"Construction of Building": A Practical Training Report ON

SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
A
PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
“CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING”
(10-05-2018 to 10-07-2018)
TAKEN AT
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (PWD) CITY DIVISION
AT R.R.T.I, OPPSITE TO THE HIGH SECURITY JAIL, GHOOGHRA , NEAR KALA BAG, AJMER,
RAJASTHAN 305001
SUBMITTED TO
Rajasthan Technical University (RTU), KOTA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF DEGREE OF
BACHELORE OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)
BY
VED PRAKSH JANGID
15CE57
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVT.ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER
SESSION 2018-19
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 1

TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
ABSTRACT 6
OVERVIEW: P.W.D 7
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 8

1.1. GENERAL ABSTRACT 10
1.2. PLAN & ELEVATION 11
2. TYPES OF BUILDINGS 13
3. COMPONENTS OF BUILDING 17
3.1. SUB-STRUCTURE 17
3.2. SUPER STRUCTURE 20
4. MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION 22
4.1. CEMENT 22
4.2. AGGREGATES 24
4.3. REINFORCEMENT 26
4.4. WATER 27
4.5. REINFORCED CONCRETE 27
5. TESTING OF MATERIALS 28
6. EQUIPMENT USED 39
6.1. BATCHING MACHINE 39
6.2. CONCRETE MIXER 39
6.3. TRANSPORTATION MACHINE 39
6.4. COMPACTORS 40
7. BRICK MASONRY 43
8. TEMPORARY STRUCTURES 46
8.1. SCAFFOLDING 46
8.2. FORMWORK 46
9. BEAMS AND COLUMNS 50
10.ROOFING DETAILS 53
11.WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT 55
12.CONCLUSION 57
13.REFERENCE 58

TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF SITE .................................................................................................................................. 8

FIGURE 2 SITE INTODUCTION (A) ............................................................................................................................ 9
FIGURE 3 SITE INTODUCTION(B) ............................................................................................................................. 9
FIGURE 4 ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING ............................................................................................................... 11
FIGURE 5 PLAN OF BUILDING ............................................................................................................................... 12
FIGURE 6 INDIVIDUAL FOOTING ........................................................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 7 CMENT USED AT SITE ............................................................................................................................ 23
FIGURE 8 FINE AGGEIGATE ................................................................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 9 COARSE AGGRIGATES ........................................................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 10 CONCRETE MIXER ............................................................................................................................... 39
FIGURE 11 BELT CONVEYER .................................................................................................................................. 40
FIGURE 12 VIBRATORS .......................................................................................................................................... 41
FIGURE 13 NEEDLE VIBRATOR .............................................................................................................................. 42
FIGURE 14 FLEMISH BOND OF BRICKS .................................................................................................................. 45
FIGURE 15 CONSTRUCTION OF BRICK MASONRY FIGURE 16 BRICKS USED .................................... 45
FIGURE 17 CENTERING AND STAGING .................................................................................................................. 49
FIGURE 18 - DETAILING OF BEAM ......................................................................................................................... 50
FIGURE 19- DETAILING OF COLUMN AND FOOTING ............................................................................................ 51
FIGURE 20 COLUMN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BEAMS ........................................................................................ 52
FIGURE 21-DETAILING OF SLAB REINFORCEMENT ............................................................................................... 53
FIGURE 22 ROOF REINFORCEMENT WITH SERVICE POINT ................................................................................... 53
FIGURE 23- REINFORCEMENT FOR ROOF ............................................................................................................. 54

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to extent my gratitude to PUBLIC WORK DEPARMENT, AJMER for
having provided me with an unbelievable practical learning experience during summer
training .it was indeed a pleasure to be a part of such organization.
First and foremost, I would like to thank Mr. INDER MURJHANI (A.En.), for providing me
the opportunity to work under their guidance and close supervision.
Secondly, I am also grateful to other employees and member of the department for their kind
co-operation and spontaneous response.
Last but not the least; I express my gratitude toward Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR GOYAL,
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Civil Engineering Government Engineering College, AJMER
and various other faculty members of department of civil engineering GECA to give me the
chance to work with this prestigious organization.
SUBMITTED BY:-
VED PRAKASH JANGID
Govt. Engineering college, Ajmer

ABSTRACT
Industrial training offered by public works department Ajmer was fortunate opportunity for
me during my fourth year of under graduation it helped me to apply my theoretical
knowledge gained during the university academic programme into real world industrial based
execution and experience professional construction process it helped me to enhance my skill
and to enrich my industrial knowledge by keeping me update with the latest technologies this
opportunity is extremely helped me to expose into and environment where I could think as a
civil engineer .
I had my training experience from 10th may to 10th July 2018 at P.W.D. Ajmer
This report documents contains the knowledge and experience i have gained through my
industrial training at PWD Ajmer.

PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT OVERVIEW
The Public Works Department has a glorious history in the development of the state since
pre-independence. The department is mainly entrusted with construction and maintenance of
Roads, Bridges and Govt. buildings. The department also acts as Technical Advisor to the
State Government in these matters.
The Public Works Department being the oldest engineering department of the State, has its
well woven network even below tensile level which enables the P.W.D. to ensure the
execution of a variety of jobs/tasks anywhere in the state.
Total road length being maintained by the department is more than 201064 KM. The
Department also maintains State buildings all over Rajasthan & outside. The current annual
budget allocation to the department for construction & maintenance activities is over Rs 1000
Crores.
Main Functions: -
• Design, Construction, Maintenance & Repair of Government buildings.

• Design, Construction, Maintenance & Repair of Roads & Bridges.
• Undertaking Deposit Contribution works of various Departments, Local Bodies & other
• Relief works in the event of Natural calamities like famine, flood, earthquakes et al.
• D.R.D.A. Works like Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) etc.
• Assessments of rent of private premises requisitioned for housing Govt. offices.
• Design, construction, maintenance and repairs of runway relating to the State Government.
• Development and maintenance of Public Parks and Gardens in important Public Buildings.
• Up keeping of Govt. Rest House and Circuit Houses.
• To permit construction of approaches on both sides of roads to private individual, other
institutions, factories, Petrol Pumps etc.

