aris sindiyis svetis sxvaoba,
gamowveuli wnevaTa sxvadasxvaobiT.
gavixsenoT ziarWurWlebis kanonic. viciT, rom ziarWurWlebSi
sxvadasxva simkvrivis mqone gazebisa Tu siTxeebis wonasworobis dros maTi
simaRleebi ise Seefardebian erTmaneTs, rogorc maTi simkvriveebi.
h q
= , (14.6.6)
B1 − B 2 Δ
sadac q-aris sindiyis simkvrive, Δ -ki haeris simkvrive.
q
(14.6.6) formulidan ganvsazRvroT h. h = ( B1 − B 2 ) . Tu am formulaSi
Δ
SevitanT cnobil mniSvnelobebs q–sindiyis simkvrive =13.6; Δ -haeris
simkvrives (14.6.5) formulidan, miviRebT
qP0
h= (1 + εT)(B1 − B 2 ) , (14.6.7)
PΔ 0
aq P0 – wnevaa zRvis doneze (sawyisi wneva) =760 mm
Δ 0 _ haeris simkvrivea zRvis doneze
q = 13.6

B1 + B2
P-ki udris P = . (14.6.8)
2
barometriT muSaobis dros viRebT temperaturul anaTvlebsac T1 da
T1 + T2
T2-s. saSualo temperatura T = .
2
Tu (14.6.7) formulaSi SevitanT P-s mniSvnelobas, me-(14.6.8) formulidan
gveqneba
2qP0 B − B2
h= (1 + εT) 1 . (14.6.9)
Δ0 B1 + B 2
2qP0
gamosaxulebaSi yvela sidide cnobilia, amitom SegviZlia
Δ0
2qP0
SemovitanoT aRniSvna = K , maSin (14.6.9) formula gadaiwereba ase:
Δ0

194
 B1 − B 2
h = K(1 + εT) (14.6.10)
B1 + B 2
es aris frangi fizikosis babines formula. (14.6.10) formulaSi SevitanoT
1
aRniSvna K(1 + εT) = ΔH da ΔH vuwodoT simaRlis barometruli
B1 + B 2
safexuri. e.i. barometrze anaTvali 1mm-iT rom Seicvalos, wertilebs Soris
sxvaoba unda iyos ramdenime metri. praqtikulad igi daaxloebiT 10-11
metrs udris. e.i. 1mm-iT rom Seicvalos barometrze anaTvali 10-11 metriT
zeviT (an qveviT) unda avideT. (14.6.10) formula miiRebs saxes
h = ΔH ( B1 − B2 ) (14.6.11)
arsebobs sxvadasxva cxrili maT gamosaTvlelad. axla (14.6.11) formulas
mivceT logariTmuli saxe. gavixsenoT maTematikidan mwkrivebis daSla.
1+ x
λg = M 10 ⋅ 2 x ≈ 2 M 10 x (dawvrilebiT n. TevzaZis „sainJinro geodeziis“ me-3 tomSi aris
1− x
ganxiluli).

B1 − B 2
1+
B1 − B 2 B1 + B 2 B B − B2
vTqvaT X= , maSin λg = λg 1 = 2 M 10 ⋅ 1 , aqedan
B1 + B 2 B1 − B 2 B2 B1 + B 2
1−
B1 + B 2

B1 − B 2 1 B
= λg 1 babines formulaSi (14.6.10)-Si SevitanoT es mniSvneloba,
B1 + B 2 2 M 10 B2
miviRebT:
K B
h= (1 + εT) λg 1 .
2 M 10 B2

K K
am gamosaxulebaSi - cnobili sididea, amitom aRvniSnoT =N,
2 M 10 2 M 10
maSin
B1
h = N (1 + εT) ⋅ λg , (14.6.12) es aris logariTmuli saxe.
B2
am formulas aZleven agreTve cxrilur saxesac. amisaTvis gadavweroT
(14.6.12) formula ase
1 + εT
h = N (1 + εT0 ) ( − λg760 + λgB1 + λg760 − λgB 2 ) , (14.6.13)
1 + εT0

195
aq T0 -saS. temperaturaa, e.i. cnobili sididea. (14.6.13) formulidan amoviRoT
1 + εT
wevri da gardavqmnaT ase
1 + εT0

