Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Moroccan Arabic and Amazigh in A Changing Society, Conflict or Harmony - Mina Afkir
Moroccan Arabic and Amazigh in A Changing Society, Conflict or Harmony - Mina Afkir
&21)/,&725+$5021<"
0LQD$INLU+DVVDQ,,8QLYHUVLW\&DVDEODQFD0RURFFR
$EVWUDFW
7KH SUHVHQW SDSHU VHHNV WR H[DPLQH 0RURFFDQ $UDELF VSHDNHUV¶ DWWLWXGHV
WRZDUGV$PD]LJK%HUEHULQWRGD\¶V0RURFFDQVRFLHW\ZKRVHOLQJXLVWLFVSDFH
KDV UHFHQWO\ ZLWQHVVHG PDQ\ GUDVWLF FKDQJHV 'LDOHFWDO $UDELF DQG $PD]LJK
KDYH FRH[LVWHG IRU FHQWXULHV DIWHU WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI ,VODP LQ WKH VHYHQWK
FHQWXU\ $' +RZHYHU WKH\ KDYH H[SHULHQFHG XQHTXDO GLVWULEXWLRQ RQ WKH
0RURFFDQ OLQJXLVWLF PDUNHW $PD]LJK WKH ODQJXDJH RI WKH ILUVW LQKDELWDQWV RI
0RURFFR ZDV LQ IDFW PDUJLQDOL]HG IRU FHQWXULHV GXH WR LWV H[FOXVLRQ IURP WKH
SXEOLFVSKHUHWKHODFNRILWVLQVWLWXWLRQDOVXSSRUWDQGWKHFRQVWDQWSURPRWLRQRI
$UDELF ,W KDV DOVR NQRZQ D JUHDW GHDO RI UHJUHVVLRQ DQG SURJUHVVLYH ORVV
HVSHFLDOO\ LQXUEDQ DUHDV7RGD\ $PD]LJK LV HQMR\LQJ D QHZ VWDWXVGXHWRLWV
RIILFLDOUHFRJQLWLRQLQ2FWREHU,WLVQRZFRGLILHGDQGVWDQGDUGL]HG,WLV
SUHVHQW LQ HGXFDWLRQ WKRXJK QRW QDWLRQZLGH DQG LW KDV LPSRVHG LWVHOI LQ WKH
PHGLD,QYHVWLJDWLQJ0RURFFDQ$UDELFVSHDNHUV¶DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGV$PD]LJKLQ
WKH PLGVW RI DOO WKHVH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV ZLOO VKRZ WR ZKDW H[WHQW WKH\ VHH WKHLU
ODQJXDJHDVWKUHDWHQHGE\WKHUHYLWDOL]DWLRQRIWKH$PD]LJKODQJXDJHDQGE\LWV
QHZO\ DFTXLUHG VWDWXV $V D GRPLQDQW ODQJXDJH JURXS WKH\ KDYH WDNHQ IRU
JUDQWHG WKH ORZ SRVLWLRQ RI $PD]LJK DQG WKH\ KDYH QHYHU FRQVLGHUHG LW DV D
ULYDO 7KHLU DWWLWXGHV ZLOO VKRZ WR ZKDW H[WHQW WKHUH LV FRQIOLFW RU KDUPRQ\
EHWZHHQWKHWZRODQJXDJHVLQDFKDQJLQJVRFLHW\WKDWKDVDSSDUHQWO\VWDUWHGWR
EHOLHYH LQ LWV OLQJXLVWLF DQG FXOWXUDO GLYHUVLW\ DV D VRXUFH RI VWUHQJWK DQG
HQULFKPHQW
,QWURGXFWLRQ
0RURFFRLVDPXOWLOLQJXDOFRXQWU\GXHWRLWVORQJKLVWRU\RIODQJXDJHFRQWDFW
7ZR RI WKH ODQJXDJHV WKDW DUH SUHVHQW LQ WKH 0RURFFDQ OLQJXLVWLF VSDFH DUH
0RURFFDQ $UDELF 'LDOHFWDO $UDELF ZKLFK KDV EHHQ YHU\ GRPLQDQW IRU
FHQWXULHVDQG$PD]LJKZKLFKKDVEHHQPDUJLQDOL]HGDQGHYHQVWLJPDWL]HGIRU
KXQGUHGVRI\HDUVDVDUHVXOWRILWVXQHTXDOGLVWULEXWLRQDQGWKHUHVWULFWLRQRILWV
GRPDLQVRIXVH0RURFFDQ$UDELFZKLFKVWDQGVLQDGLJORVVLFUHODWLRQVKLSZLWK
µ%HUEHU¶DGHURJDWRU\ZRUGLQLWLDOO\XVHGE\WKH*UHHNVWRUHIHUWRSHRSOHZKRGLGQRW
