Noung @ Nouns are: abstract (love, freedom. etc.), proper (Joe, Europe. etc), group (family. team, crowd, group. etc.) or common (chair, hat, Boy, etc). © Most nouns which refer to jobs, social status, etc. have the same form for men and women e.9. doctor, teacher, etc Countebl ® Countable nouns are nouns which we can count They have singular and plural forms. We usually form the plural by adding -s. (Look at Appendix 1).. © ‘Irregular Plurals: man - men, woman - women, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, louse - lice, mouse - mice, child ~ children, goose - geese, ox - oxen ‘® Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural. These are: a) some kinds of animals (sheep, deer) and fish (rout, cod, salmon, ete.) 2.9.4 sheep was grazing in the field. Some sheep were grazing in the field ) the words aircraft, spacecraft, hovercraft, etc. €.g. One hovercraft was approaching the port. Two hovercraft were approaching the port ‘¢) some nouns ending in -s: crossroads. means. series, species, works, etc. ‘8.9.4 caris a means of transport Cars are a means of transport Neung/Uiccunicl ce rticles - Word Formation Others have different forms: actor - actress (bride) groom - bride king - queen ‘monk - nun ‘duke - duchess prince - princess hero - heroine waiter - waitress host - hostess widower - widow. ete Scientists do a lot of research in order to find cures for various diseases. A lot of money is spent (on equipment every year, but the information collected i invaluable © Uncountable nouns are nouns which we cannot count. They do not have different plural forms. Uncountable nouns includ ‘a) many types of food: flour, yoghurt, butter, meat, cheese, spaghetti. rice, sugar, etc. liquids: coffee, lemonade, ol, petrol, wine, water, etc ©) materials: crystal, wood, plastic, siver, china, lass, etc d) abstract nouns: knowiedge, beauty, justice, helo, freedom, education, love, etc @) others: research, luggage, baggage, hair, weather, behaviour, advice, news, accommodation, information. fun, equipment, liter, rubbish, furniture, crockery. ccutiery. jewertery, machinery, money, etc ‘@ We use the following nouns with uncountable nouns to show quantity: 2 piece of cake/paperinewsi advicelinformation/turnture, a glassibottle of water. a jar of jamitioney, a rasher of bacon, a packet of ice tea, a loatislice of bread, a pot of yoghurthoney, a potcup of tea, a kilo of meat, @ tube of toothpaste, a bar of chocolate/soap. a can of soda, a carton of milk, a bowl of sugarisoup. ete ‘Some of the above nouns can also be used with plural countable nouns. 2.9. kilo of tomatoes, a bow! of cherriesNouns - Articles - Word Fo: Countab} © can take singular or plural verbs. 49. The window is oven. The windows are open. atways go with alanithe/my, etc. in the singular. 2g, [paid the bill. This s my pen ‘© can be used alone or with some/anyimany/few in the plural. eg. I love apples. ‘bought some apples to make a pie. Some nouns can be used as countable or uncountable, with a difference in meaning. *# Would you lke a glass of lemonade? Tina can't see without her glasses. (spectacles) The vase is made of glass. (the material) ‘© He went 10 the newsagent's to buy a paper. (newspaper) He wrote my phone number on a piece of paper. (the wing material) Don't forget to bring all the necessary papers. (Gocuments) ‘© Susan has got short, dark hair. (all the hair on her head) Thora im hair in my sewn! + Ive bought an iron as a wedding gif for Tom and Jane. (or ironing clothes) This chair is made of iron. (the material) * You shouldn't eat 100 much chocolate, We gave her a box of chocolates. ‘© Your room is a mess! We haven't got enough room to put you up. (space) ‘© The table is made of wood. (the material) Alot of wolves lve in the woods. (forest) ‘* MrDavis has a fot of experience in accounting. (length of time doing it) He had a few unpleasant experiences while living abroad. (events) © Ihaven't got any time to lose How many times dis Rick phone? (occasions) Uncountat © always take singular verbs. e.g. Gold is more expensive than silver. Milk comes from cows. © do not go with alanionestwo, etc. e.g. Water is good for you. © can be used alone or with some/anyimuchilitle/ theimy, etc. e.g, Don't forget to buy (some) cotlee. Note: We use a/an, one/two, etc. with uncountable nouns such as coffee, tea, soda, etc. when we ‘order something in a restaurant, café, etc. e.g. We'll have three coffees, please. © A couple of, several, (a) few, many, a (good, large, great) number of and both are used with countable ‘Rouns. eg. a couple o ends. (Too) much, (a) ttle, 2 greatigood deal of, a smaillarge amountiquantity of are used with uncountable nouns. e.g. 2 smal amount of money. A lot of, lots of, (hardly) any, some, no, plenty of are used with