"An Overview of West to

East Indonesian
Geothermal System "
Mauliate Sihotang
Anjani
Presentation Outline

 Geothermal System Overview

 Sumatra Geothermal System
• System within the GSF Zone – Muara labuh System Overview
• System away from the GSF Zone – Ulubelu System Overview
 Java System
• West Java System – Salak (Awibengkok) System Overview
• Central Java System – Dieng System Overview
 Eastern Indonesia
• Mataloko System Overview
Geothermal System Overview

The elements of a geothermal system

works like boiling water in a kettle.
Surface Manifestaion

Cawang Tengah Chloride Spring

Hot Water Boom Sapan Malulong (Antara SUMBAR)

Patah Sembilan Fumarole

 Geothermal Utilization
✓ Thermal energy generated and stored in the
earth
✓ Heat ‘mining’ from the earth
✓ Heat transfer through circulating fluids
(convective), either naturally or engineered
✓ Used either directly (low enthalpy) or
indirectly (high enthalpy)

The presentation will be focused on ‘conventional magmatic

high-terrain geothermal system’ for electric generation

Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2011

Underground resource model (Model showing the origin of geothermal energy)

Source: Geothermal Energy, Serial No. 87 (July 1999
 Geothermal vs. Petroleum system

Geothermal Component Petroleum

Heat source is cooling intrusion or batholith Source Source rock is organic rich strata
not too old (Quaternary) to provide sufficient heat mature enough to generate hydrocarbon

Commonly within volcanic environment Reservoir Commonly sedimentary environment

Commonly clay alteration zone (smectite layer) Cap Impermeable strata (shale, salt, etc.)
Protecting hot system from surrounding cold water Trapping hydrocarbon and prevent further migration

Circulating hydrothermal fluid Fluid Accumulated hydrocarbon (oil or gas)

Commonly under pressured Pressure Commonly over pressured

(Sutrisno,2015)
 Geothermal vs. Petroleum system

Geothermal Component Petroleum

Covers local geological/volcanic setting Spatial Regional/basin-wide setting

Wider time frame

Quaternary volcanoes overly the older
Basin evolution over various tectonic events
formation Time
Lithostratigraphy, tectono-stratigraphy,
Volcano-stratigraphy
sequence-stratigraphy, etc.
 High Relief Systems

High relief system conceptual model

Geothermal System Play Type

Geothermal systems (187) developed worldwide, grouped by play types and regions
Source: IFC-IGA Geothermal Exploration Best Practice
Plate Tectonics & Volcanism

Sunda Volcanic Arc

• Sunda Arc along Sumatra, Java and Nusa Tenggara is produced by subducted
Indian oceanic plate beneath Eurasia continental plate
• This convergence interaction produces volcanism which provide heat source for
geothermal system
• Oblique subduction in Sumatra Island create dextral strike-slip Great Sumatra
Fault which control permeability in many geothermal system ; Orthogonal
subduction in Java & Bali and Nusa Tenggara Island
Geothermal in Indonesia (current condition)
Resource potential
Current capacity
29.4 GW 1438.5 MW
Badan Geologi,
March 2015 From 11 power plant

Geothermal concession
Obstacles
• Low power price
• Forestry and land
69 WKP overlapping
• Permitting
19 Existing WKP
50 New WKP
• Social issues

• Resource risk
 Indonesia Geothermal Potency

PLTP Sarula
330MW

PLTP Sorik
Merapi
45 MW

PLTP Lumut Balai

55 MW

Modified from Setyawan (2019) after Badan Geologi (2015)

Geothermal Development (stages)
3G Exploration

✓ Stage by stage activities in

developing geothermal field
is intended to gradually
reduce the risks
✓ The highest risk is related
to subsurface activity
(upstream), i.e. pre-
feasibility and exploration
stage
✓ The highest cost is related
to surface facility
construction
✓ The risk is significantly
Gehringer and Loksha, 2012.
reduced after exploration
drilling
Geothermal Exploration (Key questions)