VSHDN &ODVVLFDO *UHHN GRHV QRW H[LVW LQ WKH YHUEDO UHSHUWRLUH RI 0RURFFDQV ZKDWHYHU
WKHLU HWKQLF JURXS LV DQG LW LV PDLQO\ HPSOR\HG E\ IRUHLJQHUV 7RGD\ WKH ZRUG
$PD]LJKLVWKHRQHDGRSWHGE\0RURFFDQUHVHDUFKHUVWRUHIHUWRWKH%HUEHUODQJXDJH
,Q WKH SUHVHQW SDSHU µ0RURFFDQ $UDELF VSHDNHUV¶ LV HPSOR\HG WR GHVLJQDWH $UDE
VSHDNHUVWKDWLVQRQ$PD]LJKV
$OWKRXJK0RURFFDQ$UDELFDQG6WDQGDUG$UDELFDUHERWKVRPHW\SHRI $UDELFWKH\
DUHGLIIHUHQWOH[LFDOO\SKRQRORJLFDOO\DQGPRUSKRORJLFDOO\
0LQD$INLU
6WDQGDUG $UDELF LV QRQSUHVWLJLRXV EHFDXVH LW LV FRQILQHG WR RUDO
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG LW KDV QR ZULWWHQ IRUP +RZHYHU LW LV VWURQJHU WKDQ $
PD]LJKRQWKH0RURFFDQOLQJXLVWLFPDUNHWLWKDVEHFRPHDGRPLQDQWODQJXDJH
GXHWRWKHORQJKLVWRU\RI$PD]LJKV¶OLQJXLVWLFDQGFXOWXUDODVVLPLODWLRQ
7KH SUHVHQW SDSHU VHHNV WR H[SORUH KRZ $PD]LJK VSRNHQ E\ D VXERUGLQDWH
ODQJXDJH JURXS LV SHUFHLYHG LQ WRGD\¶V 0RURFFDQ VRFLHW\ E\ $UDEV ZKR
FRQVWLWXWH D GRPLQDQW ODQJXDJH JURXS ,W LQYHVWLJDWHV QRQ$PD]LJK VSHDNHUV¶
DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGV $PD]LJK D GHFDGH DIWHU LWV RIILFLDOUHFRJQLWLRQLQ E\ D
UR\DO GHFUHH LQ RUGHU WR VHH WR ZKDW H[WHQW WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ FRQVWUXFWHG E\
WKHPIRUWKH$PD]LJKODQJXDJHDQGLWVVSHDNHUVKDVFKDQJHGLQWKHPLGVWRIDOO
WKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVWKH0RURFFDQVRFLHW\LVXQGHUJRLQJ$VXUYH\RIDWWLWXGHVLV
SHUWLQHQW GXULQJ D ELOLQJXDOPXOWLOLQJXDO FRXQWU\¶V LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI D QHZ
ODQJXDJHSROLF\,WKLJKOLJKWVGLIIHUHQWVSHDNHUV¶YLHZSRLQWVLQWKHFRPPXQLW\
DQGLQGLFDWHVWKHLUUHDGLQHVVIRUWKHFKDQJH%DNHUVDLG³,QWKHOLIHRI
D ODQJXDJH DWWLWXGHV WR WKDW ODQJXDJH DSSHDU WR EH LPSRUWDQW LQ ODQJXDJH
UHVWRUDWLRQSUHVHUYDWLRQGHFD\RUGHDWK,IDFRPPXQLW\LVJURVVO\XQIDYRUDEOH
WR ELOLQJXDO HGXFDWLRQ RU WKH LPSRVLWLRQ RI D µFRPPRQ¶ QDWLRQDO ODQJXDJH LV
DWWHPSWHGODQJXDJHSROLF\LPSOHPHQWDWLRQLVXQOLNHO\WREHVXFFHVVIXO´
%DFNJURXQG
$PD]LJKEHORQJVWRWKH+DPLWR6HPLWLFODQJXDJHIDPLO\ ,WLVDQDXWRQRPRXV
ODQJXDJH DQG LW KDV RQO\ UHPRWH JHQHWLF UHODWLRQV ZLWK $UDELF %RXNRXV
E ,W LV ³OD ODQJXH OD SOXV DQFLHQQHPHQW DWWHVWpH GDQV OH SD\V HW DX
0DJKUHE HQ JpQpUDO (Q HIIHW GHV GRFXPHQWV DUFKpRORJLTXHV GH O¶(J\SWH
DQFLHQQH IRQW UHPRQWHU O¶KLVWRLUH pFULWH GHV $PD]LJKHV OHV %HUEqUHV j
DQVDXPRLQV´%RXNRXVD$PD]LJKVKRZVGLDOHFWDOYDULDWLRQDQGLW