countable and uncountable nouns. e.g. plenty of triendsimoney (Gomecuna vou Compound nouns are nouns that are made of (wo ‘or more parts and are formed as follows: a) noun + noun. The plural is usually formed by adding -5/-es to the second noun. eg. lickel inspector = ticket inspectors b)-ing form/adjective + noun. The plural is formed, by adding -s/-es to the noun. e.g. swimming pool = swimming pools eg. yrewitouse = greenhouses ©) noun + in-law. The plural is formed by adding -s. to the noun. e.g. sisterinlaw — sisters-in-law 4) noun + adverb. The plural is formed by adding -s to the noun. e.g. runnerup — runners-up ‘¢) verb + adverb particle, The plural is formed by adding -s to the word. e.g. breakthrough = breakthroughs(io inculer/ [viel Were yt Chlus L WOR ony petrenven vores corr ‘© 2) nouns which refer to schoo! subjects: economics, physics, mathematics (maths), politics, etc. bb) nouns which refer to sports: gymnastics, athletics, bowls, etc. ©) nouns which refer to games: billiards, dominoes, darts, draughts, etc. 4) nouns which refer to illnesses: measles, mumps, etc, €) the word news. .g.! think physics is @ very interesting subject. The news isn't very encouraging, I'm afraid. plural nouns when we talk about an amount of money, a time period, weight, distance, ete. 4g. Five hundred thousand pounds was donated to build a new hospital wing. @ group nouns such as jury, family, team, group, crew, crowd, class, audience, committee, council, army, club, press, government, company, etc. when we mean the group as a unit. But we use plural verbs when we mean the individuals who ‘make up the group. e.g. The jury is ready to give the verdict. (We mean the jury as a unit) The jury are all staying at the Park Hotel. (We ‘mean the individual members ofthe jury) WERE MENGE NCTE WS ‘@ nouns such as: clothes. people, police. stairs. (good) looks, surroundings, outskirts, premises, earnings, wages, cattle, poultry, etc. e.g, Designer clothes are rather expensive © nouns which refer to objects that consist of two parts, such as: trousers, binoculars, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights, glasses, earrings, socks, scissors, etc We do not use a/an or a number with these words. We use the phrase pair of .. instead, e.g. Where are your gloves? Iwas given a pair of gloves. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate noun + of to indicate quantity. a.carton/glass/jug of. orange juice a cheese a bread a cotfee les - Word Formation 5a water 6a wine za ‘chocolate Ba crisps ga honey oa meat Wa spaghett wa our Fill the gaps with a, an, or some where necessary. 1. a) We had ...2cme.. delicious food lastnight b) We had ..22.. delicious meal last night. 2 a) There is ‘beautiful furniture in that shop. ) There is beautiful table in that shop. 3. a} I'm thicsty. | need ‘tink b) Im thirsty. Ineed water. 4a) She's just bought ') She's just bought 5 a) They booked b) They bookea 6 a) The band played ) The band played expensive clothes expensive dress ‘oom in advance. ‘accommodation in advance lovely song lovely music 7 a) Wehad heatwave last week b) We had hhot weather last week 8 a) I can't do this job alone. | need assistant, b) I can't do this job alone. Ineed help 9 a) He has got heavy luggage to carry 'b) He has got heavy suitcase to carry 10 a) Ineed ‘cutlery to eat this food with bb) Leet Keite and fork teat tis food wath 11 a) She has got ) She has got 12 a) He found ) He found important job to do. important work to do, Coin on the ground, ‘money on the ground. Complete the sentences using t brackets in the singular or plu alan where necessary. noun in mand 1. He gave me a box of my favourite .. chocolates. (chocolate) 2. His favourite food is (chocolate) 2. Sha bought (waper) 4 He placed all the important in his briefcase. (paper) 5 Ineed some fon her way to work to write this message fon. (paper) 6 Hurry up! We don't have much (time) 7 She has visited us several this month. (time) 8 He nas no but he is keen to learn, (experience) 9 She had alot of exciting travels. (experience) during herNouns - Articles - Word For GG) enderine ne corect word 10. We went for a walkin the ater lunch (wood) 11 His desk is made of (wood) 12 Jane isin her reading a book. (room) 13. We have got plenty of for a pany in here, (room) 14 Lam going to trawe my 18 There was 46 Im thirsty. I need 47 Susan only wears her reacts (glace) 18 This ornament is made of coloured (glass) 19. Helen bought ‘electrical store. (ron) 20 The old gate was made of cut tomorow. (hat) in my soup. (hain of water, (glass) when she inthe sale at the (icon) Cross out the expressions which cannot be used with the nouns, ac in the example. 1. There are several, many, mauelt, plenty of, Too-Kttte things you can do to help, 2 He has met a couple of , a fow, very litle, plenty of, 100 much interesting people. 