CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University

Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 1

Question 1

A foundation of size 3 m x 3 m carries a gross foundation pressure of 240 kPa. Find the stress
increase;

D=2m
1.5m
L= 3m

B
A
1.5m

L= 3m

Note that there is a 2 m diameter circular hole in the middle of the foundation.
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

a) at the center of foundation (point A) 3 m below the ground surface.

For areas abhi , bcdi , defi and fghi:

1.5 m 1.5 m
a b c

1.5 m

h
A d
1.5 m

g f e
𝑧 = 1.5 𝑚, 𝑚𝑧 = 1.5 𝑚, 𝑛𝑧 = 1.5 𝑚
𝑛 = 1.5/3 = 0.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 = 1.5/3 = 0.5
→ 𝐼𝑟 = 0.085 (Fig. 1.6)
𝛥𝜎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 4 ∗ 𝜎 ∗ 𝐼𝑟
𝛥𝜎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 4 ∗ (240 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ∗ 0.085 = 81.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎

(stress increase due to foundation loading in case there existed no hole in the foundation)
For circular hole:

𝐷 = 2 𝑚 , 𝑧 = 3 𝑚 ; 𝐷/𝑧 = 2/3 → Ic = 0.14 (Fig. 1.5)

𝛥𝜎𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = (240 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ∗ 0.14 = 33.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Total Vertical Stress Increase:

𝛥𝜎𝑧 = 𝛥𝜎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝛥𝜎𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = (81.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎) − (33.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎) = 48 𝑘𝑃𝑎

CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

b) at the mid of the left edge of the foundation (point B) 1.5 m below the ground surface;

3m

a b

1.5 m

f c
B

e f d
For areas abcf and cdef:
𝑧 = 1.5 𝑚 , 𝑚𝑧 = 3 𝑚 , 𝑛𝑧 = 1.5 𝑚 → 𝑚 = 2 & 𝑛 = 1 ; 𝐼𝑟 = 0.20 (Fig. 1.5)
𝛥𝜎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 2 ∗ 240 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∗ 0.20 = 96 𝑘𝑃𝑎
For circular hole:
(Table SML 3 – Lecture Notes)

a=1 m

B r=1.5 m

𝑟 = 1.5 𝑚 , 𝑎 = 1 𝑚 , 𝑧 = 1.5 𝑚

𝑟/𝑎 = 1.5 , 𝑧/𝑎 = 1.5 ; 𝐼𝑟 = 0.13

𝛥𝜎𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 240 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∗ 0.13 = 31.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Total Vertical Stress Increase:

𝛥𝜎𝑧 = 96 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 31.2 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 64.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎

 CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

Question 2

A single footing of dimensions 4 m x 4 m is placed on a sand layer followed by Ankara clay,

then a 2.5 m thick fill layer is placed as shown in Figure 1. Assume 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

1200 kN

Final ground surface

𝛾𝑚 = 19 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
2.5 m Fill
4 m x 4 m footing Initial ground surface
1m Sand 𝛾𝑚 ≅ 𝛾𝑠 = 19 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

7m 𝛾𝑚 ≅ 𝛾𝑠 = 19 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑒0 = 0.85
A
12 m Ankara clay 𝜎𝑝′ = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐶𝑣 = 0.1 𝑚2 /𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝐶𝑐 = 0.25 𝐶𝑟 = 0.05; PI = 30 %

Sandy gravel

a) Estimate the overconsolidation ratio at point A for Ankara clay, before the placement
of the footing and fill layer.
′
𝜎𝑣𝑜,𝐴 = 19 ∗ 1 + 6 ∗ (19 − 10) = 73 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑝′ 100
𝑂𝐶𝑅 = ′
= = 1.37
𝜎𝑣𝑜 73
b) Estimate the average vertical total stress increase at Point A, which is located 7 m below
the footing base by using 2V:1H approximation after the placement of the fill and the
footing.
1200
∆𝜎𝐴 = + 2.5 ∗ 19 = 57.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(4 + 7)2
c) Estimate the final average consolidation settlement beneath the footing. Do not forget
to apply Skempton and Bjerrum correction.
′
𝐶𝑟 𝜎𝑐′ 𝐶𝑐 𝜎𝑣,𝑓
𝑆𝑐,1𝐷 = 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ′ ) + 𝐻𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ′ )
1 + 𝑒0 𝜎𝑣𝑜 1 + 𝑒0 𝜎𝑐
0.05 100 0.25 73 + 57.4
𝑆𝑜𝑒𝑑 = ∗ 12 ∗ log ( )+ ∗ 12 ∗ log ( ) ≅ 23.1 𝑐𝑚
1 + 0.85 73 1 + 0.85 100
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