1+ εT 1
= (1 + ε T ) = (1 + ε T )(1 − ε T0 + ε 2T02 − ε 3T03 + ⋅⋅⋅) =
1 + ε T0 1 + ε T0
= 1 − ε T0 + ε 2T02 − ε 3T03 + ε T − ε 2TT0 + ε 3TT02 − ε 4TT03 =
= 1 + (ε − ε 2T0 + ε 3T02 )(T − T0 ) = 1 + γ (T − T0 ),

sadac ( ε − ε 2 T0 + ε 3 T0 ) gamosaxulebaSi yvela sidide cnobilia, amitom

aRvniSnoT γ -Ti. miRebuli mniSvneloba SevitanoT (14.6.13) formulaSi.
miviRebT
h = N (1 + εT0 )( − λg760 + λgB1 + λg760 − λgB 2 )[1 + γ (T − T0 )] .
760
SemovitanoT aRniSvnebi: ( H 1 ) = N (1 + εT0 ) λg ,
B1

760
( H 2 ) = N (1 + εT0 ) λg .
B2
(H1 ) aris I-wertilis miaxloebiTi altitudi, e.i. miaxloebiTi simaRle
zRvis donidan. (H2)-ki II-wertilisa. Tu SevitanT am aRniSvnebs, gveqneba
h = [( H 2 ) − ( H 1 )][1 + γ (T − T0 )] = ( H 2 ) + ( H 2 ) ⋅ γ (T − T0 ) − ( H 1 ) − ( H 1 ) ⋅ γ (T − T0 ) ;

e.i. h = [( H 2 ) − ( H 1 )] + γ [( H 2 ) − ( H 1 )](T − T0 ) (14.6.14)

(14) formula aris miaxloebiTi altitudebis saSualebiT wertilTa Soris
simaRleTa sxvaobis gamosaTvleli (aq T0-nebismieri daTqmuli ricxvia.
vTqvaT 15ο da misgan gamoiTvleba danarCenebi).

a) diferencialuri barometri

Tavis droze mende-

leevma mogvawoda diferen-
cialuri barometri Semdegi
konstruqciisa (nax. 187).
I wertilSi gavaRebT
onkans, haeri miawveba milSi

nax. 187 navTs da gaCerdeba raRac B1

196
anaTvalze. Semdeg vketavT onkans. gadavitanT II wertilSi, anaTvali ukve
icvleba da xdeba B2 (II wertilSi onkans ar vaRebT).
sxvaoba B1-B2 Seadgens wnevaTa sxvaobas. mendeleevis barometri
imdenjer zustia sindiyis barometrze, ramdenjerac sindiyis simkvrive
metia navTobis simkvriveze. ЦНИГАИК-Si gaakeTes barometri, romelic
mosaxmareblad metad kargia, radgan moculobiT pataraa.

b) aneroidi

radgan sindiyiani barometri Zneli gamosayenebelia, amitom saWiro

Seiqmna usindiyo barometris Seqmna – mas aneroidi uwodes.
aneroidSi haeri amotumbulia, magram vinaidan absolutur amotumbvas
ver axerxeben, raRac narCeni haerisa mainc aris Sig, e.i. aris misi
temperaturac, rasac aCvenebs Sig aneroidSi moTavsebuli Termometri.
garda amisa drekadobis kanonis Tanaxmad, liTons aqvs Tviseba, romelic
proporciulad ar gadaadgilebs isars, maSin rodesac aneroidis Skalaze
danayofebi daniSnulia urTierT tolebi. e.i. rom miviRoT aneroidiT swori
anaTvali wnevisa, amisaTvis aneroidze anaTvalSi unda SevitanoT aRniSnuli
Sesworebebi.
vsargeblobT Semdegi empiriuli formuliT
B = A + bt + C (760 − A) + a (14.6.15)
am formulaSi A – aneroidze aRebuli anaTvalia;
bt – Sesworeba Siga temperaturisaTvis,
sadac t – Siga temperaturaa;
b – temperaturuli koeficienti;
C – Sesworeba skalisaTvis, skalis koeficienti;
a – aneroidis mdgomareobis Sesworeba.
(14.6.15) formuliT aneroidze aRebuli anaTvali gadagvyavs barometrze
aRebul anaTvalze. aRniSnuli Sesworebebidan yvelaze didia a –
Sesworeba.
rodesac, erTdroulad viRebT anaTvlebs barometrze da aneroidze,
anaTvalSi Segvaqvs Sesworebebi bt da C, garda amisa anaTvlebi mainc