3. She earns tew, hardly any, plenty of, several, a great deal of money 4 We have got no, many, lots of, a great deal of, a few work t0 de. 5 Don't worry, there's a little, plenty of, a couple of, many, a lot of time 6 Both, Several, A large quantity of, Plenty of, Too much students applied for ne course, 7 He's got no, hardly any, a little, some, a small amount of qualifications. 8 She's got hardly any, several, a little, a few, a lot of ‘experience in dealing with custamars 9 There is too much, a lot of, hardly any, few, several salt in this soup. 10 Thereis a little, many, too much, a great number of, some trafic on the roads today What do we call the following things or Peopl ‘A person who drives a bus is... bus driver. ‘The screen of a computer is ‘The juice from an orange is A stick for walking with is curtain around the shower is ‘Someone who cleans windows is Your husband's mother is your ‘A chair which rocks is ‘A brush for your hair is ‘Someone who passes by a place or incident is 11. The keys to your house are 2 10 1" DF OF TH TRAP BEDE TE EYSParay have a Physics exam tomorrow. (Oh dear. Physics is/are a very dificult subject [My office is three miles trom my house. ‘Three miles is/are a long way to walk to work My litle brother has got measles. ‘On dear. Measles isiare quite a serious illness. Jane looked nice today, didn't she? ves. ner clomnes wereiwas very smart. ve got two pounds. Im going to buy a CD. ‘Two pounds is/are not enough to buy a CD. The classroom was empty when I waked past. Yes. The class wasiwere all on a school outing Have you just cleaned the stars? Yes, so be careful. They is/are very slippery. Did you ask John to fix your car? Yes. His advice was/were that | take it to a garage Did you enjoy your holiday? Yes, thank you. The weather was/were wonderful. These trousers isiare very old You should buy a new pair. How is/are the company doing lately? Great. We opened up two more branches. fam going to travel fortwo years when finish school Two years islare a long time to be away trom home. (Dy roe te sentence, a in the same 1 10 " 2 13 ‘You need a lot of experience to do this job. A lot of experience is needed to do thie jab. They gave us some interesting information, The information ‘She tikes Maths more than any otner suDjeck. Maths We had mild weather this winter. The weather We called the police immediately The police Hold them some exctting news, The news He was irrtated because of the bad tatfic He was irtated because the | stayed in very luxurious accommodation, The accommodation ‘The dhiver took the luggage out ofthe car. ‘The luggage She gave me very sensible advice ‘The advice she gave me These shorts are too big for me, This pair of shorts The hotel is in magniicent surroundings. ‘The hotel surroundings ‘She's got long blonde hate Her hair él62 Uhe lhcetthite Aniitcle rticles - Word Formation We use ajan: ‘¢ with singular countable nouns when we talk about them in general. e.g. I want to buy a dress. (any dress) with the verbs to be and have (got). e.g. Mary has (got) a dog. It's a German Shepherd. before Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms when we refer to an unknown person. 2.9. AMrs Jones called you this morning, (A person that we don't know.) to show: a) price in relation to weight (two pounds a kilo), b) distance in relation to speed (80km an hour) and ¢) frequency (twice a week). We do not use a/an: ‘with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns. We tise some instead of a/an. e.g, We need some milk and some flour. They bought some flowers. before an adjective if tis not followed by a noun. 9. This ring is expensive. But: This is an expensive ring, AGES We use a/an to refer to an unspecified thing with the meaning ‘any one’. We use one when we are counting, to put emphasis on number. eg. He bought a tie, (We are not talking about a specific tie.) e.g. He bought one tie. (He didn't buy two ties.) ‘We use one with the words day, week, month, year, winter, morning, night, etc. ot with a specitic day oF month to say when something happened, usually in I'm making «8 There was only had been eaten sandwich, Would you like 2 sandwich let, All the others We saw irate and alligator at the 200. These biscuits are nicer than the | normally buy. She paid thousand pounds for her car. day. | wil buy a house of my own. a love car like that over there. Sis = Che(Cne 10 1" 2 13 “ 8 narration. e.g. One summer, the family decided to go to Tahiti. (One Tuesday, Kate was walking nome rom work We can use one day to reter to the future. 