FRQVLVWV RI WKUHH PDMRU GLDOHFWV 7DULILW VSRNHQ LQ WKH 5LI PRXQWDLQV LQ WKH
QRUWK7DPD]LJKWVSRNHQLQWKH0LGGOH$WODVPRXQWDLQVDQGWKHHDVWHUQSDUWRI
WKH +LJK $WODV PRXQWDLQV DQG 7DVKHOKLW VSRNHQ LQ WKH +LJK $WODV WKH $QWL
$WODV PRXQWDLQV DQG WKH 6RXVV SODLQV 7KH JHRJUDSKLFDO GRPDLQ RI XVH RI
$PD]LJKKDVEHHQ³WKHZKROHRI1RUWK$IULFDIURPWKH6LZDRDVLVLQWKHZHVW
RI(J\SWWRWKHZHVWRI0RURFFRDQGIURPWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQFRDVWWRWKHVRXWK
RI 1LJHU´ %RXVTXHW 7RGD\ WKH ODUJHVW QXPEHU RI $PD]LJK
SHRSOHOLYHVLQ0RURFFRDQG$OJHULDZLWKDPLQRULW\RI7RXDUHJVOLYLQJLQ0DOL
1LJHUDQG&KDG
/DQJXDJHFRQWDFWKLVWRU\
7KHFRQWDFWEHWZHHQ$PD]LJKDQG$UDELFGDWHVEDFNWRWKHVHYHQWKFHQWXU\$'
ZKHQWKH,VODPLFFRQTXHVWVEURXJKW$UDELFWR0RURFFR3KRHQLFLDQV5RPDQV
9DQGDOV %\]DQWLQHV $UDEV WKH 6SDQLVK WKH 3RUWXJXHVH DQG UHFHQWO\ WKH
)UHQFKLQYDGHG0RURFFRGXHWRLWVVWUDWHJLFJHRJUDSKLFDOORFDWLRQ+RZHYHULW
ZDV WKH LPSDFW RI WKH $UDELF FXOWXUH DQG KHULWDJH WKDW ZDV IDUUHDFKLQJ DQG
RPQLSUHVHQW WLOO WRGD\ 2ZHQV VDLG ³%HJLQQLQJ ZLWK WKH $UDELF
0RURFFDQ$UDELFDQG$PD]LJKLQD&KDQJLQJ6RFLHW\
&XUUHQW6WDWXVRI$PD]LJK
$PD]LJKKDVXQGHUJRQHVLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVWKHVHODVWWHQ\HDUV$V0RURFFRLV
H[SHULHQFLQJDWUDQVLWLRQDOSHULRGLQLWVKLVWRU\DQGLVWU\LQJWRFRQVWUXFWDUHDO
PRGHUQLVW DQG GHPRFUDWLF VRFLHW\ WKH $PD]LJK ODQJXDJH ZDV JLYHQ RIILFLDO
UHFRJQLWLRQLQ2FWREHUE\DUR\DOGHFUHHWKDWFUHDWHG7KH5R\DO,QVWLWXWH
RI WKH $PD]LJK &XOWXUH ZKRVH PDLQ UROH LV WR SURPRWH WKH $PD]LJK FXOWXUH
DQG ODQJXDJH ,W VHHPV WKHUH LV DQ LQFUHDVLQJ DZDUHQHVV WKDW FXOWXUDO DQG
OLQJXLVWLF GLYHUVLW\ DUH D VRXUFH RI VWUHQJWK DQG WKDW RQH RI WKH EDVLF KXPDQ
ULJKWV RI FLWL]HQV LV WKH VWDWH¶V UHFRJQLWLRQ DQG DFFHSWDQFH RI WKHLU PRWKHU
ODQJXDJH DV D FUXFLDO GHWHUPLQDQW RI WKHLU FXOWXUDO LGHQWLW\ ,Q $PD]LJK
ZDVLQWURGXFHGLQWKH0RURFFDQHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHPZKHQWKH5R\DO,QVWLWXWHRI
$PD]LJK&XOWXUHVLJQHGDFRQYHQWLRQZLWKWKH0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQZLWKWKH
REMHFW RI LQWHJUDWLQJ $PD]LJK LQWR 0RURFFDQ VFKRROV ,Q $PD]LJK ZDV
LQWHJUDWHGLQWRWKHDXGLRYLVXDOPHGLD
0LQD$INLU
0HWKRG
7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ LV SDUW RI D ODUJHVFDOH RQJRLQJ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI DWWLWXGHV
WRZDUGV WKH UHYLWDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH $PD]LJK ODQJXDJH 7KH GDWD LQFOXGHV