197
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan da es gansxvaveba aris swored a -aneroidis
mdgomareobis Sesworeba.
vTqvaT, ara gvaqvs pasporti aneroidisaTvis da gvinda ganvsazRvroT
es Sesworebebi. amisaTvis viqceviT ase. oTaxSi (I-sarTulze) viRebT
anaTvals aneroidze, (haeris temperatura oTaxSi t1-ia), gamoviTvliT
B1 = A 1 + bt 1 + C(760 − A 1 ) + a ,
Semdeg gamovdivarT gareT, gamovitanT aneroids, viRebT anaTvals
(haeris temperatura ukve t2-ia) gamoviTvliT.
B 2 = A 2 + bt 2 + C(760 − A 2 ) + a .
axla gamovakloT B2-s B1-i miviRebT
B 2 − B1 = (A 2 − A 1 ) + b( t 2 − t 1 ) + C(A 1 − A 2 ) (14.6.16)
am gamosaxulebaSi (A1-A2)-sxvaoba mxedvelobaSi ar aris misaRebi,
radganac simaRleTa sxvaoba oTaxsa da ezos Soris didi ar gveqneba.
amitom (14.6.16) gamosaxuleba gamartivdeba da miiRebs aseT saxes
( B 2 − B1 ) − (A 2 − A 1 )
b= e.i. ganvsazRvravT b-s.
t 2 − t1
aviRoT aneroidze anaTvlebi iseTi pirobebisaTvis, rom ar gvqondes
temperaturuli sxvaoba, aramed gvqondes simaRleTa sxvaoba. maSin (t2 – t1) –
sxvaobas vugulvebelvyofT da imave (14.6.16) gamosaxulebidan gveqneba
( B 2 − B1 ) − (A 2 − A 1 )
C= .
A1 − A 2
P a -s gansazRvrisaTvis viyenebT (14.6.15) formulas, saidanac
a = B − [ A + bt + C (760 − A)] .

muSaobis wesi
aneroidiT muSaobis dros unda gvaxsovdes, rom ar SeiZleba
mcxunvare mzeSi anaTvlis aReba, unda davdgeT CrdilSi, an qolgis qveS,
gavCerdeT daaxloebiT naxevari saaTi da mxolod amis Semdeg SegviZlia
muSaobis dawyeba.
yovel sadgurze viRebT 5 cnobas: 1) daviWerT Surdula Termometrs
da daaxloebiT 2 wuTs vatrialebT, aviRebT anaTvals, gavaCerebT cota
xans da kidev vatrialebT 1-wuTs, isev viRebT anaTvals. 2) aneroids
zevidan vartyamT xels, raTa gamovides inerciis mdgomareobidan, aviRebT
198
anaTvals A-s. 3) aviRebT aneroidis temperaturas t-s. 4) aviRebT anaTvals
saaTze. 5) gavzomavT simaRles aneroididan miwamde. amiT mTavrdeba
sadgurze muSaoba.
radgan aneroidisaTvis cnobilia b,C da a vsazRvravT A, e.i.
SegviZlia gavigoT B (14.6.15) formulidan. agreTve viciT T-c, amitom
sabolood vmuSaobT (14.6.14) formuliT.