𝑆𝑐,𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑆𝑜𝑒𝑑 ∗ 𝜇 = 23.1 ∗ 0.6 ≅ 13.9 𝑐𝑚

d) Estimate the average degree of consolidation Uv, of Ankara clay layer 36 months after
the placement of footing and fill layer.

𝑐𝑣 ∗ 𝑡 0.1 ∗ 36
𝑇𝑣 = = = 0.10
𝑑2 62
𝜋 2
𝑈 𝑈𝑣 < 0.60
𝑇𝑣 = { 4 𝑣
−0.933 log(1 − 𝑈𝑣 ) − 0.085 𝑈𝑣 > 0.60
𝜋
𝑈𝑣 < 0.6 → 𝑇𝑣 = ∗ 𝑈𝑣2 = 0.1 → 𝑈𝑣 = 35.7 %
4

e) Estimate the degree of consolidation, vertical effective stress, and excess pore pressure
at Point A 36 months after the placement of footing and fill layer.

𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 6%
σ′v,A = 𝜎𝑣𝑜,𝐴
′
+ ∆𝜎𝐴 ∗ 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 73 + 57.4 ∗ 0.06 = 76.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎
uexcess,A = excess pore pressure = 57.4 (1 − 0.06) = 53.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

Question 3

1100 kN 2500 kN

x
2 m x 2 m footing 2 m x 4 m footing

Sand

H=8 m
𝜐 = 0.30

Bedrock

Two individual footings of dimensions 2 m x 2 m and 2 m x 4 m support column loads of 1100

kN and 2500 kN, respectively. The footings are ‘x’ m apart and rest on 8 m thick homogeneous
sand layer followed by bedrock. Plate load tests were performed at the ground surface on two
plates of dimensions 0.2 m x 0.2 m and 0.4 m x 0.4 m and under a vertical load of 200 kN,
immediate corner settlements are observed as 2 and 1.2 cm, respectively.
a) Estimate the minimum distance ‘x’ by using 30° rule so that footings do not adversely
affect each other. Assume that the bedrock layer is incompressible.

8
𝑥 =2∗ = 9.24 𝑚
√3
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

b) Estimate an average E modulus for the sand layer by using plate load test results.
Discuss the limitations of plate load tests.
0.2 m x 0.2 m plate
𝑞𝐵
𝑆𝑖 = (1 − 𝜐 2 )𝐼𝑠
𝐸

200
2 ∗𝑏
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑏 ∗ (1 − 𝜐 2 ) ∗ 𝐼𝑠
𝐸
200
𝑆𝑖 = 0.2 ∗ (1 − 0.32 ) ∗ 0.56 = 0.02 𝑚 → 𝐸 = 25.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸
0.4 m x 0.4 m plate

200
𝑆𝑖 = 0.4 ∗ (1 − 0.32 ) ∗ 0.56 = 0.012 𝑚 → 𝐸 = 21.23 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸
25.48 + 21.23
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 23.35 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
c) Assuming that average E value estimated by plate load tests represent the 8 m thick sand
layer (BIG ASSUMPTION!!!) and is equal to 23.35 MPa, estimate the corner
settlements expected under each footing. Discuss if the estimated settlement amount is
acceptable or not.

Square footing
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

𝑞∗𝐵
𝑆𝑖 = ∗ (1 − 𝜐 2 ) ∗ 𝐼𝑠
𝐸
1100
2 ∗2
𝑆𝑖 = 2 ∗ (1 − 0.32 ) ∗ 0.56 ≅ 1.2 𝑐𝑚
23350
Rectangle footing

𝑞∗𝐵
𝑆𝑖 = ∗ (1 − 𝜐 2 ) ∗ 𝐼𝑠
𝐸
2500
∗2
𝑆𝑖 = 2 ∗ 4 ∗ (1 − 0.32 ) ∗ 0.76 ≅ 1.9 𝑐𝑚
23350

1.2 or 1.9 cm foundation settlements are less than 2.5 cm; hence performance is acceptable.