8.9. One day, you will regret this, We use one or one of ... when we mean one personithing out of many. It usually contrasts with anotheriother(s). e.g. One bus was ful, but the others were empty. One of my colleagues is from italy. We use aan or one with no difference in meaning, when counting or measuring distance, weight, time, ate. 2.49. | paid a/one hundred pounds for this bracelet. We bought ajone carton of milk They spent ajone month cruising down the Nile. (One/Ones We use one in the singular and ones in the plural to avoid repeating the noun when it is clear what we 9. My house is the one with the red tront door We use a/an with one when there is an adjective before one eg. want to buy a jacket. | want a leather one. BUT: I want to buy a jacket. want one with afur colar We use onejones with thisithat e.g. | dont ike this pair of shoes, but | ike that one. We use which one(s) in questions. 2g. Ike the yellow blouse best. Which ene Jo you ike? of my brothers is policeman. I'm looking for ress. I'd like a blue I heard ‘amusing joke yesterday. [ike these three pairs of trousers. Which you tke best? Simon enjoys swimming. He goes to his local pool do. three times. week I'm tired, | need rest Me Groon came to eee you. He's waiting in your office. We hag exciting holiday. It was better than the we had last year.Ube Betthite Avttcle Uke sWertsertires ‘@ with nouns when we are talking about something specific, that is, when the noun is mentioned for a second time or is already known. In other words, when we can answer the question ‘Who?’ or ‘Which? e.g. I boughta shin and a dress. The dress is blue and the shirt is green. © with nouns which are unique. eg. the sun, the Eifel Tower © with the names of cinemas the Rex). hotels (the Carlton), theatres (the Giobe), museums (the British ‘Museum), newspapersimagazines (the Times but: Time magazine), ships (the Mary Rose), organisations (the EU), galleries (the Tate Gallery) ‘© with the names of rivers (the Nie), seas (the Caspian Sea), groups of islands (the Canary islands), mountain ranges (the Alps). deserts (the Sahara Desert). oceans (the Atantic), canals (the Panama Cana), countries when they include words such as state, Kingdom, republic, etc. (the United Kingdom) and names or ‘nouns with ‘of the Leaning Tower of Pisa) NOTE: the equator, the North/South Pole, the north of England, the southiwestinorthieast ‘© with the names of musical instruments and dances. eg, the piano, te vango ® with the names of families (the Windsors), and nationalities ending in -sh, -ch or -ese (the French, the Scottish, the Japanese, etc). Other plural nationalities are used with or without the (tne ‘Americans, the Greeks, etc) © with titles (the King. the Prince of Wales, the President) BUT: “The’ 1s omitted betore titles with proper names. Queen Victoria © with adjectivesiadverbs in the superlative form, e.g. He's the most respected man in the firm. BUT: When ‘most’ is followed by a noun, it does not take ‘the’. eg. Most children like cartoons. @ with the words morning, afternoon, evening and night eg. We eat dinner in the evening, but: at night, at ‘noon, at midnight, by dayinight, at 4 o'clock, etc. © with historical periods/events. the Middle Ages, the Crimean War (but: World War I) © with the words only, last, first (used as adjectives). e.g. He was the first person to arrive. Nouns - Articles - Word Fo: as iWerdomauuce: (te: with uncountable and plural countable nouns when 5. when we cannot answer the question ‘Who?’ or ‘Which?’ talking about something in general, that e.g. Fish lve in water ‘© with proper nouns. e.g. Mark lives in Brighton. ‘© with the names of sports, games, activi “tanguage’ bbut: The German language is cifcut to learn. with the names of countries (italy, but: ‘Netherlands, the Lebanon, the Sudan, the Vatican City), cities (Pars), streets (Oxford Street, but: the High ‘Street, the Strand. the Mall the London road, the A19, the M6 motorway), squares (Trafalgar Square), bridges (Tower Bridge but: the Bridge of Sighs. the Humber Bridge), parks (Hycle Park), railway stations (Victoria Station), mountains (Ben Nevis), individual islands (Tahit), lakes (Lake Geneva), continents (Africa) © with possessive adjectives or the possessive case. 9. That is my car. © with two-word names when the first word is the name of a person or place Gatwick Aiport, Windsor Castle BUT: the White House (because White" Is not the name of a person or place) © with names of pubs, restaurants, shops, banks and hotels named after the people who started them and end in -s or ~'s. (Lloyds Bank, Harrods, Dave's Pub but: the Red Lion (pub) (because ‘Red! is not the ‘name of a person or place) @ with the words bed, church, to the purpose for which they exist. e.g. Sarah went fo school. (She is a student) ‘BUT: Her father went to the school to see her teacher yesterday. (He went tothe school as a visitor.) © with the word work (= place of work). eg. He