LQWHUYLHZV DQG TXHVWLRQQDLUHV ZLWK QRQ$PD]LJKV DQG ZLWK $PD]LJKV DQG
VSRQWDQHRXVO\RFFXUULQJFRQYHUVDWLRQV7KHGDWDRQZKLFKWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\LV
EDVHG FRQVLVWV RI LQWHUYLHZV DGPLQLVWHUHG WR QRQ$PD]LJKV ZKRVH SDUHQWV
DQG JUDQGSDUHQWV DUH DOVR QRQ$PD]LJKV $OO WKH VXEMHFWV ZHUH ERUQ LQ
&DVDEODQFD DQG KDYH SDUHQWV DQG JUDQGSDUHQWV ZKR ZHUH DOVR ERUQ LQ
&DVDEODQFD RU LQ WKH &DVDEODQFD UHJLRQ D JHRJUDSKLFDO DUHD ZKHUH D ODUJH
$PD]LJKFRPPXQLW\OLYHV7KHLUDJHUDQJHVEHWZHHQDQG\HDUVDQGWKHLU
\HDUVRIVFKRROLQJUDQJHEHWZHHQDQG\HDUV
5HVXOWV
$UDE VSHDNHUV VWLOO KROG XQIDYRUDEOH DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV WKH $PD]LJK ODQJXDJH
ZKLFKUHIOHFWVDGLVFRXUVHRIUHVLVWDQFHWRWKHFKDQJHVWKLVODQJXDJHKDVUHFHQWO\
ZLWQHVVHG ,W VHHPV WKDW WKH RIILFLDO UHFRJQLWLRQ RI WKLV ODQJXDJH ZKLFK KDV
PRUH OHJLWLPDF\ DV WKH ODQJXDJH RI 0RURFFR KDV QRW EHHQ DFFRPSDQLHG E\ D
FKDQJH RI 0RURFFDQ $UDELF VSHDNHUV¶ DWWLWXGHV ,W FRXOG EH WKDW ZKHQ D
OLQJXLVWLF VSDFH FKDQJHV XQGHU WKH SUHVVXUH RI SROLWLFDO DQG VRFLRFXOWXUDO
XSKHDYDOV WKH VSHDNHUV¶ UHDFWLRQV WR WKH ODQJXDJHV LW LV FRPSRVHG RI GR QRW
FKDQJHUDSLGO\
/DQJXDJHDQGLGHQWLW\
7KH SDUWLFLSDQWV GR QRW SHUFHLYH $PD]LJK DV D FRPSRQHQW RI WKH 0RURFFDQ
LGHQWLW\$VWKHUHVXOWVGLVSOD\HGLQWKHIROORZLQJWDEOHVVKRZRIWKHP
FRQVLGHU 0RURFFDQ $UDELF DV WKH ODQJXDJH RI 0RURFFR VHH LW DV WKH
ODQJXDJH D SHUVRQ VKRXOG NQRZ WR EH 0RURFFDQ DQG WKLQN LW LV PRUH
0RURFFDQWKDQ$PD]LJK
7DEOH:KDWLVWKHODQJXDJHRI0RURFFR"
0$ 0$DQG$P 0$DQG6$
6XEMHFWV
0$0RURFFDQ$UDELF$P$PD]LJK6$6WDQGDUG$UDELF
7DEOH:KLFKODQJXDJHVKRXOGRQHNQRZWREHFRQVLGHUHG0RURFFDQ"
0$ 6$ $P 0$DQG$P 0$DQG6$
6XEMHFWV
7DEOH:KLFKODQJXDJHLVPRUH0RURFFDQ$PD]LJKRU0RURFFDQ$UDELF"
0$ $P (TXDO
6XEMHFWV
7KH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ DWWLWXGHV UHIOHFW KRZ LGHQWLW\ LV D KLVWRULFDO FRQVWUXFW DQG D
FRPSOH[ SURFHVV WKDW DUH DIIHFWHG E\ IRUFHV RI DOO NLQGV ³7KH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI
OLQJXLVWLF LGHQWLWLHV HQJDJHV PRUH WKDQ D OLQJXLVWLF SURFHVV WKDW GHSHQGV RQ D
³JRRG´RU³EDG´FRPSHWHQFHLQDOLQJXLVWLFFRGH,WLVSDUWRIDFRPSOH[SURFHVV
0RURFFDQ$UDELFDQG$PD]LJKLQD&KDQJLQJ6RFLHW\
WKDWODUJHO\HPDQDWHVIURPWKHH[LVWLQJVRFLDOIRUFHV´(O.LUDW
7KH ZD\ $UDEV VWLOO SHUFHLYH $PD]LJK LV XQGRXEWHGO\ WKH RXWFRPH RI WKH
GRPLQDQFHRIWKH$UDELF,VODPLFFXOWXUHRYHUKXQGUHGVRI\HDUV7KHIDFWWKDW