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
THE PROJECT WAS TO CONSTRUCT 10 ROOMS AND 2 STORE ROOMS AT RRTI

AJMER, FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSE.
1. CLIENT: - PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT, AJMER.
2. CONTRACTOR: - SHREE YADAV CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
3. CONTRCTOR NAME:- MR. PRAVEEN YADAV
4. OVERALL COST OF PROJECT: - THE OVERALL COST OF PROJECT IS 142.00

LAKH.
5. SITE LOCATION: - REVENUE RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE, OPP.

HIGH SECURITY JAIL, GHOOGHRA, AJMER
Figure 1 Location of site

SITE IMAGES:-
Figure 2 site intoduction (a)
Figure 3 site intoduction(b)

1.1 GENERAL ABSTRACT

1.2 PLAN, ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING
Figure 4 ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING

Figure 5 PLAN OF BUILDING

2. TYPES OF BUILDINGS
BUILDING: - Permanent or temporary structure enclosed within exterior walls and a roof,
and including all attached apparatus, equipment, and fixtures that cannot be removed without
cutting into ceiling, floors, or walls.
Buildings are divided as following types by international building code –
1. Assembly Buildings
2. Business Buildings
3. Educational Buildings
4. Factory Buildings
5. Hazardous Building
6. Institutional Buildings
7. Mercantile Buildings
8. Residential Buildings
9. Storage Buildings
10. Utility & Miscellaneous
1. Assembly Buildings
In this type of buildings people gather for some reason. These reasons can be any types. Such
as social purpose, religious purpose, patriotic purpose or simply recreation purpose. This type
of buildings is –
Restaurant
Cinema hall
Theatre
Gymnasium
Swimming pool
Prayer hall, etc.

2 Business Building
This type of buildings is used for providing various types of services. Below are this type of
buildings –
Bank
Dispensaries and clinic
Libraries
Insurance agencies
Fire station
Police station, etc.
3 Educational Buildings
This type of buildings constructed for various activities in primary, secondary or college level
educational system. Example of this type of buildings are –
School
College
Training institute,
Day care centre, etc.
4 Factory Buildings
In this type of buildings, products are assembled or processed or fabricated or repaired. For
example –
Gas plant
Power plant
Refineries
Dairies
Laundries etc.

5 Hazardous Buildings
This type of buildings is used to produce or storage highly flammable or toxic materials
(Don’t be confused with factory building). Such as fireworks, hydrogen peroxide, cyanide,
etc.
6 Institutional Buildings
Although this type of buildings provide facility of sleeping accommodation these are not
included in residential buildings. Institutional buildings are those where people are physically
unable to leave without assistance.
Followings are the institutional buildings –
Hospitals
Infants care homes
Old homes
Nursing homes
Prisons, etc.
7 Mercantile Buildings
In this type of buildings goods or materials are displayed or sold.

Following are this type of buildings –
Shopping mall
Grocery Store
Departmental store
8 Residential buildings
All those buildings with sleeping accommodation facility are called residential buildings.
Following are example of residential buildings –
Apartments
Flats
Hotels
Hostels
Private Houses

9 Storage Buildings
This type of buildings are used for storing goods, animals or vehicles.
The storage materials should not be hazardous. Such types of buildings are –
Garage
Warehouse
Cold storage
Transit sheds
Perking, etc

3. COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
Construction of the building is done in at least two steps. Which are following:
• Sub Structure
• Super Structure
3.1 SUB STRUCTURE
Foundation is a part of the sub structure. Sub structure is constructed according to soil
quality at that site. If soil have good bearing capacity than we use shallow foundation in
construction. And if the bearing capacity of the soil is not good or suitable than we use deep
foundation at that site. Sub structure is a load bearing structure and it is designed for load
bearing.
3.1.1 FOUNDATION
A foundation is the element of any structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers
loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or
deep.
The low artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to the
ground is called foundation.
Foundation is a load bearing structure which bears all loads coming on the building or any
structure. Foundation is generally of two types:
A. Shallow Foundation.
B. Deep Foundation.
Generally, foundation in building construction is Shallow foundation (Raft Foundation).
And in our building shallow foundation is used.
3.1.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION:

Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or open footings. The 'open' refers to the
fact that the foundations are made by first excavating all the earth till the bottom of the
footing, and then constructing the footing. During the early stages of work, the entire footing
is visible to the eye, and is therefore called an open foundation. The idea is that each footing
takes the concentrated load of the column and spreads it out over a large area, so that the
actual weight on the soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
It includes some types of shallow foundation such as:

3.1.1.1 INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS:
Figure 6 Individual footing
Individual footings are one of the most simple and common types of foundations. These are
used when the load of the building is carried by columns. Usually, each column will have its
own footing. The footing is just a square or rectangular pad of concrete on which the column
sits. To get a very rough idea of the size of the footing, the engineer will take the total load on
the column and divide it by the safe bearing capacity (SBC) of the soil. For example, if a
column has a vertical load of 10T, and the SBC of the soil is 10T/m2, then the area of the
footing will be 1m2. In practice, the designer will look at many other factors before preparing
a construction design for the footing.

Individual footings are usually connected by a plinth beam, a horizontal beam that is built at
ground or below ground level.
3.1.1.2 STRIP FOOTINGS:

Strip footings are commonly found in load-bearing masonry construction, and act as a long
strip that supports the weight of an entire wall. These are used where the building loads are
carried by entire walls rather than isolated columns, such as in older buildings made of
masonry.

3.1.1.3 RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION:

Raft Foundations, also called Mat Foundations, are most often used when basements are to be
constructed. In a raft, the entire basement floor slab acts as the foundation; the weight of the
building is spread evenly over the entire footprint of the building. It is called a raft because
the building is like a vessel that 'floats' in a sea of soil.
Mat Foundations are used where the soil is week, and therefore building loads have to be
spread over a large area, or where columns are closely spaced, which means that if individual
footings were used, they would touch each other.
3.1.2 DEEP FOUNDATION:

A deep foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth farther
down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer or a range of
depths.
3.1.2.1 PILE FOUNDATION:
A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is pushed into the
ground so that structures can be supported on top of it.
Pile foundations are used in the following situations:
1) When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the weight
of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be
transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
2) When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure.
Pile foundations are capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.
There are two types of pile foundations, each of which works in its own way.
End Bearing Piles:

In end bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil or
rock. The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer. In a sense,
this pile acts like a column. The key principle is that the bottom end rests on the surface
which is the intersection of a weak and strong layer. The load therefore bypasses the weak
layer and is safely transferred to the strong layer.