is at work. © with the words home, FatheriMother when we talk about our own homeiparents. e.g. Father's at home, © with by + means of transport: by bus/caritraini plane, etc. e.g. She travelled by bus. BUT: She left on the 8 o'clock bus this morning, © with the names of illnesses. ¢.9. He's got malaria, but: fluthe flu, measlesithe measles, mumpsithe ‘mumps , days, ‘months, celebrations, colours, drinks, meals and languages (when they are not followed by the word )- ©. often play chess. We speak German. college, court, hospital, prison, school, university when we refer 6NOTE: ‘® We use tne with the words beach, station, cinema, theatre, coast, country(side), ground, jungle, Seaside, weather, world, shop, library, city, sea (BUT to be at sea = to be sailing), etc. 2g, Ler's go 10 the boach. We spent the weekend in the countryside. The weather is awiul today. © We usually don't use the with the word television. 8.9. uke watching television in ine evenings. BUT: Turn on the television, please. (the television set) ‘© The is optional with seasons. 9, My favourite season Is (the) spring © We use the + adjective to refer to a group of people usually with the adjectives: poor, rich, sick, injured, elderly, unemployed, homeless, disabled, young, old, dead, blind, deaf, handicapped, ‘mentally ill e.g. The young are usually impatient, ‘@ When we refer to a group of people, animals or things we ust 1 alan or the with singular countable nouns. 2.9. A/The dolphin is a clever creature. 2 plural countable nouns without ajan or the. ‘8.9. Dolphins are clever creatures. (NOT Hoeaejatnnnauonnneetectite ) Fill in the gaps with one of the words from the list adding ‘the’ where necessary. Use each word twice. prison. school. bed, ea. hospital 1. The minute we reached the beach, the children ran Into ..the sea... 10 swim. 2. My brother is in the navy. He is at for ‘months sometimes. 3. lusually go 10 {900d night's sleep. 4 The cat siting on 5 The Prime Minister visited ‘and talked to the prisoners. 6 The men who robbed the bank are in 7. The ambulance 100k the injured people to 8 Imustgoto tovisit my aunt, She's had at about 11 pm to get a yesterday {an operation. 9 We saw the children in their classrooms as we walked past 40. I want to go to university when | leave les - Word Formation 4), creer ne conect aerate 1. Catherine loves eatsithe cats 2 Look at catsithe cats! They are chasing a bird 3. I don't like coffeeithe coffee. but | like teaithe tea 9 You cut ine cake/cake anc Il pour cofteeitne corte. 5 Life/The life will be very diferent in the future 6 Life/The life of a maytly is extremely short 7 e {enjoy swimmingithe swimming in the sea ChildrensThe ehildren uevaly ike playing gamoe. 9 Children/The children have gone to the park 10 All peopleithe people in this room are my relatives 11. Allpeopleithe people should have freedom of speech 12. VillagesiThe villages in this part of the country are very beautiful 49. Breakfast/The breakfast is the most important meal of dayithe day. 14 Paul was onlyithe only person who remembered me, 15. In Stone Ageithe Stone Age. people lived in caves, 16 I would lke to travel to Spainithe Spain. 17 We travelled to London by trainithe train. 18 He is learning to play flute/the flute GAD, sarin, an orn were nocensary 1A: Shall we go to ..the... cinema tonight? Yes. I's a long time since | saw ti. Have you ever been to Copennagen? Yes. | think it's prettiest city in Europe Did you see all sights in Paris? Yeo. but Eifel Tower and were my favourites. What did you have for lunch today? had ‘sandwich in office canteen Do you buy newspaper every day? Yes. | usually buy Independent and my wile reads Times, Danny plays ol very well. doesn't he? Yes, he practises every weekend with his trends, mich station are you meeting Jonn at? Waterloo Station. I's I hope | find him easily. ‘Ace you going on holiday this summer? Yes. We've Booked holiday for three weeks in Canary Islands. 9 A: What did you see on your tour today? 8 Buckingham Palace and of Parliament. 2 or orar error wear big place. a> Houses 10 A Duponts, who live next door to us. are French 8 French are very friendly people, aren't they? 11 & That's beautiful dress. Where did you get it? 8. In ‘Sumner Sale al... Harrods, actually. 12 A: Whois goingto open new shopping centre? B: | heard that Queen is going to do it.In oF the where necessary. @ -- ‘A 1). The. football team who have won 2) World Cup 3) ‘most times is 4) Brazil They have won 5) competition four times. 6) team also hold 7) record for 8) greatest number of 9) goals scored overall and have played in every one of 10) tournament's finals, " a OE tallest man in 2) world was born in overt Wadlow and 5) Toot time he was 81) 3) USA in 1918, His name was 4) | measured. in 1940, he had reached a height of 272m \ Monange wore 324em tome) .