muSaobis meTodi
gazomvis warmoeba SegviZlia movaxdinoT erTi aneroidiTac da
oriTac, umjobesia ori aneroidiT muSaoba.
erTi aneroidiT muSaobis dros: pirvel wertilze viRebT anaTvals,
Semdeg mivdivarT da yvela sadgurze viRebT anaTvals. ukan dabrunebisasac
yovel sadgurze viRebT anaTvlebs, ra Tqma unda, sawyis I wertilSic
viRebT anaTvlebs. pirveli da bolo anaTvali gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan, rac gamowveulia drois sxvadasxvaobiT. am gansxvavebas
anaTvlebs Soris Semdeg vanawilebT yoveli sadgurisaTvis Sebrunebuli
niSniT.
roca vmuSaobT ori aneroidiT: I sadgurze orive aneroidiT
erTdroulad viRebT anaTvlebs, Semdeg erTi rCeba amave I sadgurze, meore
teqnikosi ki meore aneroidiT midis win. winaswar vdebT pirobas, rom vTqvaT
yovel naxevar saaTSi aviRoT anaTvlebi da amitom yovel naxevar saaTSi
orive aneroidze aiReba anaTvlebi.
anaTvalTa damuSavebis dros erTmaneTs vadarebT erTsa da imave
saaTSi miRebul anaTvlebs.
ori aneroidiT muSaobiT ufro meti sizuste miiRweva.
Tanamedrove aneroidebSi miiReba sxvaoba 1-dan 4-metramde. e.i.
aneroidiT warmoebuli muSaoba sakmaod tlanqia, magram Cven viciT, rom
geodezistebi yovelTvis muSaoben aucilebeli da sakmarisi sizustiT. raime
sainJinro samuSaoebis Casatareblad, vTqvaT gzis gayvanis dros, nagebobis
aSenebis dros, xidebis mSeneblobis dros, saWiroa Catardes pirveladi
kvleva-Ziebani, romelic did sizustes ar moiTxoven. swored aseT
samuSaoTa Casatareblad ufro meti sizuste, vidre aneroidiT muSaobiT
miiRweva, saWiro ar aris.
199
 XV Tavi
farTobebis gamoTvla

sainJinro saqmeSi farTobebis gamoTvlas metad didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba. arsebobs farTobebis gamoTvlis mravali meTodi, romelTagan Cven
mxolod zogierTs SeviswavliT:
1. geometriuli xerxi;
2. grafikuli xerxi;
3. ujrediani qaRaldis xerxi;
4. awonvis xerxi;
5. koordinatebis (analizuri) xerxi;
6. meqanikuri xerxi (amsler-koradis planimetriT);
a) ganvixiloT farTobebis gamoTvla analizuri xerxiT, rodesac
saWiroa farTobis gamoTvla samkuTxedisaTvis.
samkuTxedis farTobi tolia, Tu
bh
F= (viciT h da b);
2
bc
F= sin A (viciT b,c da A)
2
b 2 sin A ⋅ sin C
F= (viciT b,A da C, aq
2 sin B
nax. 188 B gamoTvlilia);
a+b+c
F = P( P − a )( P − b)( P − c) (viciT marto gverdebi, sadac P = ).
2
Tu gamosaTvleli far-
Tobi SegviZlia warmovidgi-
noT samkuTxedebad (an cno-
bil geometriul figurebad),
gamoviTvliT calkeuli sam-
kuTxedebis farTobebs da
Semdeg maTi jami mogvcems
saZiebel farTobs.
farTobis gamoTvlaSi
is Secdomebi Seva, rac misi
nax. 189

200
elementebis gazomvis dros Sevidnen.
2. grafikuli xerxiT farTobebis gamoTvlis dros gamoiyeneba adre
Sedgenili gegmebi. gegmebidan amoiReben im elementebs, romlebic saWiroa
farTobebis gamosaTvlelad. grafikuli xerxi ufro tlanqia geometriul
xerxTan SedarebiT, radganac masSi garda im Secdomebisa, romlebic
analizuri xerxiT farTobebis gamoTvlaSi Sedis, emateba Secdomebi:
adgilze gazomili monacemebis naxazze datanisa, naxazis deformaciisa da
naxazidan grafikulad elementebis gansazRvrisa.
3. ujrediani qaRaldis xerxiT farTobebis gamoTvlis dros
gamoiyeneba gamWvirvale milimetrebiani qaRaldi, romelsac vafarebT
gamosaTvleli farTobis zedapiris gegmas.
1
vTqvaT, gegma Sedgenilia
5000
masStabSi e.i. viciT, rom
1
1sm2 – 2500kv.m = ha.
4
1mm2 – 25m2
daviTvliT ramdeni ujrediT
nax. 190
daifara, gamosaTvleli farTobi mTliani
ujredebiT da nawilobriv dafarul ujredebs ki vafasebT TvaliT.
4. awonvis xerxiT farTobis gamoTvla mdgomareobs SemdegSi: viRebT
gamWvirvale qaRalds (vaskovkas), movWriT gansazRvrul farTs, avwoniT
saafTiaqo sasworze da vTqvaT 100kv.sm gamovida 100 grami e.i. 1sm2=1gr.
axla gadaviRebT gegmas vaskovkaze, SemovWriT gansazRvrul farTs, avwoniT
da viTvliT saWiro farTs.
marTalia farTobebis gamoTvlis es
xerxi maRali sizustiT ar xasiaTdeba,
magram geologebisa da metyeveebisaTvis
misi sizuste sakmarisia.
5. koordinatebis xerxi (analizuri).
vTqvaT, gamosaTvlelia xuTkuTxedis

x1 + x 2 x + x3 x + x4
F= (y 2 − y1 ) + 2 (y3 − y2 ) + 3 (y 4 − y 3 ) −
2 2 2
x + x5 x + x4
− 1 (y5 − y1 ) − 5 (y4 − y5 )
nax. 191 2 2