Friction Piles:
Friction piles work on a different principle. The pile transfers the load of the building to the
soil across the full height of the pile, by friction. In other words, the entire surface of the pile,
which is cylindrical in shape, works to transfer the forces to the soil.
To visualise how this works, imagine you are pushing a solid metal rod of say 4mm diameter
into a tub of frozen ice cream. Once you have pushed it in, it is strong enough to support
some load. The greater the embedment depth in the ice cream, the more load it can support.
This is very similar to how a friction pile works. In a friction pile, the amount of load a pile
can support is directly proportionate to its length.
3.2 SUPER STRUCTURE:

Super-structure is a part of structure that is above plinth level (P.L). Generally, columns and
walls are constructed in super structure. Following are the important parts of super-structure.
1) Floor
2) Roof
3) Lintel
4) Parapet
5) Sun Shade
6) Doors & Windows
FLOOR:
Floor is that part of a building on which furniture, household, commercial, industrial or any
other type of items are stored. Floor is used for walking around .
Floor separates the different levels of a building. Building is also named with reference to
floor. Like Ground floor, first floor, or a floor that is below ground level like basement floor.
ROOF:
Roof is made to cover room from upper face. Different types of roofs are used in building
depending on the location and weather. Sloping roofs are generally considered better in
mountain areas. While, in plan areas flat roofs are preferred.
LINTEL:
Lintel is constructed above doors, windows etc. to support load of wall on openings. Lintel
beam is generally made as reinforced cement concrete member. While, in residential houses
sometime lintel is made by using concrete and bricks.

Breadth of lintel is generally equals to the breadth of wall. In case of metric unit, it is
normally equals to 10cm, 15cm, 20cm etc. While, in case of FPS system it is consider as 6”,
9”, 12” etc.
Thickness of lintel should not be less than 10cm (4.5”) and maximum thickness of lintel
should not be more than its breadth.
SUN SHADE:
Sun shade is a slab that is cast on the top of doors and windows. Sun shade protects doors and
windows from sun and rain. Sun shade is cast monolithically with the lintel.
DOORS AND WINDOWS:
A door is a moving structure used to block off, and allow access to, an entrance to or within
an enclosed space, such as a building or vehicle. Doors normally consist of a panel that
swings on hinges on the edge, but there are also doors that slide or spin inside of a space.
A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of light and, if
not closed or sealed, air and sound.

4. MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
They also tell me about the material used in construction of first floor of our building like w/c
ratio in concrete, grade of concrete which was used for construction work, types of bricks etc
as following.
4.1 CEMENT:
Cement was first discovered by an English brick layer named Joseph Aspdin in 1824. He
called it Portland cement for the reason that the cement he discovered resembled the
limestone found in Portland. There are many other types of cement. The approximate
composition of Portland cement is given below
material Composition
1. Lime (Cao) 60-70%
2. Silica (SiO2) 20-25%
3. Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 2-3%
4. Alumina (Al2O3) 5-10%
Table - Composition of Portland cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first
sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration,
between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate
together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten to
the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of cement. There are different types of
Grade which use in construction work. These are given below.
 33 Grade OPC is used for general construction works like plastering and finishing
works in normal environmental conditions. However, its use is virtually phased out
today.
 Coming to the 43 Grade OPC, it is the most commonly used grade for home
construction. It has its applications in plastering, finishing works, precast items,

foundations, brick work, and compound wall and so on. It has more strength
development than the 33 Grade cement.
 53 Grade OPC develops strength very fast. High rise building constructions use 53
grade cement. This is applicable for use in structures where high-Grade concrete is
required.
We used Portland cement of 43 grades (JK LAXMI CEMENT) at the construction

site RRTI, AJMER, detail of this cement is
The cost of cement per beg = 285 rupees
The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr)
The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.
We used this cement in different works at site like plastering, brick masonry, finishing
work, foundation work etc.
Figure 7 cment used at site

4.2 AGGREGATE:
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes. Neat cement is
very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and
become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in construction
work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard materials.
They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as cement.
There are two types of aggregates
1.Fine Aggregate
2.Coarse Aggregate
4.2.1 FINE AGGREGATE (SAND):
The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron
(.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.
FUNCTION OF FINE AGGREGATE:

The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the
coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement and
increase the workability of the concrete mix.

Figure 8 Fine aggeigate
4.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE:

The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is
known as coarse aggregates.).
FUNCTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

The coarse aggregates are used in mixing of concrete. It is mixed cement, sand with water.
These aggregates increase the strength of bonding in aggregates. Coarse aggregates are used
in construction of plan cement concrete (PCC), foundation, beams and columns etc.
At the site contractor used coarse aggregate of size 10mm & 20mm which was
graded and checked their strength and flackiness index etc. and many tests performed on
aggregates for size, shape, texture, strength, and many other tests like los angeles, impact
value test, specific gravity etc. were performed.

Figure 9 Coarse aggrigates
GRADING OF CONCRETE:
Concrete for construction work is defined by different grades as the ratio of cement: sand:
coarse aggregate.
The principle of grading is that the smaller particles will fill up the voids between large
particles. This results in the most economical use of cement paste for filling the voids &
binding together the aggregate in the preparation of concrete.
Thus proper grading of fine & coarse aggregate in concrete mix produces a dense concrete
with less quantity of cement.
At our construction site the grade of concrete which was used in R.C.C slab,
Column, Beams was M20. Ratio for cement : sand: coarse aggregate was 1:1.5:3 .
REINFORCEMENT:
The material which is used to develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its
tensile strength is known as reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear,
bending moment, torsion. So steel bars are used as reinforcement.