-wtt07) pat) made ings, 7). avd was wating a2). King’s Cross Staion He was about to tae! 8). Newcastle {. byay.ns, tan fors).. ob interview, However 6)... tam was late and he had been standing {hapa forooor ye we school every day. se) bu 102) he 3 Phouse at gh o@ackin \ morning, It is 5) five-minute walk from my ‘ us-St journey to. Tose 6)busstop 7) cr 1) gehool takes about 8)... quarter of 9) ee ’ Cueenis gangto vst 2)... Bridgtord Fook capen Sy a ew hosptl eh Ras eine) town tte 8). orctng event which all 6) local people will attend troy ‘Stuart has got 2) Cold. so he has to stay in 3) bed. His mother has made him a bow! of soup and he has got 8)... Box of6) tissues on his 7) bedside table. He will probably spend most of 8)... day sleeping Read the following proverbs and fill in 2, an, the or 1. =. Rome wasn't built in ay, 2 actions speak louder than words. 3 apple day keeps, doctor away. Nouns - Articles - Word Fo: 4 When in Rome, do as Romans do, 5 Where there's will there's way 6 You can't teach old dog row tricks. 7 You can't get blood out of stone 8 You cannot make ‘omelette without breaking eggs 9 more you get, more you want 10 more merrer. " home is where hear is 12 Fires good servant but ‘bad master. G4), croc he cect strat 1 Historian/A historian is a person who studies history! the history. 2. Panda/The panda is a large mammal which ves in Chinaithe China. Pandas/The pandas have black and white fur and eat bambooithe bamboo shoots. 3. We visited wildlife park’a wildlife park last week. It was interesting experienceian interesting experience. 4 Sally's going to buy the new caria new car next month. She wants one which runs on lead-free petrolithe lead free petrol 5. We stayed at hotel/a hotel by the sea/sea. Room/The room was very comfortable and a viewithe view was fantastic {6 Son was fastitne last person to amve at panyithe party. He had been waiting forthe taxi tax for an hour 7. Susan doesn't believe in ghosts/the ghosts. She thinks that the supernaturalia supernatural is 2 product! product of people’s/the people's imagination. 8 ClothesiThe clothes | bought yesterday were very cheap, There was saleia sale in one of department storesithe department stores ina city centreithe city centre. 1% in the gaps with a, an, the, or ~~ 1A: Have you got... car? B: Yes. ! bought second-hand one last winter. 2. ®: How otten do you take holiday? B: | go to my house in country about twice year 3A leant tind shoes | wanted to wear for my party, B: Have you looked in... cupboard in hal? 4A: Did you have fun at theatre laet night? B: Yes, itwas enjoyable evening and play was great 5 A: That's interesting painting B: I know. Hound itin atic 6 A. Did you stay in hotel when you went to London? B: Yes. We had ‘beautiful room in King hotel 69Word Formation ticles - Word Formation © Profixes are syllables which we add before certain words to form new words. The m ning of the new word depends on the prefix that has been used. B GGEETRTE GREED PRP PrE against 2.9, antisocial two eg. biannual with 89 eawtrivar = previous, former e.g. ex-husband between eg. international ‘done wrongly or badly e.g. misbenave = one e.g. monorail many 4g. multinational ot e.g. nonsfiction = more, better e.g. outnumber = (done) to a great extent e.g. overwork = after 8.9. postdate belore e.g. prehistoric in favour of e.g. pro-government again e.g. redecorate halt eg. semi-tinal under, less. eg. submarine = big. more: eg. superhuman = (travel) trom one side, group etc to another 8.9. transcontinental = not enougn e.g. unaercooxea © The prefixes below are used to express opposite meanings. de 6g. detrost, decompose dis eg dishonest, dislike ime e.g indirect. independent BUT: Ik (belore Neg. illogical Im-(oetore m, p} 9. immoral. impractical li (belore#) eg responsible but: unreliable, unreasonable non ¢.g non-smoker, non-stop lun eg unacceptable, unemployed © Suffixes are syllables which we add to the end of ‘certain words to form new words. © Nouns referring to people * verb + er/or/ar e.g. teach - teacher. sail - sailor. beg - beggar ‘+ nouniverbjadjective + ist e.g. motor- motorist, tour- tourist, national - nationalist * verb + ant/ont ‘e.g. contest - contestant, study - student ‘© noun + an/ian e.g. republic - republican, library - librarian ‘* verb + ¢e (passive meaning). eg. train- trainee © Nouns formed from verbs e.g. pack - package eg. reuse - refusal eg, accept - acceptance e.g, realise - realisation e.g. difer- diference 2.9, revise - revision 4g. enjoy - enjoyment eg. comprehend comprehension (verbs ending in -at) e.g. hypnotse - nypnosis, e.g. prescribe - prescription hitgegté gt Nouns formed trom adjectives eg eg. eg. eg. eg, eg. eg ‘Adjectives formed from nouns important - importance