Is it there?
Modified from Cumming, 2013

✓ Reservoir temperature
✓ Fluid chemistry
✓ Permeability
✓ Geothermal Play
If yes, then How big is
it?
✓ Area
✓ Reservoir thickness
✓ Recovery factor
How to prove it
through lowest cost
exploration drilling
✓ Pad location
✓ Well targeting
Boseley, et al., 2010
Geothermal Exploration (Geology)
Why do we need to know this?
✓ Identify and map lithology's that
will affect permeability and
reservoir chemistry
✓ Identify of reservoir evolution
from alteration
✓ Identify major permeable
structures
✓ Identify volcanic facies to predict
reservoir thickness and possible
heat source location
✓ Identify geo-hazard
Geothermal exploration (Geochemistry)
• Geochemistry
represents reservoir
fluid conditions such as
temperature, fluid
phase, acidity, scaling
potential, fluid origin,
etc.
• Geochemistry also
represents convective
hydrothermal
flow/hydrologic model
(upflow and outflow)
Geothermal exploration (Geophysics)
✓ Combination of various methods instead of
one single solution (like reflective seismic
for oil/gas industry)
✓ Deep resistivity imaging through EM
method (i.e., Magnetotelluric/ MT)
✓ Imaging the base of cap instead of
reservoir strata
✓ Combined with
• Gravity (basement setting, intrusion)
• Geomagnetic (alteration, demagnetized
body)
• Micro-EQ (permeability, fluid flow)
✓ Survey design → data acquisition and
QA/QC → data processing → modeling →
interpretation
Exploration Drilling Strategy (Anomaly Hunting)
Cumming, 2013
Rationale
Increased confidence in
anomalous values
Pitfalls
• Psychological over-reliance
on coincidence when
seeking meaning in
uncertain patterns
• Redundant or irrelevant
coincidences common
• Does not account for
conceptual uncertainty
Remedy
Interpret coincident features
Overlapping anomaly approach (mod. from Brophy, 2008)
in context of a conceptual
model
Geothermal Exploration
Geological and Geochemical Geophysical Survey
Surface Studies Survey
Surface geology Thermal features Magnetotellurics and other
mapping chemical analysis, and resistivity survey as subsurface
(Volcanic Product physical features indicator of system extension
Thickness + Heat Source)
Locating and mapping Geothermometry and Gravity and magnetic as
active geothermal fluid chemistry analysis subsurface structure indicators
surface features (water and gasses) as
(Possible CM and reservoir temperature
system extension) indicator, brine
chemistry, and flow
pattern
Structural geological Soil sampling , gas flux Heat flow and temperature
interpretation reservoir as indicator gradient as indicator of resource
(Possible permeable permeability size and extension
structure)
Passive seismic as indicator of
permeable structures
Provide a Provide a hard data Provide a description of
framework for for reservoir temp, subsurface structure which
Conceptual type , origin , related to reservoir
Model(CM) possible flow geometry and size
pattern for
developing CM
 Conceptual Model
Cumming, 2009

• Heat source → Heat flow

• Reservoir and fluid pathway → Porosity and permeability
• Cap rock (clay cap) → Controlling factor
• Circulating fluid → Temperature and chemistry
West to East Journey to Indonesia Geothermal System

Muara Laboh

Ulubelu
Dieng
Salak
Mataloko
GSF, Volcanism, and Geothermal System
 Most of the volcanism and geothermal system
located along the GSF zone
 9 of the 50 volcanism located in 2 km radius
from the main GSF Zone
 Most of the 9 volcanism associated with the
right step over (extensional) of the GSF

Muraoka et.al, 2010 Natawidjaja, 2003 *GSF : Great Sumatra Fault

Muara Labuh Geothermal Sysytem
 Located 135 km SE Padang
 Supreme Energy started geoscientific exploration in
2008
 Drill six exploration well from third quarter 2012 to
2013.
 The reservoir temperature range is between 235
deg. C to 255 deg.C with enthalpy range from 1014
kJ/kg to 1559 kJ/kg (Situmorang et al., 2016).
 Conducted drilling campaign from May 2017 to June
2018 to drill 12 new wells, consist of 9 production
wells and 3 injection wells. Prove the existence of
>290°C in the SW part of the resource
 COD in November 2019 with maximum capacity of
85 MWe
 System within GSF Zone : Muara Laboh
 Associated with the pull-apart basins along GSF
overstepping (Suliti segment)
 Mt.Kerinci is the youngest volcanism and
Quaternary Patah Sembilan volcanism potentially
act as the heat source
 Shallow basement (meta sediment and intrusive
outcropped proximate to the field
 Observe dominant NW-SE, NS, and NE-SW
trending fractures. Manifestation located along
the NW-SE fault trend

Muara Laboh geology map and simplified stratigraphy

(Stimac et.al, 2019, modified from Rosidi et al., 1996; Mussofan et al., 2018)
*GSF : Great Sumatra Fault
 Muara Laboh Geothermal System and Volcanic Basins Basins