FUNCTION OF REINFORCEMENT:
Reinforcement works as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression and
week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members.
At the site contractor was using the high strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo
Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm,12mm, 16 mm, & 25 mm as per
requirement of design in column, beams, slabs.
4.3 WATER:
It is an important ingredient of concrete because it combines with cement and forms a
binding paste. The paste thus formed fills up the voids of the sand and coarse aggregate
bringing them into close adhesion. We should check pH value of water, TDS, sodium
potassium carbonate and bicarbonates, chloride content, calcium chloride, sodium sulphide,
sodium hydroxide and should be perform various tests before using it in construction work.
In our project source of water is a tube well which is already there in construction site. The
quality of water is good for purpose of construction work and can be used for drinking
purpose also.
4.4 R.C.C.
Though plain cement concrete has high compressive strength and its tensile strength is
relatively low. Normally, the tensile strength of a concrete is about 10% to 15% of its
compressive strength. Hence if a beam is made up of plain cement concrete, it has a very low
load carrying capacity. So there is need to use reinforced concrete which have more tensile
strength than plain concrete. And plain concrete’s behaviour is brittle but reinforced concrete
is ductile in behaviour so its serviceability is good. So R.C.C is preferred for construction
work. In our project we also used reinforced concrete than plain concrete in construction of
beams, columns, and slabs.

5. MATERIAL TESTING
5.1 TESTS OF AGGREGATES:

Below are some of the important test which are perform on aggregates at every construction
site to check the quality of the aggregate for better construction and fulfil the requirement of
the client.
1. Crushing Test
2. Impact Test
3. LOS Angles Abrasion Test
4. Shape Test
5. Water Absorption Test.
5.1.1 CRUSHING STRENGTH TEST:

Standard: IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete Part IV
Mechanical Properties.
Equipment used:
 Steel Cylinder
 Sieves (12.5mm,10mm)
 Cylindrical metal measure
 Tamping Rod
 Balance (0-10kg)
 Oven (3000c)
 Compression testing Machine (2000KN) .
Procedure:
1. The cylindrical steel cup is filled with 3 equal layers of aggregate and each layer is tamped
25 strokes by the rounded end of tamping rod and the surplus aggregate struck off, using the
tamping rod as a straight edge.
2 .The net weight of aggregate in the cylindrical steel cup is determined to the nearest gram
(WA) and this weight of aggregate is used for the duplicate test on the same material.
3. The cup is fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test
sample is added in thirds, each third being subjected to 25stokes from tamping rod.
4. The surface is leveled and the plunger is inserted so that it rests horizontally on the surface.

The whole assembly is then placed between the platens of testing machine and loaded at a
uniform rate so as to reach a load of 40 tones in 10 minutes.
5. The load is then released and all aggregate is removed from the cup and sieved on 2.36
mm.
IS sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute.
6. The fraction passing the sieve is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (WB).
Aggregate Crushing Value: (WB/WA) *100
5.1.2 IMPACT TEST:

Standard: IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963
Equipment’s used:
The equipment’s as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 consists of:
1. A testing machine weighing 45 to 60 kg and having a metal base with a painted lower
surface of not less than 30 cm in diameter. It is supported on level and plane concrete floor of
minimum 45 cm thickness. The machine should also have provisions for fixing its base.
2. A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and minimum
Thickness 6.3 mm.
3. A metal hammer or top weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg the lower end being cylindrical in shape,
50 mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter, with a 2 mm chamfer at the lower edge and case
hardened. The hammer should slide freely between vertical guides and be concentric with the
cup. Free fall of hammer should be within 380±5 mm.
4. A cylindrical metal measure having internal diameter 75 mm and depth 50 mm
5. For measuring aggregates.
6. Tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long, rounded at one end.
7. A balance of capacity not less than 500g, readable and accurate up to 0.1 g.
Procedure:
The test sample consists of aggregates sized 10.0 mm 12.5 mm. Aggregates may be dried by
heating at 100-110° C for a period of 4 hours and cooled.
(i) Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.0mm IS sieves. The aggregates
Passing through 12.5mm sieve and retained on 10.0mm sieve comprises the test material.
(ii) Pour the aggregates to fill about just 1/3 rd depth of measuring cylinder.
(iii) Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the tamping
rod.
(iv) Add two more layers in similar manner, so that cylinder is full.

(v) Strike off the surplus aggregates.

(vi) Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram (W).
(vii) Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or packing up on the level plate,
block or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.
(viii) Fix the cup firmly in position on the base of machine and place whole of the test sample
in it and compact by giving 25 gentle strokes with tamping rod.
(ix) Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of aggregate sample
in the cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate sample. Give 15 such blows at an
interval of not less than one second between successive falls.
(x) Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS sieves until
no further significant amount passes in one minute. Weigh the fraction passing the sieve to an
accuracy of 1 gm. Also, weigh the fraction retained in the sieve.
Observations:
Description Sample1 Sample2
Total weight of dry sample ( W1 gm)
Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm sieve (W2 gm)
Aggregate Impact Value (percent) = W2 / W1X 100
5.1.3 LOS ANGLES ABRATION VALUE:

Standard: IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963
Equipment’s used:
The apparatus as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 consists of:
(i) Los Angeles Machine: It consists of a hollow steel cylinder, closed at both the ends with
an internal diameter of 700 mm and length 500 mm and capable of rotating about its
horizontal axis. A removable steel shaft projecting radially 88 mm into cylinder and
extending full length (i.e.500 mm) is mounted firmly on the interior of cylinder. The shelf is
placed at a distance 1250 mm minimum from the opening in the direction of rotation.
(ii) Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48mm in diameter and
Each weighing between 390 to 445g; six to twelve balls are required.
(iii) Sieve: 1.70, 2.36,4.75,6.3,10,12.5,20,25,40,50,63,80 mm IS Sieves.
(iv) Balance of capacity 5kg or 10kg
(v) Drying oven
(vi) Miscellaneous like tray