vacant - vacancy ‘competent - competence desolate - desolation oral - formality loyal loyaty ‘modest - modesty sept e.g. fame - famous 8.9. adaition - aditional 2g. hero - heroic e.g. expense - expensive e.g. care - careful eg. care - careless 4 2g. health - healthy y eg. tnend -frencly @ Adjectives formed from verbs -ous “al de sve ful (with) less (without) sable 0.9. lke -ikeable slble €.g. defend - defensible sive eg. conclude - conclusive © Verbs formed from adjectives -on eg light- lighten ise eg legal legaliseNouns - Articles - Word Fo Add the correct prefixes to the words in bot (@ommon mistake oo 1 Kates now doing a. post... graduate degree 2 MrBelis an... teacher. He relied en years ago. «Both my brothern-aws work ina bank. x 3. This an ......mational company. It as offices all Both my brothers-io-aw work a bank. 7 over the wort 4 Sharon is ....waight for her age and height. She eas very itl © Two aircrafts are flying in the sky. x Two aircraft are fying in the sky. 7 5 Jorn'svery..a9ea. Hes oten radetopeope, __* Mysore TV eles are Eastendes 8 The" nas fe champentsip ae net nee Yvert TY ete Ie Easiea. 7 Youcan booka vogeaan moaion ne igh” Cou yeu ne me cay my uggages?# 8 The men viedta cade the secret message Cul you help me eary my uagag8? 9 Thevestarant-chargedus by £2010 ourmesl «What arte test news? # Dut we revsea to pay unt hey na checea tne onal let news? 7 10 Winenyouve tnsnedreadng Please” BINS T® 6 Two lomeer are aon way ogo on fot x oaks on tie setvea) ‘Two kilometres is a long way to go on foot. ¥ ‘© The police is ater the escaped prisoners. x ‘The police are after the escaped prisoners. ‘Add the correct profixes to form the ‘opposite of the words in bold. '* The most of my friends lve nearby. x Most of my fends ive nearby. / 1 He's an un. interesting person in fact he's rather & He goee to work by the train,» boring He goes to work by tain. 2. Driving a car without a icence is... Legal Bee 3. Tatra | ...agree wih what you jst said Se eT 4 ant do this puzzle. t's ....possible! 5 The cake was ....resistibe, 0 she ate trae pieces 6 The wating room isa... smoking area. 7 Hols. erate. He cant read or write (49, correct the mistakes. 8 1am... decisive about where to go on holiday 9 The telephone company connected the phone The tleone corny 1 We ost our uggages athe apr 2 We went to Bath by the car 10. His comment w . ur discussion Oe Snr ees relevant to 0 3 The police is searching for the stolen painting. 44 Twenty kilometres are t00 fa to travel to school 5 Avery raliable means of transport are the train Fill ig the correct form of the words in § Te criminal was sentenced to ten years nthe prison. 7 Two hovercrattsaimostcolided at sea yesterday. 8 Ihave trae sistersnlaws A Sophie can be very 1) careless... (care) at times, 8 bnave thre 12 most people enjoy istening to music ‘Although she tries to be 2) (help) and is always 10 The news are on TV at six o'clock every evening, wling to offer her 3)... (sit. more often than not her 4)... (clumsy) causes great 5) treat a tay a onde (2p cron ute veces wor B The 1) a. (organise) ofthe firework display had been a citicul ob, butnow the chicren were ShiCk'g 4 he ikog al the Kinds of fe with 2) (exote) as each 3) (Colou 2 There isa great fim on the TV tonight, 4 {exologe) it up ine sky. In the warm glow of 3 Mlions of people were kiled in the World War I the bontre we could see that every chid wore an jmoneoy Bennie were leg m ne Won War 5) (express) of great 6) (happy) 5 Jason is at the work, He'll be back at six o'clock. © We are having an 1) (extend) buit to our 6 I want a new car. want one ar wth a sunroot house. The 2) {buic) nave been working on 7 Alotofchicren learn the Engish nowadays. 83) (construct) for two weeks and now it 8 She i seriously il, She's got the malaria. looks quite 4)... (mpress). The ext space wil 9. The most people enjoy spending their holidays by the Be VEFY 8) ss (US) seasice. 67ticles - Word Formation do away with: (tr) 1) abolish, 2) murder do up: (tf) 1) fasten; tie, 2) wrap, 3) repair; redecorate, 4) make oneselt more tractive, dress up do with: {i want; need do without: (te) lve/continue without having sbisth draw in 1 (i) (ata hushrain slaw enwn stop. 2) (attract people draw up: 1) (of a vehicle) stop, 2) (%) write sth (a wila contract, tall apart: 1) (int) break into pieces, 2) (int) end in failure fall back on: turn to sbisth for help when other plans have failed: turn to fall behind: (int) 1) fllto Keep up wih, 2) be late (with payment) fall or: (t) 1) be deceived, 2) fallin love with sb fallin with: (1) agree with: go along with fall out (with): quarrel BA), rin tn conect parce 10 " 12 13 This book is so old that is falina apart. We could do ‘a new washing machine. This one is very ol. I think Kate and Peter