PRESENTED BY: María Angélica Saleme Ramos, Karina Betin

Pérez, Valentina Rocha Lastre, María Sofía García Ríos, Nely

Márquez Funes, Naidys Farina López Anaya, Augusto Narváez
 To indicate purpose
Example:
 She came to collect her pay check.
 The three bears went to find firewood.
 As the subject of a
sentence.

Example:
 To be or not to be, that is the question.
 To visit New York is my dream.
 To indicate the possible use
of something.
Example:
 The children need a garden to play in.
 I’d like a sandwich to eat.
 After adjectives.
Example:
 It’s important to be patient
 I am happy to be here.
 To make a judgment or
comment.
Example:
 It was a stupid place to park.
 What you said was a rude thing to say.
 After interrogative
particles.
Example:
 She asked me hot to use the washing machine.
 Do you understand what to do?
 INFINITIVE
FUNCTIONS WITHOUT
'TO'
 Behind auxiliary verbs.
Example:
 She can´t speak to you.
 He should give her some money .
 After verbs of perception.
Example:
 He saw her fall from the cliff
 We heard them close the door.
 After the verbs make and let.
Example:
 Her parent let her stay out late.
 Don’t make me study that boring book.
 After the expression had
better.
Example:
 We had better take some warm clothing.
 She had better ask him not to come.
 Infinitive without to with why.
Example:
 Why wait until tomorrow?
 Why not ask him now?
• As a noun
-Example:
• Cycling is a popular form of exercise.
- After certain verbs (admit, anticipate,
appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay,
deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish,
forgive, go (for activities), etc.

Examples:
• They considered moving abroad
• He avoided answering my question
 - After: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to
express general preferences.

Example: BUT: would like/would love/would

prefer +to -inf to express
• She likes painting
Specific preference.
Example:
• I would like to paint
 -After prepositions.
Example:
• He was found guilty of lying in court.
GERUNDS AND OTHER FUNCTIONS!
After the preposition ' To' with verbs And
expressions such as:
Look forward to, be used to, Get round to,
Object to, in addition to, Prefer, etc.
Examples:
• She objects to working on Saturday.
• I look forward to meeting your parents tonight!.
 -After The verbs: hear, Listen to, notice, See,
watch, And feel to describe an incomplete
action.
Examples:
• I listened to James singing a song.
BUT: If it describes a complete action we use the bare infinitive
• I listened to James sing a song.
-After, spend, waste and lost
(Time, money, etc.).
Examples:
• We wasted a lot of time trying to find a parking space.
• He lost £100.000 Investing in unsuccessful companies.
After expressions such as Be busy, It’s no use, It’ s (no)
good, it’s (no) worth, What’s the use of, can’t help, there’s
no point (in), can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have
trouble, have a hard/difficult time, etc.
Examples:
• What’s the use of waiting For an answer?
• She is busy writing the wedding invitations.
• The simple -ing form
Examples:
• Swimming is an energetic form of
exercise.
The perfect –ing form
• He denied Having lied to his parents.
• We can use the simple –ing form
instead of the perfect –ing form
With no difference in meaning.
e.g. He admitted To having stolen/stealing
the car.
Verbs followed by gerunds!!
The participles are:
1. Present participles: starting, knowing
2. Past participles: worried, filled
3. Prefect participles: having got, having finished
 General uses
• We can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb in the main
clause have the same subject: Waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.
• Participle clauses do not have a specific tense. The tense is indicated by the
verb in the main clause.
• Participle clauses are mainly used in written texts, particularly in a literary,
academic or journalistic style.
 Present participle clauses

• To give the result of an action

The bomb exploded, destroying the building.
• To give the reason for an action
Knowing she loved reading, Richard bought her a book.
• To talk about an action that happened at the same time as another action
Standing in the queue, I realized I didn't have any money.
• To add information about the subject of the main clause
Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars in the city Centre.
 Participles as Adjectives
EXAMPLES:
• The crying baby drew a long breath and sucked in a spider crouching in the
corner of the crib.
• The mangled pair of sunglasses, bruised face, broken arm, and bleeding
knees meant Genette had taken another spill on her mountain bike.
Participles as Nouns
EXAMPLES:
• We gave bungee jumping a chance.
• He came reading about the corner
Past participle clauses
from perfect tenses --I have spoken
from passive voice – The letter was written.
as an adjective form – I was bored to death.
 • To give the reason for an action
Worried by the news, she called the hospital.
• To add information about the subject of the main clause
Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage.
• The boy was given an apple. He stopped
crying. –
Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.
 Perfect participle clauses
The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses
that have the same subject if

• one action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before
the next action starts.
Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. –
Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
• … one action has been going on for a period of time when
another action starts.
He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to
another town. – Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to
move to another town.
• active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.)

• passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food
looked delicious.)
 Too and Enough are used as qualifiers with
adjectives, adverbs and nouns to indicate degree.
 Too
• Negative meaning
• Structure:
- Too + adjective/adverb
- Too many + countable noun / Too much + uncountable noun
- Too… for someone/something
- Too… for someone/something + to + infinitive
 Too: examples
• + Adjective/Adverb - There is too much to study for
- You are too young to go drinking. finals.+ for someone/something

- He is too irresponsible to get a pet. - This controller is too old for that tv.
• + Many/Much + - She is too good for you.
Countable/Uncountable noun
- There are too many guns in the
world.
 Enough
• Positive meaning
• Structure:
- Adjective/Adverb + Enough
- Enough + Noun
- Enough of
 Enough - examples
• Adjective/Adverb + Enough
- You didn’t study hard enough to pass the test.
• Enough + Noun
- I don’t have enough time to finish my homework.

• Enough of + determiner (article or pronoun)

- I’ve had enough of her complaints.