Cause of non-fines concrete

No-fines mixes comprise cement, water and coarse aggregate with the fine aggregate omitted.
1. Sprayed concrete
Sprayed concrete, also known as gunite or shot Crete, has been in use for over 100 years.
Concrete
is projected from a nozzle at high velocity by compressed air on to a hard sloping, vertical or
overhead surface; with suitable mix proportioning thicknesses of up to 150 mm can be built up
with successive passes of the spray gun.

2. High-strength concrete
The quantitative definition of the strength of high strength concrete has continually increased as
concrete technology has advanced. It is generally taken to be a strength significantly higher than
that used in prevailing normal practice; an accepted current value is a characteristic strength in
excess of about 80 MPa, but this may vary from country to country.

3. Flowing concrete
The term ‘flowing concrete’ appeared in the 1970s to describe the high-consistence concretes
with little bleeding or segregation that became feasible with the use of the newly developed
superplasticisers.

4. Self-compacting concrete
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can achieve full and uniform compaction without the need for
any help from vibration. This in itself distinguishes it from other high-consistence concrete, such
as flowing concrete, which needs some compaction, but also, and crucially, it is able to flow
through and around heavily congested reinforcement while retaining its integrity and
homogeneity.

5. Underwater concrete
Underwater concrete, as the name implies, is capable of being placed underwater and thus avoids
the need to isolate the area to be concreted from the surrounding water, for example with a coffer
dam. Its main application has been for the foundations
6. Foamed concrete
Foamed concrete is a misleading title as it does not contain coarse aggregate, therefore strictly
speaking it should be termed foamed mortar or foamed grout. It is produced by adding preformed
foam to a base mix of water, cement, sand or fly ash. The density can be controlled by the base
mix
7. Aerated concrete
Aerated concrete which, as is the case with foamed concrete, is strictly a mortar, is a factory
produced product. A Portland cement paste or mortar, often with fly ash is an addition.
mobilization of internal forces and/or moment within the elements. Man-made structures
including sport walls, Dam walls, liquid retaining tanks and pressure vessels structures need to
be static;
examples of mobiles structures are cranes, space satellites and the bodies of frames of air craft,
ships cranes, ships submarines and cars. (A. Zingon et al, 200).
Reinforced concrete structures
Reinforced concrete is a composite material of steel bars embedded in a hardened concrete,
assisted by the steel, carries the compressive forces, while steel resist tensile forces. Concrete is
itself a composite material. The dry mix consists of cement, coarse and fine aggregate. Water is
added and this reacts with the cement which hardens and binds the aggregate into the concrete
mix.The concrete matrix sticks or bonds onto the reinforcing bar (T.J.Mac Ginley and B.S. Choo,
1990).
2.2.4 Constituents
2.2.4.1 Aggregate
I. Aggregate types
 Lightweight aggregate
Lightweight aggregates are used to produce lower density concretes, which are advantageous in
reducing the self-weight of structures and also have better thermal insulation than normal-weight
concrete. The reduced relative density is obtained from air voids within the aggregate particles