have fallen They aren't speaking to each other. The car drew ‘next to me, and the driver asked for directions. The slowest runner fell very quickly after the race had started, Is about tme the government aia housing tax. We bought an old house last year and now we're doing it Mike was 30 handsome and charming that Sarah fell him immediately. The train drew to the station exactly on time. The politician thought that someone was trying to do him, so he hired a bodyguard, Lots of people fell the conman’s tricks before he was caught by the police. The landlord drew ‘a contract for the new tenant Until you can afford to buy a car, you'll have to do 4 18 16 v7 18 20 Q~ 1 2 10 " 2 10 4 6 16 7 18 20 a Don't forget to do you'll trip over them. Despite months of preparation, their plans fell at the last minute, Jenny's doing herself at the moment because she's going to a party tonight If you fall with the payments, we may take legal action. The parcel that was delivered to my house was done with string Your ean always fall your skille ae a teacher if you don't make it as an aris. Hi falt whatever you plan for the weekend, your shoe laces or line the correct preposition. She had never heard forjot/from the effects of global warming. Did you hear of/aboutitrom the robbery wich took place yesterday? haven't heard ot/aboutitrom Terry since he moved to Australia, |lam fed up otiforiwith tidying up after those boys. She is very fond withibyiot her baby sister. I have forgiven David offforitrom breaking my stereo, Eating frut and vegetables is very good to/otifor your health Peter is very good attojfor Mathematics, My brather ie very good abtovtor me. He always lacks after me Tom was upset by his failure ofiniwith the exam. Richard Branson failed inito(with his attempt to cross the Atlantic in a hot air balloon, Her car failed in/to/with start this morning, so she hac to call a taxi lam very grateful tofot/for you fo all your help with the arrangements, ‘That man looks familiar tolwith/by me. | am not familiar tojwithiof the workings of this ‘company yet. He was found guity aboutotfor thet and sentenced to three months in prison. She felt very guity of/aboutfor lying to her parents. Car exhaust fumes are harmful forito/of the environ: ment. Tony hopes efiferiircom a rice in salary and a promotion this year | hope for/otito travel the world when | fnish university next year. There is no hope foriotito finding a solution to this problem. Vincent Van Gogh is famous ofito/for his beautiful paintings.Nouns - Articles - Word For \ RENsion Box Qy cme te cast nove 1. Sam hopes ..5.. an astronaut one day. A becoming B tobecome © become 21 you to the airport in my car if you like. A wiltake Bm going to take © have taken 3 Jane's work is than Sarah's. ‘A good B better best 4 Its cold. U think | another jumper A wil puton B amputtingon © puton 5 Jake at his friend's house last night. A stayed B wasstaying © had stayed 6 They advised her 2 new lock for the door A buy B toby © buying 7 Ihave money than David A ite B less © least 8 Would you lke to my patty tonight? A come B tocome © coming 9 Lisa the house when her husband came home. A paints B was painting © has painted 10 sally hy the hme I gat hame tanight A isleaving —B willleave Cll have left 11 Ellen... all her money by the time the shops closed. A had spent —B was spending spent 42, You should the windowe mora often, A cleaning —-B clean © toclean 13, Paul for three hours before he lelt the disco. ‘A danced B had been dancing was dancing {for our holiday. © willbe packing 14 This time next month we A are packing 8 will pack 15 This is the day of the year. A hot B hotter © hottest 16. That dress is rater | car afford to buy it A expensive Bmore expensive © most expensive 17 Dad has finally managed the television. A tox B ix © fixing 18 The doctor made John in bed for a week A staying BB stay © to stay 19 Jenny seems very happy these days. A tobe B being © be 20. You had better ‘now oF you'll be late A leaving —B leave © toleave ‘Activity Maxine recently won a competition. The prize was {ree ticket to see her favourite band in concert and a ‘chance to meet the band. Look at the prompts and say what Maxine did, using a, an, some or the where necessary, as in the example. ‘@.a, She bouaht some new clothes to wear to the concert + Slo hrs nat ee, sre sant non » SRE pease 2 pre eral pe eal erie * be drive home /in black mousing oe Activity g, Maxine has been asked to write an account of her ‘evening for a music magazine. Look at the Oral Activity again and complete the article. When | heard that | had wan the competition to see "Starstruck’, | was very excited. First ofall | bought some ‘new clothes to wear to the concert and | went It was a fantastic evening which will never forget. 69