Procedure:
The test sample consists of clean aggregates dried in oven at 105° – 110°C. The sample
should conform to any of the grading shown in table 1.
(i) Select the grading to be used in the test such that it conforms to the grading to be used in
construction, to the maximum extent possible.
(ii) Take 5 kg of sample for grading A, B, C & D and 10 kg for grading E, F & G.
(iii) Choose the abrasive charge as per Table 2 depending on grading of aggregates.
(iv) Place the aggregates and abrasive charge on the cylinder and fix the cover.
(v) Rotate the machine at a speed of 30 – 33 revolutions per minute. The number of
revolutions is 500 for grading A, B, C & D and 1000 for grading E, F & G. The machine
should be balanced and driven such that there is uniform peripheral speed.
(vi) The machine is stopped after the desired number of revolutions and material is
discharged to a tray.
(vii) The entire stone dust is sieved on 1.70 mm IS sieve.
(viii) The material coarser than 1.7mm size is weighed correct to one gram.
Observations:
• Original weight of aggregate sample = W1 g
• Weight of aggregate sample retained = W2 g
• Weight passing 1.7mm IS sieve = W1 – W2 g
Abrasion Value = (W1 – W2 ) / W1 X 100
5.1.4 SHAPE TEST:

Equipment’s used:
 Thickness/Flakiness Index Gauge
 Length/Elongation Index Gauge
 Aggregate sample to be tested
Shape of particle:
1. Rounded (river gravel)
2. Flaky (laminated rock)
3. Elongated
4. Angular( crushed rock)

Flaky:
 A flaky particle is the one whose least dimension (thickness) is than 0.6 times the
 mean size.
 These are the materials of which the thickness is small as compared to the other two
 dimensions.
 Limit of flaky particles in the mixes is 30%. If the flaky particles are greater than 30%
 then the aggregate is considered undesirable for the intended use.
Flakiness Index:
It is the percentage by weight of flaky particles in a sample.
 Procedure for Flakiness Index:
 Perform the sieve analysis on the given aggregate sample
 The aggregates are then arranged in the into a number of closely limited particle size
 groups -stored on the test sieves into a number of closely limited particle size groups
– 2 ½’’ – 2’’, 1 ½’’ – ¾’’ & ½’’ – 3/8’’
 Each group (fraction) is weighed and tested for thickness on appropriate opening of
 the thickness gauge by passing each particle through slot of specified thickness along
 least dimension.
 The weight of particles passing the thickness gauge is recorded for each fraction. This
 is the weight of flaky particles.
 The flakiness index is calculated by expressing the weight of flaky particles as a
 percentage of total weight of the sample.
Elongation:
These are the particles having length considerably larger than the other two dimensions and it
is the particle whose greater dimension is 1.8 times its mean size.
Limit of elongated particles in the mixes is 45%. Thus, if the elongated particles are greater
than 45%, then the aggregate is considered undesirable for the intended use.
Elongation Index:
It is the percentage by weight of elongated particles in a sample. The Elongated index is
calculated by expressing the weight of Elongated particles as percentage of total weight of the
sample.

5.1.5 WATER ABSORPTION TEST:

Standard: IS: 2386 (Part 3) – 1963 – Method of test for aggregates for concrete (Part I)
Particle size and shape.
Equipment’s used:
 Wire basket
 Oven (3000c)
 Container for filling water and suspending the basket
 An air tight container
 Balance[0-10 kg]
 Shallow tray & absorbent clothes.
Procedure:
 bout 2kg of the aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and
then
 placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22
to
 320C with a cover of at least 50 mm of water above the top of the basket
 Immediately after the immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by
lifting
 the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25
times
 at the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and the aggregate
 should remain completely immersed in water for a period of 24±0.5 hours afterwards.
 The basket and the sample are then weighed while suspended in water at a
temperature of
 22 to 320C. The weight is noted while suspended in water (W1) g.
 The basket and the aggregate are then removed from water and allowed to drain for a
few
 minutes, after which the aggregates are transferred to one of the dry absorbent clothes.
 The empty basket is then returned to the tank of water, jolted 25 times and weights in
 water (W2) g.
 The aggregates placed in the dry absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further
 moisture could be removed by this clothe.

 Then the aggregate is transferred to the second dry cloth spread in a single layer,
covered
 and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are completely surface
dry.
 10 to 60 minutes drying may be needed. The surface dried aggregate is then weighed
 W3 g.
 The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a
temperature
 of 1100C for 24 hours. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in air tight container
and
 weighed W4 g.
 Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with basket = W1 g
 Weight of basket suspended in water = W2 g
 Weight of saturated aggregate in water = (W1-W2)g = Ws g
 Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = W4 g
 Weight of water equal to the volume of the aggregate = (W3-Ws) g
5.2 TESTS OF CONCRETE:

Below are some of the concrete test which are perform on concrete at site and laboratory.
1. Compressive Strength Test.
2. Permeability Test.
3. Slump Test.
4. Flexural Strength Test
5.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST:
Standard: IS: 516-1959 – Methods of tests for strength of concrete.
Equipment’s used:
 Compression testing machine (2000 KN)
 Curing tank/Accelerated curing tank
 Balance (0-10 Kg)
Representative samples of concrete shall be taken and used for casting cubes 15
cm x 15 cm x 15 cm or cylindrical specimens of 15 cm dia. x 30 cm long.

Procedure:
1. The concrete shall be filled into the moulds in layers approximately 5 cm deep. It would
be distributed evenly and compacted either by vibration or by hand tamping. After the top
layer has been compacted, the surface of concrete shall be finished level with the top of
the mould using a trowel; and covered with a glass plate to prevent evaporation.
2. The specimen shall be stored at site for 24+ ½ h under damp matting or sack. After that,
the samples shall be stored in clean water at 27+20C; until the time of test. The ends of all
cylindrical specimens that are not plane within 0.05 mm shall be capped.
3. Just prior to testing, the cylindrical specimen shall be capped with Sulphur mixture
comprising 3 parts Sulphur to 1 part of inert filler such as fire clay.
4. Specimen shall be tested immediately on removal from water and while they are still in
wet condition.
5. The bearing surface of the testing specimen shall be wiped clean and any loose material
removed from the surface. In the case of cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the
machine in such a manner that the load cube as cast, that is, not to the top and bottom.
6. Align the axis of the specimen with the steel plates, do not use any packing.
7. The load shall be applied slowly without shock and increased continuously at a rate of
approximately 140 kg/sq.cm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the increased load
breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to the
specimen shall then be recorded and any unusual features noted at the time of failure
brought out in the report.
8. Compressive strength (kg/cm2) = Wf / A
5.2.2 PERMEABILITY TEST:

Equipment’s used:
A concrete permeameter apparatus consisting of the following basic components,
 A permeameter cell which can maintain a seal over the circumference of a saturated
 cylindrical concrete specimen and which is capable of operating effectively under
 pressures of up to 1000kPa.
 A means of supplying de-aired water to the top surface of the concrete specimen
 contained within the permeameter cell at a constant pressure head of up to 1000kPa.
 MAIN ROADS Western Australia Water Permeability of Hardened Concrete Page 1
 of 7 T\wa625_1.rtf Test Method 71/10/625.1 Issue 1 10/98 Pavements & Structures

 A pressure gauge to measure input pressure and a thermometer to measure ambient

 temperature.
 Data acquisition equipment to record, at suitable intervals of time, the pressure,
 volumetric flow of water into and out of the concrete specimen and the ambient
 temperature
1. Diamond cut saw.

2. Balance of suitable capacity readable to 0.1g with a limit of performance of not more
than 0.6g at the 99% confidence level.
3. Supply of de-aired water.
4. Vacuum pump.
5. Vernier callipers.
6. Diamond corer drill.
7. 100mm diameter concrete mould complying with AS 1012.8.
8. Worksheet (optional). A graphical representation of the data, including the calculation of
the D’Arcy Coefficient of Permeability is suitable.
Procedure:
1. Obtain samples of hardened concrete of appropriate diameter from existing structures by
diamond core drilling or from moulded specimens. The specimens shall be prepared in
accordance with AS 1012. Using a diamond saw cut a section of the sample to allow
approximately 2mm clearance at each end of the Room Temperature Vulcanizing (RTV)
silicone rubber seal. The test sample should have a minimum length of 2.5 times the
maximum aggregate size. The cut section will be the test sample.
2. . Condition the test sample in accordance with AASHTO T277 to a Saturated Surface Dry
state, deleting the section referring to the use of epoxy resins.
3. Fill the voids that are 2mm or greater in diameter that occur on the sides of the test
sample with plasticine or a similar material.
4. Measure and record the mass of the test sample to the nearest 0.1g and the diameter (D)
and length (L) of the sample to the nearest 1mm.
5. Seal the test sample within the permeameter cell.
6. Ensure that the permeameter apparatus is completely filled with de-aired water and
contains no air pockets or bubbles.
7. Apply a constant pressure head of water to the inflow side of the permeameter cell and

continuously monitor the pressure throughout the duration of the test.

8. Continuously monitor and record the volumetric inflow and outflow of water.
9. Continuously monitor and record the ambient temperature, to the nearest 0.1°C. Ensure
that the temperature is maintained within a range of 21 to 25°C.
10. After steady state flow through the sample has been achieved, monitor and plot volume
flow (Q) against time (t) until the slope of the inflow and outflow lines can be achieved.
Calculate the permeability by taking the mean of the inflow and outflow plots within the
steady state flow range. NOTE: This test is designed to determine the order of magnitude
for concrete permeability. A variation between the inflow and outflow slopes of up to 20%
will not significantly affect the outcome.
11. Remove the test sample from the apparatus and measure and record the mass of the test
sample to the nearest 0.1g.
5.2.3 SLUMP TEST:

Equipment’s used:
 Slump cone,
 Scale for measurement,
 Temping rod (steel)
Procedure:
1. The mold for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height. The
base is 200 mm (8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm (4
in).
2. The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in
three layers, whose workability is to be tested .
3. Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod,
rounded at the end.
4. When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off
(leveled with mould top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the
temping rod.
5. The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it
could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of
handles or foot - rests brazed to the mould.
6. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly

and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.

7. The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
8. The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the
temping rod is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area of
slumped concrete.
9. The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale. (Usually
measured to the nearest 5 mm (1/4 in).
5.2.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST:

Standard: IS: 516: Methods of tests for Strength of Concrete
Apparatus:
Flexural Strength Machine.
Procedure:
 Take put specimen for curing tank, Clean it with Water
 Make a 5cm Mark vertically, on specimen on either ends.
 Specimen shall be placed in machine such a way that the load shall be applied to the
 upper most surface as cast in mould.
 The axis of the specimen shall be carefully aligned with the axis of the loading device
 Load shall be applied continuously and without shock.
 The load shall be increased until the specimen fails and load applied is recorded at the
 failure.

6. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

After telling us about the material and their ratio used in construction work we get
information about the equipment used their uses. Detail about the equipment mostly used in
construction work is given following.
6.1 BATCHING MACHINE:

The measurement of materials for making concrete is known as batching. The machines
which used for batching is known as batching machine.
6.2 CONCRETE MIXER:

This is a power mechanically operated machine which is used to mix the concrete. It consists
a hollow cylindrical part with inner side wings. In which cement, sand, aggregates and water
is mix properly.
Figure 10 Concrete mixer
6.3 TRANSPORTATION:
The process of carrying the concrete mix from the place of it’s mixing to final position of
deposition is termed as transportation of concrete. There are many methods of transportation
as mentioned below-
Transport of concrete by pans
Transport of concrete by wheel barrows
Transport of concrete by tipping Lorries
Transport of concrete by pumps
Transport of concrete by belt conveyors
At this site belt conveyors were used.

Figure 11 Belt conveyer
6.4 COMPACTORS:
When the concrete has been placed, it shows a very loose structure. We used dense concrete
for construction work, because it have more strength than loose concrete so compaction after
placing of concrete is necessary. Hence, it must be compacted to remove the air bubbles and
voids so as to make it dense and solid concrete to obtain a high strength. There are two
method- of compaction.
1. Manual compaction
2. Mechanical compaction

There are four types of mechanical vibrators which are used in concrete compaction
Types of Concrete Vibrators
1. Immersion or needle vibrator

2. Extended or shutter vibrator
3. Surface Vibrator
4. Vibrating table
Figure 12 Vibrators

Generally in large projects mechanical compactors are used . There are various mechanical
compactors which uses according to requirement as needle and screed vibrators needed to
compact the column and floor respectively.
Figure 13 Needle vibrator
At our construction site mainly 2 vibrators are used for compaction which was
needle vibrator and surface vibrator.