Question 4

For the foundation design of a residential building with preliminary dimensions of 25mx35m,
site investigation studies were executed. At 4 m depth a silty sand layer was encountered and a
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was performed. The blowcounts for the first, second and third
15 cm increments were reported as 8, 12, 20 blows respectively. For the test, safety hammer of
an energy ratio of 45 % is used. The borehole diameter was measured as 100 mm and the SPT
sampler used was a standard sampler with constant inside diameter (no room for liners). The
length of the rod from the bottom of the safety hammer to the sampler at 4 m depth was
measured as 6.2 m.
a)
i. Estimate the overburden and procedure corrected SPT blowcounts (N1,60) for 30 cm
penetration of the sampler (Water table at 3 m depth. Unit weights of the soil above
and below water table are 17.5 and 18 kN/m3, respectively)
𝑁 = 12 + 20 = 32
 Silty sand below water table (at 4 m depth)
 N > 15
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

Silty sand correction is required:

1 1
𝑁 ′ = 15 + (𝑁 − 15) = 15 + (32 − 15) = 24 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠
2 2
𝐸𝑅
(𝑁1 )60 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝐶𝑁 ∗ ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐶𝑅
0.6 𝐵 𝑆
 Overburden correction:
𝜎𝑣′ = 3 ∗ 17.5 + 1 ∗ (18 − 10) = 60.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1 1
𝐶𝑁 = 9.78√ = 9.78√ = 1.26
𝜎𝑣′ (𝑘𝑃𝑎) 60.5
 Other correction factors

𝐸𝑅
(𝑁1 )60 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝐶𝑁 ∗ ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐶 ∗ 𝐶𝑅
0.6 𝐵 𝑆
0.45
(𝑁1 )60 = 24 ∗ 1.26 ∗ ∗ 1.00 ∗ 1.00 ∗ 0.95 = 22 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠
0.6
ii. Classify the silty sand layer based on N1,60 value you have calculated in part (i) by
using the information provided in the table given below.
(N1)60 Relative Density
0–4 Very Loose
4 – 10 Loose
10 – 30 Medium
30 – 50 Dense
> 50 Very Dense
 Soil is classified as medium dense.
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

b) At 8 m depth a silty clay layer was encountered and a vane shear test was performed.
The diameter, the height of vane apparatus, and the maximum torque applied were
reported as D = 51 mm, H = 102 mm and Tmax = 60000 N.mm, respectively. Estimate
the undrained shear strength (cu) of the silty clay layer at 8 m depth by using vane shear
test data.
Hint:
𝐻 𝐷
𝑇 = 𝑐𝑢 𝜋𝐷2 ( + )
2 6
Since the plasticity index of silty clay layer happened to be 20, there is no need to apply
λ correction)
102 51
60000(𝑁. 𝑚𝑚) = 𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 512 ∗ ( + ) → 𝑐𝑢 = 0.123 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 123 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2 6

Question 5

In Turkey, in the city of Adapazarı, a borehole log and SPT data is given below. Unit weight of
all soils can be assumed as 18 kN/m3 above the water table and 19 kN/m3 below the water table.
Borehole diameter is 10 cm, standard sampler is used, and assume rod length correction factor
is 1.00.
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

a) A square footing having a width of 2 m is to be placed at 1.5 m depth below ground

surface. Assume that only the clay layer will be considered in bearing capacity failure
zone. Calculate the net ultimate bearing capacity in clay. (Estimate the undrained shear
strength, cu, of the clay, from SPT-N data, the clay has plasticity index of Ip = 25%.)

In order to find the net ultimate bearing capacity in clay, undrained shear strength parameters
are needed. Cu value of clays can be obtained by using charts provided that N60 and Ip of the
clay layer exists.
N60 value is the resultant SPT number after making field corrections.