WKHPDMRULW\RIWKHLQWHUYLHZHHVWKLQNWKDWWKHODQJXDJHRI0RURFFRLV
'LDOHFWDO $UDELF VWURQJO\ LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH OLQJXLVWLF DVVLPLODWLRQ RI WKH
$PD]LJKVDQGWKHJUDGXDOORVVRIWKHLUODQJXDJHHVSHFLDOO\LQXUEDQDUHDVZHUH
VR JUHDW WKDW WKH $UDEV WDNH IRU JUDQWHG WKH VXSUHPDF\ RI WKHLU ODQJXDJH DQG
LGHQWLW\$OVRWRFODLPWKDW0RURFFDQ$UDELFLVPRUH0RURFFDQWKDQ$PD]LJK
E\ WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKHP PHDQV WKDW WKH\ VWLOO GHQ\ WKH $PD]LJK
ODQJXDJHLWV0RURFDQQHVV
7KH IROORZLQJ H[WUDFWV ZKLFK DUH UHVSRQVHV WR WKH TXHVWLRQ µZKLFK ODQJXDJH
VKRXOGDSHUVRQNQRZWREH0RURFFDQ"DOVRLOOXVWUDWHWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKH
QRQ$PD]LJK SDUWLFLSDQWV D GHFDGH DIWHU WKH DGRSWLRQ RI D QHZ ODQJXDJH
SROLF\VWLOOGRQRWEHOLHYHLQDSOXUDOLGHQWLW\
6XEMHFWPDOH\HDUVROG
OOXќDOOL[Ω܈܈X\Ωҍ܀ΩIDZZΩOƫDҊD[Ω܈܈X\Ωҍ܀ΩIΩOҍD܀DEL\\DOIX܈ƫDƫLW܀DKXZDPΩVOΩP
WDQL ƫDҊD GGDULҊD OLҌDQQD GGDULҊD WD\ΩWWNΩOOPX ELKD QQDV EΩ]]DI PXTD܀DQDWDQ PҍD
ѻѻΩOƫD
7KH ODQJXDJH KH VKRXOG NQRZ WKH ILUVW WKLQJ KH VKRXOG NQRZ LV 6WDQGDUG $UDELF
EHFDXVH KH¶V D 0XVOLP 7KH VHFRQG WKLQJ LV 'LDOHFWDO $UDELF EHFDXVH PDQ\ SHRSOH
VSHDN'LDOHFWDO$UDELFFRPSDUHGZLWK$PD]LJK
6XEMHFWIHPDOH\HDUVROG
GGDULҊDƫLWDѻKL\\DOOLNDQΩWNΩOOPXELKD\ΩҍQLPXҍڲDPΩOZΩTWZKL\\DOOLNDWPΩ\\Ω]QD
NDPDќDULED
0RURFFDQ $UDELFEHFDXVHLW¶VWKHRQH ZHVSHDN, PHDQ PRVWRIWKHWLPHDQGLW¶VWKH
RQHZKLFKGLVWLQJXLVKHVXVDV0RURFFDQV
3XEOLFVSKHUH
7KH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ GLVFRXUVH RI UHVLVWDQFH LV DOVR UHIOHFWHG LQ WKHLU DWWLWXGHV
WRZDUGVWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRI$PD]LJKLQWKHSXEOLFVSKHUH7KH\LPSOLFLWO\UHMHFW
WKH SUHVHQFH RI $PD]LJK LQ WKH VFKRRO V\VWHP DQG WKH\ VWURQJO\ DQG RYHUWO\
GLVDJUHHZLWKWKHLQFOXVLRQRI$PD]LJKLQSXEOLFVHUYLFHV
7KHHGXFDWLRQGRPDLQ
$VWKHUHVXOWVGLVSOD\HGLQ7DEOHVKRZRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVUHMHFWWKH
LGHD RI LQWHJUDWLQJ $PD]LJK LQ HGXFDWLRQ ZKLOH RI WKHP DUH IDYRUDEOH WR
WKHSUHVHQFHRI$PD]LJKLQWKHVFKRROVHWWLQJ7KLVQXPEHU
7DEOH,VLWJRRGWRKDYH$PD]LJKDWVFKRRO"
<HV 1R 3HUKDSV
6XEMHFWV
KRZHYHUKLGHVDFRYHUWQHJDWLYHDWWLWXGHDVWKHIROORZLQJWHVWLPRQLHVVKRZ
6XEMHFWIHPDOH\HDUVROG
0LQD$INLU
DKKDK \ΩҍQL NLPPD ND\QLQ OXќDW [܀LQ EƫDO O¶DQJODLV ZΩEƫDO ΩOID܀DQVL\\D WDKL\\D
PΩ]\DQWNXQ
<HV,PHDQDVWKHUH¶UHRWKHUODQJXDJHVOLNH(QJOLVKDQGOLNH)UHQFKLW¶VDOVRJRRGWR
KDYHLWDWVFKRRO
6XEMHFWIHPDOH\HDUVROG