7. BRICK MASONRY
MORTAR: -
It’s a plastic building material (such as a mixture of cement, lime, or gypsum plaster with
sand and water) that hardens and is used in masonry or plastering.
Types of Mortar as binding material:

Mortars are classified into the following five categories:
1. Cement Mortar
2. Lime Mortar
3. Surkhi Mortar
4. Gauged Mortar
5. Mud Mortar
At work site cement mortar is used and 1:6 ratios are used to prepare cement mortar.
CLASS OF BRICKS: -
On the basis of quality and performance of brick is classified in three parts-
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
Class A bricks were used at site for wall masonry work.
Types of bond in brick masonry: -
There are four types bond which are used in wall masonry work
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond

In our project stretcher bond is used in single brick wall and Flemish bond is used in double
brick wall which are described below.
1. Stretcher bond
Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown in the elevation of figure
below. Stretcher bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks are laid with only
their stretchers showing, overlapping midway with the courses of bricks below and above.
2. Flemish Bond
Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying alternate headers and
stretchers in a single course. The next course of brick is laid such that header lies in the
middle of the stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers of each course are
centered on the stretcher of course below. Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with
header at the corner.

Figure 14 Flemish bond of bricks
Figure 15 construction of brick masonry Figure 16 Bricks used

8. TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
8.1 SCAFFOLDING
The scaffolding is a temporary structure which is used in building operations to support
platforms for workmen , structural material and appliances required during construction at
raised heights normally more than 1.5 meter .This temporary form work is useful in building
construction, demolition, maintenance and repair works. Scaffolding is erected either on one
or both sides of the wall. For ordinary work scaffolding may be erected on one side only but
for all superior quality works it must be provided on both sides of wall. The height of the
scaffolding can be adjusted with the progress of the work. Mostly timber scaffolding is used
due to economy.
Types of scaffolding or scaffold-
✓ Single scaffolding
✓ Double scaffolding
✓ Ladder scaffolding
✓ Cantilever scaffolding
✓ Steel scaffolding
✓ Suspended scaffolding
✓ Trestle scaffolding
✓ Wooden gantries
8.2. FORMWORK
Formwork is temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials are
poured. In the context of concrete construction, the false work supports the shuttering
moulds.
Requirements of Good Formwork:

a) It should be carefully designed, so as to be strong enough to resist the pressure
of fresh concrete and the super-imposed loads due to men, materials and
Equipment etc.
b) It should be rigid enough to retain its original shape without undue deformation
which is normally restricted to 1/300 th of span in normal cases.

c) It should be tight enough so as not to allow cement and other materials to leak
through the joints.
d) The formwork should not warp, bulge, bend or sink and should remain true to
. the designed size.
e) The inner surface of the formwork should be smooth so as to give pleasing
appearance to the finished surface. The inner surface is also applied with
mould oil to facilitate its removal.
SHUTTERING:
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber, plywood, metal or other
material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support. It
provides supports to horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast
concrete according to required shape and size. The form work also produces desired finish
concrete surface.
Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix
and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form
work/shuttering. It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement
concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement
concrete. Shuttering should be easy in handling, erection at site and easy to remove when
cement concrete is sufficient hard.
Generally there are three types of shuttering.
1. Steel Shuttering
2. Wooden Planks Shuttering
3. Temporary Brick Masonry Shuttering
Steel shuttering
Steel shuttering plate is the best type of shuttering because this is water tight shuttering which
can bear the load of cement concrete placed on it. This shuttering can be used for horizontal,
vertical or any other shape required for the work. It gives levelled surface which has good
appearance. This shuttering gives good appearance and pattern work according to

architectural drawings. If the plaster is required, the thickness of plaster will be less. Being
water tight shuttering, the strength of concrete with steel shuttering is comparatively higher.
Wooden Plank Shuttering

Generally wooden planks shuttering is used by contractors because this shuttering is cheap
and easily available. But this type of shuttering effects the strength of concrete and have some
disadvantages which are given below.
Recommended Period for Removal of Shuttering

 48 hours for sides of foundations, columns, beams and walls.
 7 days for underside of slab up to 4.5 meter span
 14 days for underside of slab, beams, arches above 4.5 meter up to 6 meter span.
 21 days for underside of beams arches above 6 meter span and up to 9 meter span.
 28 days for underside of beams arches above 9 meter span
CENTERING:
is a type of falsework the temporary structure upon which the stones of an arch or vault are
laid during construction. Until the keystone is inserted an arch has no strength and needs the
centring to keep the voussoirs in their correct relative positions. A simple centering without a
truss is called a common centering. The cross piece connecting centering frames are called a
lag .
The centring is normally made of wood timbers, which was a relatively straightforward
structure in a simple arch or vault, but with more complex shapes, involving double
curvature, such as a small dome or the bottle-shaped flues of the kitchens of some Norman-
period houses; clay or sand bound by a weak lime mortar mix could be used.
STAGING:
Materials such as wooden ballies, pipes, props, jacks which support both shuttering &
centering are known as Staging.

Figure 17 centering and staging

9. BEAMS AND COLUMNS
BEAMS: -
it is a structural member constructed to transfer the loads from slab to column it serves as a
connector to save the column from sliding outwards. Basically beams are rigid structural
members designed to carry and transfer the transverse loads ( loads perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis) across space to supporting elements. Reinforced concrete beams are
commonly used in construction as it provide extra tensile strength, and proves to be
economical.
Figure 18 - detailing of beam
Detailing of beam reinforcement-

25mm main reinforcement with 10mm shear reinforcement @6” C/C spacing.
20mm reinforcement with 8mm shear reinforcement @6” C/C spacing.
Types of beam
a) Joist-When provided in buildings to support roofs, they are called joists.
b) Girder- a large beam supporting a number of joists.

c) Spandrels- exterior beams at floor level of building, which carry part of the floor load and
that of the exterior wall are called spandrels.
d) Purlins- beam which carry roof load in trusses.
e) Lintels- which support the loads from the masonry over the openings.
COLUMN:-
Column is a supporting pillar and a structural element which transfer the upcoming load and
it’s self-weight to the hard soil through foundation or a column is defined as a vertical
compression member which is mainly subjected to axial loads and the effective length of
which exceeds three times its lateral dimension. Failure occurs when the stresses due to direct
axial loads exceeds the compressive strength of the material available in the cross section. On
the other hand, an eccentric load can produce bending and results in uneven distribution of
stress.
Figure 19- detailing of column and footing
Construction process-
STEP-1 grid lines are drawn to dimensions ( to determine the where the column would be
placed).
STEP-2 layout work is then carried out.