Total conductance map at 1000 msl (Mussofan et.al,2018)

Muara Labuh bouger gravity map

(Mussofan et.al.,2019 modified from Santoso et.al., 1995))
Muara Laboh Geology & Conceptual Model

(Mussofan et.al,2018)

 The quaternary volcanic of Patah Sembilan as potential heatsource

 The up flow zone located aroud the Patah Sembilan mountain and
flow toward the Sapan Malulong in the north
 Reservoir consisted of quaternary silicic to andesitic volcanics and
tertiary to preterniary intrusive
(Stimac et.al,2018)
System Away from GSF Zone : Ulubelu Geothermal
Field
 The Ulubelu geothermal field
located 100 Km NW of Bandar
Lampung
 Exploration started in 1991 to
2011 which consisted of 3 G
survey and 3 exploration
slimholes (Siahaan et.al., 2015)
 Development drilling campaign
started in 2007, about 35 wells
are drilled to supply steam on
the 4 unit generation ( total
220 MWe)
 Powerplant COD the first two
Ulubelu field location map(Trianggo et.al.,2015) unit (110 MWe) at 2012

*GSF : Great Sumatra Fault

 Located ~22 Km east of the GSF
Ulubelu System Geology


 The system located in the volcano depression/basin

(>2.5 Km thick) bounded by andesite stratovolcanos of
Gn.Rendingan in the north and Gn.Tanggamus in the
south
 The depression bounded to the west by Muaradua-
Datarajan fault and to the east by Talangmarsum fault

0.43 Ma

3.94 Ma

Ulubelu geology map(Siahaan et.al.,2000)

Ulubelu structural map(Trianggo et.al.,2015)
  Gn.Rendingan as potential heat source

Ulubelu Conceptual Model  Well in the northern part encounter T≥

275°C (D,B,C, and I) represent the system
up flow
 Outflowing to the south following the NNW
volcanic depression trend

Ulubelu MT cross section and temperature contour (Raharjo,2001)

Isothermal map at-800msl (Siahaan et.al.,2015)

Java System
Java Geothermal System:
✓ Mostly are spatially
associated with
Quaternary andesite
volcanoes

✓ The majority of large

geothermal fields form
within caldera of
presumably Lower
Pleistocene age
Setijadji,2010
✓ Most produced field
32 located in West Java
West Java System: Salak / Awibengkok
Geothermal Field
 Salak / Awibengkok geothermal field
located 60 Km south of Jakarta
 Exploration 3G started in 1982 by JOC
between Unocal Geothermal
Indonesia and PT.PERTAMINA.
 15 exploration and development
drilling drilled from 1983 to 1992
which confirmed the Awibengkok and
Ratu geothermal resource
 COD with 110 MWe plan (2 x 55 MWe
Unit) in 1994 and raised to 377 MWe
Aprilina et all,2013 in 2002

33
 Geology of Salak / Awibengkok Geothermal
Field
 Located in mountains area with the highest
peak are the inactive andesitic volcanoes of
Gn.Salak.
 The youngest volcanic is Awibengkok rhyolite
lava (44-120 Ka) and the oldest is the
ancestral cone of pre Cianten Caldera (1610-
670 Ka)
 Parabakti fumarole indicates high temperature
geothermal system; The Sarimaya chloride
spring suggesting outflow to the north
 Structural pattern identified from mapping
and subsurface log NS, NE, EW, and NW. NNE
trending fault tend to partition the system

Salak geology map (Stimac et.al.,2008)

34
Salak Subsurface Geology

A’
A

35

Lithologic cross section(Stimac et al.,2008)

Salak Conceptual Model  The reservoir temperature ranging from 240°C to
312 °C
 The NE-SW fluid flow pattern observed from the
fracture image log and chemical tracers
 The deep up flow the western part of the field
and flow passing the barriers between cell, and
ascending to the shallowest level reservoir in the
east cell and boil under Cibereum fumarole

Resistivity profile, MeB (g/ml), and isotherms (Stimac et al.,2008)