201
farTobi. Tu viciT misi yvela wveros koordinatebi, misi farTobi
SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rogorc sami trapeciis farTobis jams
gamoklebuli ori trapeciis farTobi
(f.1,2,2' ,1'+f. 2,3,3' ,2'+f. 3,4,4',3'_ f.1,5,5' ,1'−f.5,4,4' ,5' )
es gamosaxuleba gavamartivoT Semdegnairad
2 F = x1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y 4 + x 4 y 5 + x 5 y1 − y1 x 2 − y 2 x 3 − y 3 x 4 − y 4 x 5 − y 5 x1 ,
2F = x1 ( y 2 _ y 5 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y 4 − y 2 ) + x 4 ( y 5 − y 3 ) + x 5 ( y1 − y 4 ) .
es gamosaxuleba mokled ase Caiwereba

1 n
F= ∑ x i ( y i+1 − y i−1 ) ,
2 i =1
anda Tu davaproeqtebdiT X RerZze, maSin miviRebdiT

1 n
F = ∑ y i ( x i +1 − x i −1 ) ,
2 i =1
anda ufro martivad dasamaxsovrebeli wesiT farTobi gamoiTvleba,
Tu amovwerT x-ebisa da y-ebis yvela mniSvnelobebs, Cveni aRebuli
magaliTisaTvis (xuTkuTxedisaTvis) gveqneba
x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x1
y1, y2, y3, y4, y5, y1
da aviRebT namravlTa jams marcxnidan marjvniv mimarTulebebisaTvis (\)
da vaklebT namravlTa jams marjvnidan marcxniv mimarTulebebisaTvis (/),
samkuTxedisaTvis
x1, x2, x3, x1
y1, y2, y3, y1
7. farTobebis gamoTvla meqanikuri xerxiT (planimetris Teoria).
meqanikuri xerxiT farTobebis gamoTvlisaTvis vsargeblobT amsler-
koradis planimetriT.
planimetri Sesdgeba ori berketisagan: sapoluso da
Semomvlelisagan. Semomvlel berketze amTvleli meqanizmia. am or berkets
aqvT erTi saerTo wertili_saxsari.
planimetri qaRaldze sami wertiliT idgmeba. planimetrze aiReba
anaTvali 4 cifrisagan, pirveli cifri aiReba ciferblatze, Semdegi cifri
dolze, mesame cifri vernierze. ukanaskneli cifri aris SeTavsebuli Strixi

202
 1
vernierze, dolis sigrZis meaTasedebSi (dolis sigrZis aris
1000
planimetris sizuste da aRiniSneba τ -Ti).
Sedegi miiReba Semdegnairad: aiReben sawyis wertilSi anaTvals,
Semoatrialeben wvetanas, mivlen isev sawyis wertilSi, aiReben anaTvals.
meore anaTvali minus pirveli anaTvali gvaZlevs saWiro cifrs n-s.
saWiroa P-farTobis gamoTvla (daStrixuli farTis gareSe), (nax.
267) jer gamovTvaloT elementaruli farTobi f. oa1b1b2a2o. am farTobis
gamoTvlis dros dauSveben Secdomas (daStrixul nawils), e.i. f.
oa 1 b 1 b 2 a 2 o ≈ f. oa 1 b 1 b'1 b 2 a 2 o = dP -Ti avRniSnoT. naxazidan