For example SPT number is equal to 2 (1+1) at 2 m depth. To obtain 𝑁60 value, this N=2 value
should be multiplied by the related CB, CS and CR values. They are all 1.00 for our case (Notice
that rod length correction factor was given as 1.00 in the question)
𝑁60 = 𝑁 ∗ 𝐶𝐵 ∗ 𝐶𝑆 ∗ 𝐶𝑅 ∗ (𝐸𝑅/0.60)

For our case, ER = 0.45 since SPT was performed by using cathead hammer release mechanism
in Turkey, Adapazari. Therefore 𝑁60 value at 2 m depth becomes:
0.45
𝑁60 = 2 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ ( )≈ 2
0.60
Similarly other SPT N numbers (N=4, N=11, N=8) has 𝑁60 values as 3, 8 and 6, respectively.
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

Average 𝑁60 value representing for the clay layer is:

2+3+8+6
𝑁60𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = ≈5
4

According to chart on page 36 in CE366 Lecture Notes

𝐶𝑢 = 4.7 ∗ 5 = 23.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Ultimate bearing capacity in clay can be calculated as 𝑞𝑓 = 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾 ∗ 𝐷
Net ultimate bearing capacity, 𝑞𝑛𝑓 calculated as 𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 𝑞𝑓 − 𝛾 ∗ 𝐷 = 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑁𝑐

𝐷 1.5
𝑓𝑜𝑟 = = 0.75 → 𝑁𝑐 = 7.5
𝐵 2
𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑁𝑐 = 23.5 ∗ 7.5 ≅ 176 𝑘𝑃𝑎

b) At the same site, for another building which will have a basement, a square foundation
is planned to be placed at a depth of 4.5 m from ground surface. Footing should be
designed to provide net safe bearing capacity of 400 kPa with a factor of safety with
respect to shear failure of 3.0. Find the width, B, of this footing. (Consider sandy silt
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

and sand layers combined as a “sandy” layer with zero cohesion, and estimate the
friction angle of this layer from SPT-N data).

𝑞𝑓 = (0.4)𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 + (1.2)𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞

On a sand layer, footing is required to provide net safe bearing capacity of 400 kPa with
a factor of safety value of 3. It means;

𝑞𝑛𝑓
𝑞𝑛,𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = → 𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 400 ∗ 3 = 1200 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑆

For square footings, ultimate bearing capacity,

𝑞𝑓 = (0.4)𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 + (1.2)𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞

For square footings, net ultimate bearing capacity

𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 𝑞𝑓 − 𝛾 ∗ 𝐷 → 𝑞𝑛𝑓 = (0.4). 𝛾. 𝐵. 𝑁𝛾 + (1.2). 𝑐. 𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾. 𝐷. (𝑁𝑞 − 1)

In the question, it is given that sand layer is cohesionless, i.e. 𝑐’ = 0. Therefore 𝑞𝑛𝑓
formula becomes,
𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 1200 = (0.4)𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 + (1.2) ∗ 0 ∗ 𝑁𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷(𝑁𝑞 − 1)
𝑁𝛾 and 𝑁𝑞 are constants dependent on friction angle.
𝛾 ∗ 𝐷 is the stress induced by soil which lays above footing level. In our case, footing is
placed at 4.5 m depth; and GWT is observed at 1.5 m below the ground surface.
Therefore, 𝛾 ∗ 𝐷 becomes;

𝛾 ∗ 𝐷 = 1.5 ∗ 18 + 3 ∗ (19 − 10) = 54 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1200 = (0.4) ∗ (19 − 10) ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑁𝛾 + 54 ∗ (𝑁𝑞 − 1)

To assign a friction angle value for a layer, we need 𝑁60 and initial effective stress of
the corresponding layer.
The last 3 SPT data are of our interest. Corresponding SPT-N values are 7, 10 and 11.
No need to consider silty – sand correction, all values are below 15.
(Page 30, CE366 - LN)
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

Field corrections must be applied as similar to part a. After corrections (energy

correction) 𝑁60 values become 5, 8 and 8 respectively.
5+8+8
𝑁60𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = =7
3
Initial effective stress is calculated at mid depth of the sand layer between 4.5 and 9.5
m from ground surface. Therefore, initial effective stress at 7 m should be calculated.
𝜎𝑣′ = 1.5 ∗ 18 + 5.5 ∗ (19 − 10) = 76.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎

 ≈30o (page 37, CE366 Lecture Notes)

𝑁𝛾 and 𝑁𝑞 values are ≈ 19 according to the bearing capacity factors chart
(page 69, CE366 - LN).
Net ultimate bearing capacity formula becomes;
1200 = (0.4) ∗ (19 − 10) ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 19 + 54 ∗ (19 − 1)
1200 = 68.4 ∗ 𝐵 + 972 → 𝐵 = 3.33 𝑚
Choose B as 3.4 m in design.
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

Question 6

The strip footing shown in the figure is to be designed to support a total load of 850 kN/m. The
shear strength parameters of the foundation soil, which is silty sand are 𝑐 ′ = 0 and ϕ′ = 30𝑜 .
Unit weight of the soil below and above the ground water table are 21 kN/m3 and 19 kN/m3.

a) Determine the width of the footing for a factor of safety of 𝐹𝑆 = 3.0 against shear
failure.
Hint: Use Terzaghi’s bearing capacity equation.
Bearing capacity factors for a particular value of ϕ′ can be found in the form of tables
in various sources.
(e.g. from Bowles, 1988, Table 4.2 which are 𝑁𝛾 = 19.7, 𝑁𝑞 = 22.5, 𝑁𝑐 = 37.2).
Gross ultimate bearing capacity:
1 1
𝑞𝑓 = 𝛾 ′ 𝐵𝑁𝛾 + 𝛾𝐷𝑁𝑞 = (21 − 10) ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 19.7 + 19 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 22.5
2 2
𝑞𝑓 = 108.4𝐵 + 513
Net ultimate bearing capacity:
𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 𝑞𝑓 − 𝛾′𝐷 = (108.4𝐵 + 513) − 19𝑥1.2
𝑞𝑛𝑓 = 108.4𝐵 + 490.2
Net foundation pressure:
850 850
𝑞𝑛 = − 19𝑥1.2 = − 22.8
𝐵 𝐵
𝑞𝑛𝑓 108.4𝐵 + 490.2
𝐹𝑆 = , 𝐹𝑆 = 3.0 → 3.0 =
𝑞𝑛 850
( − 22.8)
𝐵
𝐵 = 2.92𝑚 ≅ 2.9 𝑚
CE 366 Foundation Engineering 1 Middle East Technical University
Sample Problems 1 Department of Civil Engineering

b) The soil profile beneath the foundation in question is shown in the figure below together
with the representative cone penetration tip resistance (qc) measurements. Assuming the
width of the foundation is 3.5 m, calculate the settlement of the strip footing using
Schmertmann’s strain distribution method.
Hint: Disregard the creep effects in your calculations (i.e. 𝐶2 = 1.0). Assume 𝐸𝑠 =
2.5𝑞𝑐 in your calculations.

qgross=850 kN/m

Distribution of influence factor

for foundations with L/B 10

Df=1.2 m
0.2

B=3.5 m
3.5 m 0.35
Sand I
qc=12 MPa
0.5

Sand II
3.5 m 0.417
qc=16 MPa
0.33

Incompressible Rock
∆𝒛
Layer ∆𝒛 (m) 𝑬𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒒𝒄 (𝑴𝑷𝒂) 𝑰𝒛 𝑰𝒛 (𝒎/𝒌𝑷𝒂)
𝑬𝒔
I 3.5 30 0.35 4.08x10-5
II 3.5 40 0.417 3.65x10-5
 = 7.732x10-5
850 850
𝑞𝑛 = − 19 ∗ 1.2 = − 22.8 = 270.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐵 2.9
′
𝜎𝑣𝑜 19 ∗ 1.2
𝐶1 = 1 − 0.5 ( ) = 1 − 0.5 ( ) = 0.958
𝑞𝑛 270.3
𝐼𝑧 ∆𝑧
𝑆 = 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝑞𝑛 ∑ = 0.958 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 270.3 ∗ 7.732𝑥10−5
𝐸𝑠
𝑆 = 0.02 𝑚 = 2.0 𝑐𝑚