DKKDKWNXQWWΩTΩ܀܀DEƫDOVZD\ΩҍLڲڲDIL\LQ\ΩҍQLPDѻLWNXQKL\\D܀܀DҌLVL\\D
<HVLWFRXOGEHWDXJKWOLNHVXSSOHPHQWDU\KRXUV,PHDQQRWEHWKHPDLQRQH
6XEMHFWIHPDOH\HDUVROG
WNXQIΩOPΩ܀ڲD܈DZDODNLQPDWWҍΩPPΩPѻ
,WFRXOGEHSUHVHQWDWVFKRROEXWLWVKRXOGQ¶WEHJHQHUDOL]HG
$V WKH UHVSRQVHV DERYH VKRZ WKRVH ZKR DUH LQ IDYRU RI WKH SUHVHQFH RI
$PD]LJKLQWKHLQVWLWXWLRQRIWKHVFKRROFLWHDVDUJXPHQWVWKDWLWLVJRRGWRKDYH
LWDVDQ\RWKHUIRUHLJQODQJXDJHVVXFKDV)UHQFKDQG(QJOLVKRUWKDWLWFRXOGEH
WDXJKWEXWQRWDV$UDELF7KH\GRQRWVHHWKHSUHVHQFHRI$PD]LJKDVRIIHULQJD
SRVVLELOLW\WRUHPDNHWKHQDWLRQDOHGXFDWLRQDOVSDFHVRWKDWLWZRXOGUHIOHFWWKH
OLQJXLVWLF GLYHUVLW\ RI WKH FRXQWU\ 7KH\ DOVR GR QRW ZDQW $PD]LJK DW VFKRRO
EHFDXVHWKLVZRXOGJXDUDQWHH$PD]LJKFKLOGUHQ¶VULJKWVE\LQWURGXFLQJWKHPWR
OLWHUDF\LQWKHLUPRWKHUWRQJXH
3XEOLFVHUYLFHV
7KH ILQGLQJ WKDW UHYHDOV PRUH WKH XQIDYRUDEOH DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV WKH QHZO\
DFTXLUHG VWDWXV RI $PD]LJK LV WKH RQH UHODWHG WR SXEOLF VHUYLFHV 7KH
SDUWLFLSDQWVVWURQJO\UHMHFWWKHLQFOXVLRQRI$PD]LJKLQSXEOLFVHUYLFHVDV7DEOH
VKRZV
7DEOH,VLWJRRGWRKDYH$PD]LJKLQSXEOLFVHUYLFHV"
1R <HV
6XEMHFWV
,QVWLWXWLRQDO VXSSRUW KDV DOZD\V EHHQ FLWHG DV D IDFWRU WKDW LV GHFLVLYH IRU D
ODQJXDJH WR VXUYLYH RU WR FHDVH WR H[LVW *LOHV HW DO LQ WKHLU REMHFWLYH
YLWDOLW\ WKHRU\ LQFOXGHG LW ZLWK VWDWXV DQG GHPRJUDSK\ DV RQH RI WKH WKUHH
FUXFLDOYDULDEOHVWKDWUHIOHFWWKHYLWDOLW\RIDQHWKQROLQJXLVWLFJURXS7KLVIDFWRU
UHIHUVWRWKH SUHVHQFH RID ODQJXDJH LQ GRPDLQVVXFK DV HGXFDWLRQ WKH PHGLD
DQG JRYHUQPHQW VHUYLFHV 7KH LQWHUYLHZHHV¶ VWURQJ UHMHFWLRQ RI WKH XVH RI
$PD]LJK LQ SXEOLF VHUYLFHV VKRZV WKHLU GHVLUH WR UHVWULFW LWV XVH WR
LQWLPDWHIDPLO\GRPDLQVDQGKHQFHPDLQWDLQLWVORZVWDWXV)RULQVWDQFHLQWKH
IROORZLQJ H[FHUSW WKH LQWHUYLHZHH VHHV $PD]LJK DV D KLQGUDQFH WR HFRQRPLF
SURJUHVV
6XEMHFWIHPDOH\HDUVROG
PDWDODQ ѻL ѻDULND EќDW WTΩGGΩP ќDGL GGLU ҍDODTDW [DULҊL\\D OҍDODTDW ΩO[DULҊL\\D
PDќDGLѻ \ΩWWZDۜ܈X PҍDKXP EΩѻѻΩOƫD ќD\ΩWWZDۜ܈X PҍDKXP EOXќDW [܀LQ OD PDNDQΩWѻ
EΩOID܀DQVL\\DOҌLQҊOL]L\\D
0RURFFDQ$UDELFDQG$PD]LJKLQD&KDQJLQJ6RFLHW\
)RUH[DPSOHLIDILUPZDQWVWRSUHVHQWWRKDYHIRUHLJQUHODWLRQVIRUHLJQUHODWLRQVWKH\
ZLOO QRW FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK WKHP LQ $PD]LJK 7KH\ ZLOO FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK WKHP LQ
RWKHUODQJXDJHVLIQRWLQ)UHQFKLQ(QJOLVK
6KH FRQWHQGV WKDW WKH ODQJXDJHV QHHGHG IRU IRUHLJQ UHODWLRQV LQ EXVLQHVV DUH