STEP-3 masonry or bars are introduced with mortar.

STEP-4 wooden planks are then placed as the form work
STEPS AND STAIRS

A step usually consists of a thread and riser supported by strings. A stair is a structure
consisting of number of steps and is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent
between the floors and landings, which is easiest and quickest service possible to building.
The palace in building where stair is located is called stair case and the space occupied by it
is called a stair way. Different kinds of stairs are used in buildings such as timber, bricks,
stones, steel, plain or reinforced cement concrete and combination of different materials.
Selection of material to be used for construction depend s upon funds available, availability
of materials and type of buildings. In detention center plain cement concrete stairs are used
with kota stone flooring with straight pattern.
Figure 20 column and construction of beams

10. DETAIL OF ROOFING
Reinforcement details in slabs-

1. Main reinforcement –
10mm dia. bars of Fe415 Grade of HYSD steel reinforcement @ 6” C/C spacing.
2. Secondary reinforcement –
8mm dia. bars of Fe 415 Grade of HYSD steel reinforcement @ 6” C/C spacing.
Figure 21-Detailing of slab reinforcement
Placing of reinforcement for roof :-
Figure 22 Roof Reinforcement with service point

Figure 23- reinforcement for roof

11.WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT
Week (1)
 Introduction with assistant engineer Mr. Inder Murjhani. He told me about our Worksite.
This was Revenue research and Training Institute, Ajmer.
 Training is assigned at RRTI Ajmer, a research and training institute for revenue board.
 Blue print, plan and elevation were given to me.
 Introduction with the contractor Shree Praveen Yadav.
 Till the joining date the work of ground floor was completed and the brick masonry on 1st
floor was going on.
 Introduction with the equipments, material, test performed and about the work completed
before joining.
Week (2)
 We saw the details of the columns which were previously constructed.
 Brick masonry work like; construction of room wall was in progress.
 We saw the temporary structures like scaffolding
Week (3)
 Brick masonry was still in progress
 Gain practical knowledge about types of brick, bond used in masonry and mortar etc.
 Lintels were constructed at the starting of the week.
Week (4)
 The brick masonry work completed for the walls.
 Curing of walls took place for the entire week.
 Construction of staircase is started and reinforcement was laid.
Week (5)
 We saw the beam details of the proposed rooms & stores at RRTI campus.
 Works like Shuttering, centering and staging were started.

Week (6)
 Shuttering, centering and staging work were completed in this week.

 After centering and shuttering the reinforcing of steel done with TMT bars for the beams.
 Placing of the reinforcement of slab started.
 Service points were given.
Week (7 & 8)
 Placing of reinforcement for slabs was completed.
 Additional work like site clearance for parking.
 Additional masonry was in progress.

12.CONCLUSION
We studied different things at training time. These are given as following.

 The general terms of construction are included in this study.
 Different components of buildings.
 Different types of Bonds in brick masonry are also studied in this report.
 Different tastings for materials are studied.
 Reinforcement details of beam, column, and roof are studied practically.
 Nominal covers of beam, slabs, columns etc.
As per my training report I have conclude that, during last 60 days I am familiar with
the construction of brick masonry & mortar preparation and other works under a
Public works department’s project. Brick masonry is provided to transfer the load of
structure to foundation. All though maximum load of building comes on columns and
beams.
Various things which couldn’t have been possible theoretically were possible to be
learnt.
Interaction with workers and and local public was also a great experience

13.REFERENCES
 RCC- IS(456)2000
 STEEL-IS(800)2007
 BASIC INFORMATIONS- WIKIPEDIA
 TYPE OF WALLS- BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, DHANPAT RAI
PUBLICATION
 BRICK MASONRY-WIKIPEDIA
 BEAM AND COLUMN- STEEL STRUCTURES, S.K.DUGGAL

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SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 8

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 2

FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF SITE .................................................................................................................................. 8

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 3

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 4

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 5

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 6

PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT OVERVIEW

• Design, Construction, Maintenance & Repair of Government buildings.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 7

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

THE PROJECT WAS TO CONSTRUCT 10 ROOMS AND 2 STORE ROOMS AT RRTI

1. CLIENT: - PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT, AJMER.

2. CONTRACTOR: - SHREE YADAV CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

3. CONTRCTOR NAME:- MR. PRAVEEN YADAV

4. OVERALL COST OF PROJECT: - THE OVERALL COST OF PROJECT IS 142.00

5. SITE LOCATION: - REVENUE RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE, OPP.

Figure 1 Location of site

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 8

Figure 2 site intoduction (a)

Figure 3 site intoduction(b)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 9

1.1 GENERAL ABSTRACT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 10

1.2 PLAN, ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING

Figure 4 ELEVATION OF THE BUILDING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 11

Figure 5 PLAN OF BUILDING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 12

Buildings are divided as following types by international building code –

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Page 13

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In this type of buildings goods or materials are displayed or sold.

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3.1.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION:

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3.1.1.1 INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS:

Figure 6 Individual footing

a construction design for the footing.

3.1.1.2 STRIP FOOTINGS:

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3.1.1.3 RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION:

3.1.2 DEEP FOUNDATION:

End Bearing Piles:

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3.2 SUPER STRUCTURE:

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4. MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

3. Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 2-3%

4. Alumina (Al2O3) 5-10%

Table - Composition of Portland cement

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We used Portland cement of 43 grades (JK LAXMI CEMENT) at the construction

Figure 7 cment used at site

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FUNCTION OF FINE AGGREGATE:

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Figure 8 Fine aggeigate