1 2 1
dP = f. a 1 b 1 b'1 a 2 + f. oa 1a 2 + f. a 2 b'1 b 2 = R 1dh + R dα + R 12 ⋅ dβ ,
2 2
am formulaSi dh=rkalebiT aRniSnul manZilebis jams
dh = dλ + rdβ ,
1 2 1
e.i. dP = R 1dλ + R dα + R 12 dβ + R 1 rdβ .
2 2
mTeli farTi ki udris elementaruli
farTobebis jams – integrals,
P L 2π 2π 2π
1 2 1
∫ dP = R1 ∫ dλ +
0 0
2
R ∫ dα + R12 ∫ dβ + R1 r ∫ dβ .
0
2 0 0

maSasadame miviRebT
P = R 1 L + π( R 2 + R 12 + 2 R 1 r ) ,

π( R 2 + R 12 + 2 R 1 r ) = Q -Ti avRniSnoT.
nax. 192
L-aris sigrZe, romelic gaiara dolma,
gamovsaxoT is τ -ebSi:
L = τ ⋅ n , e.i. R 1 L = R 1 ⋅ τ ⋅ n , R 1 ⋅ τ = C -Ti avRniSnoT, maSin R1 L = Cn -

Cn-aris planimetris safasuri, romelic Seesabameba planimetris

dolis sigrZis 1-meaTased farTobs.
O maSasadame
P = Cn + Q (1) planimetris formula
b1
R
axla ganvixiloT is SemTxveva,
R1 rodesac gamosaTvleli farTobi ise
a1 r
nax. 193 mcirea, rom planimetri Sig ar Caidgmeba,

203
maSin planimetrs vaTavsebT farTobis gareT.
aq P = Cn
farTobi udris elementarul farTobTa jams (ar gveqneba Q-didi
wris farTi).
axla ganvsazRvroT Q-s geometriuli mniSvneloba.

b1 naxazidan
R 22 = K 2 + ( r + R 1 ) 2 ,
R1 RR2
r sadac K 2 = R 2 − r 2 ,
R
K SevitanoT K2-is mniSvneloba
O
R 22 = R 2 − r 2 + r 2 + R 12 + 2 R 1 r = R 2 + R 12 + 2 R 1 r ,
e.i. miviReT gamosaxuleba rac adre avRniSneT
Q-Ti e.i. Q = π ⋅ R 22

nax.
nax.194
267 Q-yofila didi wris farTobi, romlis radiusi
yofila R2-re.
maSasadame, planimetrma gamosaTvleli farTobi dayo didi wris
farTobebad da danarCeni farTobebi gardaqmna sworkuTxedebis jamad.
rodesac planimetri farTobis gareT aris moTavsebuli, maSin
farTobi gadaiqceva sworkuTxedebis jamad.
planimetriT rom vimuSaoT, saWiroa
C da Q codna.
P' C–s gamoTvla
O cnobili r-radiusiT SemovxazoT wre
(patara), e.i. farTi iqneba πr 2 = P' (cnobi-
b1
R lia). planimetri moTavsebulia farTis
R1 gareT, am SemTxvevaSi farTobi gamoiTvleba
a1 r
ukve cnobili formuliT
P'
nax. 195 P' = C ⋅ n , saidanac ucnobi wevri C = .
n'

204
 Q-s gamoTvla
aviRoT didi wre cnobili radiusiT. maSasadame misi farTobi cnobili
iqneba. cnobili formuliT vwerT
P" = Cn"+ Q , aqedan Q = P"− Cn" .

P" Q
aRniSnaven = q -Ti. igi ganyenebuli
C
O
ricxvia da gviCvenebs, ramdeni safasuri mo-
b1 Tavsdeba did wreSi. am aRniSvnis gamoye-
R
nebiT P = C( n + q ) , esec planimetris for-
R1
r
mulaa.
a1

nax. 196

planimetris Semowmeba

planimetrs aqvs 2-Semowmeba.

1) doli da vernieri erTmaneTisagan ar unda iyvnen arc Zalian Sors
da arc Zalian axlos, maT Soris papirosis qaRaldi unda gadiodes.
2) dolis sibrtye marTobi unda iyos Semomvleli berketis RerZisa.
Semowmeba xdeba Semdegnairad: roca polusi marjvnivaa, SemovuvliT
da aviRebT anaTvals n1, Semdeg berketi marcxnivaa, SemovuvliT_aviRebT
anaTvals n2, Tu piroba daculia, unda miviRoT erTi da igive anaTvali,
anda mcire sxvaobis dros viRebT saS. ariTmetikuls am ori anaTvlisas,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi planimetri moiTxovs Sesworebas.

205