)UHQFK RU (QJOLVK DQG QRW $PD]LJK IRUJHWWLQJ WKDW 0RURFFDQ $UDELF LWVHOI
FDQQRWIXOILOOWKLVIXQFWLRQ7KHLQVWLWXWLRQDOVXSSRUWJUDQWHGWRDODQJXDJHQRW
RQO\JXDUDQWHHVLWVVXUYLYDODVWKHYLWDOLW\WKHRU\SRVWXODWHVEXWLWDOVRJLYHVLWD
FKDQFH WR FRPSHWH ZLWK WKH RWKHU H[LVWLQJ ODQJXDJHV 1RQ$PD]LJKV FDWHJR
ULFDOO\UHIXVHWKHSUHVHQFHRI$PD]LJKLQSXEOLFVHUYLFHVEHFDXVHWKH\DUHDIUDLG
LWZLOOJDLQSRZHULQDGRPDLQZKHUH0RURFFDQ$UDELFKDVQROHJLWLPDF\
&RQFOXVLRQ
7KH QRQ$PD]LJK LQWHUYLHZHHV¶ UHDFWLRQV KDYH UHYHDOHG WKDW D GHFDGH DIWHU
0RURFFR¶V DGRSWLRQ RI D QHZ ODQJXDJH SROLF\ WKH LQHYLWDEOH UDLVLQJ RI WKH
VWDWXV RI $PD]LJK VWLOO HQJHQGHUV PRUH FRQIOLFW WKDQ KDUPRQ\ 0RURFFDQ
$UDELF VSHDNHUV¶ FXUUHQW WKRXJKWV DQG YLHZV UHIOHFW WKHLU DSSUHKHQVLRQ RI D
OLQJXLVWLFDOO\GLYHUVHVRFLHW\DQGWKHLUDWWDFKPHQWWRDµILFWLWLRXV¶OLQJXLVWLFDOO\
XQLWHG QDWLRQ 7KH PDMRULW\ RI WKH LQWHUYLHZHHV VWLOO EHOLHYH LQ RQH FRPPRQ
QDWLRQDOODQJXDJH,QWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\ZRUOGZLWKWKHDGYHQWRIJOREDOL]DWLRQ
DQG GHPRFUDWL]DWLRQ HWKQLFLW\LV RQHRI WKHLVVXHVWKDW KDYH FRPH WR WKHIRUH
$UDEVGRQRWGHQ\WKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKH$PD]LJKVDVDQHWKQLFJURXSDQGGRQRW
GHQ\ WKHP WKH ULJKW WREH0RURFFDQ ,Q WKH FROOHFWHG LQWHUYLHZVWKH\ UHIHU WR
WKHPDV³[[XWQD´³RXUEURWKHUV´+RZHYHUWKH\VWLOOILQGLWKDUGWREHOLHYHLQD
OLQJXLVWLFGLYHUVLW\ZKHUHWKHSUHVHQWODQJXDJHVKDYHDQHTXDOVWDWXVDQGZKHUH
WKH0RURFFDQLGHQWLW\LVSOXUDO
7KUHHIDFWRUVPD\H[SODLQWKHVHXQIDYRUDEOHDWWLWXGHV)LUVWWKHPDUJLQDOL]DWLRQ
RIWKH$PD]LJKODQJXDJHDQGLWVVWLJPDWL]DWLRQKDYHEHHQJRLQJRQIRUVRPDQ\
FHQWXULHV WKDW RQH PD\ QRW H[SHFW D UDSLG FKDQJH LQ QRQ$PD]LJKV¶ DWWLWXGHV
0DQ\ FHQWXULHV RI H[FOXVLRQ DQG PDUJLQDOL]DWLRQ FDQQRW GLVDSSHDU LQ RQH
GHFDGH HVSHFLDOO\ WKDW $PD]LJK LV VWLJPDWL]HG E\ LWV RZQ VSHDNHUV (O .LUDW
LQ D ODUJH VFDOH VWXG\ VKH FRQGXFWHG EHWZHHQ DPRQJ
$PD]LJKV DQG QRQ$PD]LJKV IRXQG WKDW ³WKH VWLJPDWL]DWLRQ RI WKH $PD]LJK
ODQJXDJH DQG LGHQWLW\ KDV EHHQ JRLQJ RQ IRU FHQWXULHV WR WKH SRLQW WKDW WKH
$PD]LJKVWKHPVHOYHVKDYHFRPHWRGLVDYRZWKHLUODQJXDJHDQGLGHQWLW\´
6HFRQGUHOLJLRQKDVSOD\HGDSRZHUIXOUROHLQVKDSLQJWKHIDWHRI$PD]LJKDQG
LWVHHPVWKDWQRQ$PD]LJKVSHDNHUV¶DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVWKLVODQJXDJHWRGD\DUH
DOVR YHU\ DIIHFWHG E\ WKLV IDFWRU 5HOLJLRQ DQG WKH $UDELF ODQJXDJH DUH
FRQIODWHG WKH LQWHUYLHZHHV EHOLHYH WKDW $UDELF LV WKH ODQJXDJH RI 0RURFFDQV