Central Java System : Dieng Geothermal
Field
 Dieng geothermal field located
120 Km SW of Semarang
 Exploration started in 1970 by
Geological Survey of Indonesia,
PERTAMINA, Himpurna California
Energy Ltd.
 Total of 5 temperature gradient
Dieng Geothermal
Field wells and 47 geothermal wells
drilled
 The 60 MWe plan is build 1998 but
COD conducted at September 2002
 Geology of Dieng Geothermal Field
 Located in the North Serayu mountainous
zone, which generated in seventh stage of
the volcanics evolution (Van Bemmelen,
1949)
 The local geology divided into 3 lihtology
Kw.Sileri group: Older Dieng volcanics with
dominant lava and tuff breccia in the
north (3.6 Ma to 2.53 Ma); Mature Dieng
where the system sits (0.37 Ma), and
Younger Dieng volcanics in the south (0.19
Ma to 0.07 Ma)
Kw.Sikidang  Three main orientation of potential
permeable fault NW-SE, NS, and EW (both
NS and EW have extensional regime)
(Nurpratama et al., 2015)

Dieng geology map

(Nurpratama et al., 2015)
39
Dieng Conceptual Model
 Three potential up flow namely
Sileri, Merdada, Sikidang
 MT domes correspond with the
3 up flow model
 Reservoir temperature is 280°C
to 330 °C
 Potentially the recharge area
from the southern part
 All production wells located in
Sileri Area; high temperature
and low gas content. Sikidang
show high acidity and NCG, the
area
 After the updated numerical
model the company currently
prepare to conduct
development drill campaign
(Potentially increase the
capacity to 170 MWe)

Dieng conceptual model

(Ashat et al., 2019, GDE, 2019)
Eastern Indonesia: Mataloko  Mataloko geothermal field located 10 Km
SW of Bajawa, Kabupaten Ngada capital
 Exploration started in 1975 by Geological
Survey of Indonesia, GS Japan, and VSI
 Exploration and development drilling
(180m to 756m depth) consisted : 2 slim
holes : MT-1 ( 207.26m/P & A) and MT-2
(currently used to fuel the mini plans),
MT-03 to MT-05 as production wells, and
MT-06 as reinjection well
 Current capacity 2.5 MWe
Mataloko Geology
 Located in Bajawa depression with several
features of volcanic vent that trend NS,
NW-SE, and NE-SW.
 The area consisted a sets of andesitic
quaternary volcanic product (0.15 Ma to <
0,1 Ma) that overlies the tertiary
Maumbawa Basalt, and Welas green tuff
 Fumaroles and SO4 spring were observe in
Wolo Sasa and Wolo Belu volcanic vent
 The relative NW-SE Waeluja fault
correspond with the alignment of thermal
manifestation. The NS trending fault
seems to control the direction of fissure
vent
 All the spring were sulphate spring,
maximum temperature using DAP gas
geothermometer show 287.8°C

Mataloko geology map (Fauziah & Daud,2019)

 Mataloko Conceptual Model
 The up flow likely located beneath
Wolo Sasa and Wolo Belu volcanic
cone where the fumarole and SO4
spring ere found
 The NW-SE Waeluja fault or the NS
trending vents may act as a control
the permeability
 MT conductive layer correspond
with manifestation location and
suggesting the existence of cooling
pluton that may act as the heat
source beneath
 Plan to increase the installed
capacity to 2 x 10 MWe

Mataloko conceptual model (Fauziah & Daud,2019)

Typical Geothermal System Jawa, Sumatra, Flores
Criteria Jawa -Bali Sumatra
General Geology

- Lithology Andesitic-Basaltic Rhyolitic-Andesitic

- Volcanic rock Thick (>2500 m) Thin (± 1200 m)

Thickness
- Structure • Local Fault GSF and Its
Associate • Caldera secondary fault
depression
Surface • High temp. • High Temp.
Manifestation fumarole fumarole w/ steam
• Solfatara jet
• Mud pool • Solfatara
• Boiling hot spring • Boiling hot spring
• Intensive • Highly intensive
alteration alteration
•Complex fault structure pattern in Sumatera due • Less widespread • Widespread
to GSF, Java is more orthogonal
•Type and number manifestations highly different;
Sumatera much more complex and Java well cap (Budihardi, 1998)
•Much of the Flores System influence with young *GSF : Great Sumatra Fault
magmatic activity, either related with high rise
44
volcanic or along fissure vent
Discussion
 “Lain Lalang lain Binatang”, Geothermal field tends have more geological
characteristic is varies from field to field, although some patterns can be
observed
 The pull apart basins context and its influence on volcanism and reservoir
distribution is likely the case for geothermal system within the GSF zone.
 Away from the GSF zone, the system still influence by the secondary fault
which parallel or synthetic to the GSF. Although not out cropped, shallow
basement may existed
 The java system seems to have a thicker volcanic pile, but can varies in
relation to hydrology
 The Mataloko system give an insight on future system to be developed (size,
chemistry, and reservoir distribution)