EHFDXVH LW LV WKH ODQJXDJH RI WKH 4XUDQ DQG LW LV UHTXLUHG IRU WKH SUDFWLFH RI
,VODP7KH0RURFFDQLGHQWLW\LVVWURQJO\SHUFHLYHGDV0XVOLP0DUOH\
SRLQWHG RXW WKDW 0RURFFDQV WHQG WR VHH WKHPVHOYHV LQ UHOLJLRXV UDWKHU WKDQ LQ
HWKQLFWHUPV7KHLQWHUYLHZHHVEHOLHYHWKDW$UDELFVKRXOGEHWKHODQJXDJHRIDOO
0RURFFDQV EHFDXVH LW LV WKH ODQJXDJH RI ,VODP )RU WKHP DQ\ UDLVLQJ RI WKH
VWDWXVRIWKH$PD]LJKODQJXDJHLVVHHQDVDWKUHDWWRZKDW$UDELFUHSUHVHQWV
0LQD$INLU
7KLUG WKH FRQYHUJHQFH RI $PD]LJKV WRZDUGV $UDELF DQG WKHLU ODQJXDJH VKLIW
FDQ DOVR H[SODLQ WKH GLVFRXUVH RI UHVLVWDQFH RI $UDE VSHDNHUV %HQWDKLOD DQG
'DYLHV IRXQG WKDW ³D SURFHVV RI ODQJXDJH VKLIW LV FXUUHQWO\ XQGHU
ZD\ ZKHUHE\ WKH WUDGLWLRQDO KRPH ODQJXDJH LV EHLQJ DEDQGRQHG´ 7KLV VKLIW
PDNHVQRQ$PD]LJKVIHHOOLQJXLVWLFDOO\VHFXUHDQGPDNHVWKHLUDWWLWXGHVSHUVLVW
:LWK DOO WKRVH FKDQJHV LQ WKH JRYHUQPHQW¶V SROLF\ WRZDUGV $PD]LJK
VWLOOGRQRWWKLQNWKDW0RURFFDQ$UDELFLVWKUHDWHQHGE\$PD]LJK
5HIHUHQFHV
%DNHU&ROLQ$WWLWXGHVDQGODQJXDJH&OHYHGRQ0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
%HQWDKLOD $ DQG 'DYLHV ( ( µ&RQYHUJHQFH DQG GLYHUJHQFH WZR FDVHV RI
ODQJXDJHVKLIWLQ0RURFFR¶:)DVH.-DVSDHUWDQG6.URRQHGV0DLQWHQDQFH
DQGORVVRIPLQRULW\ODQJXDJHV3KLODGHOSKLD%HQMDPLQV
%RXNRXV $KPHG D 6RFLpWp ODQJXHV HW FXOWXUHV DX 0DURF HQMHX[ V\PEROLTXHV
&DVDEODQFD$QQDMDK$O-DGLGD
%RXNRXV $KPHG E µOD ODQJXH EHUEqUH PDLQWLHQ HW FKDQJHPHQW¶ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
-RXUQDORIWKH6RFLRORJ\RI/DQJXDJH
%RXVTXHW*+/HV%HUEqUHV3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH
&UDZIRUG'DYLGµ+RZ³%HUEHU´PDWWHUVLQWKHPLGGOHRIQRZKHUH¶0LGGOH(DVW
5HSRUW
(O NLUDW (O $OODPH <DPLQD µ,VVXHV LQ WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI $PD]LJK ODQJXDJH
DQGLGHQWLW\LQ1RUWK$IULFD¶/DQJXHVHW/LWWpUDWXUHV
*LOHV+5<%RXUKLVDQG'07D\ORUµ7RZDUGVDWKHRU\RIODQJXDJHLQHWKQLF
JURXS UHODWLRQV¶ + *LOHV HG /DQJXDJH HWKQLFLW\ DQG LQWHUJURXS UHODWLRQV
/RQGRQ$FDGHPLF3UHVV
+RIIPDQ .DWKHULQH µ,QWHUQDO IUDFWXUHV LQ WKH %HUEHU$UDE GLVWLQFWLRQ IURP
FRORQLDOSUDFWLFHWR3RVWQDWLRQDOSUHRFFXSDWLRQV¶.+RIIPDQDQG6*LOVRQ0LOOHU
HGV%HUEHUVDQGRWKHUVEH\RQGWULEHDQGQDWLRQLQWKH0DJKULE,QGLDQD,QGLDQD
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
0DUOH\'µ/DQJXDJHDWWLWXGHVLQ0RURFFRIROORZLQJUHFHQWFKDQJHVLQODQJXDJH
SROLF\¶/DQJXDJH3ROLF\
2ZHQV-RQDWKDQ$OLQJXLVWLFKLVWRU\RI$UDELF2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV