19 All the letters in the word ‘INTERNATIONAL’ are randomly arranged in a line. (a) What is the number of possible arrangements? (b) How many of the arrangements are with three A’s together at the end? 20 A child, 2 ladies and 3 gentlemen are to be seated in a row. Find the number of ways the 6 people can bbe arranged if the child (@) can sit at any place, (b) sits between the two ladies, (©) sits between the two gentlemen. 14.2, Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events Probability of Two Events Given A and B are two events from an experiment, where P(A) » 0 and P(B) # 0. ‘Then, the probability that A or B occurs is given by P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)— P(A NB) AU Bis the event that A occurs or B occurs or both A and B occur while A Bis the event that both A and B occur together. ‘The above result can be explained with the help of a Venn diagram (see Figure 3). IFA and B are two events from the sample space S and n(A) = a, n(B) = b, n(S) =n AUBistheevent’A or 8” andAN Bistheevent ‘AandB. = = ar and n(A OB) =d, then P(A U B) = MAUB) n(S) (a~d) +d+(b-d) af4bd nnn = P(A) + P(B)— P(A NB) Example 27__ Find P(A. B). Solution P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A NB) 1.341_pans) 3 of events A and are such that P(A) = 3, P(B) = and P(A U B) = Cis) ‘A Figure 3 Frobabity 77 Scanned with CamScannerP(Event A or event B) =P\AorB) =PAUB) GhGEirse ‘AVenn diagram can help us see the problem clearly. ‘AVenn diagram is useful in helping us solve problems involving probability of three events. 5 7 e € A Figure S 7B Probability ‘Example 28. —____—— i irls and 15 are boys. ~s Jass consisting of 25 students, 10 are git V8. Four ofthe Bo he bo + asses, Ifa student is selected at random, what is the 83g 8 of the boys wear gl 2 1 ti that the student selected is a girl or wears glasses? iy Solution : Let A be the event that the student selected is a girl B be the event that the student selected wears glasses nA) _ 10, 2B) - 12 PA)= (5) 25 PO)= 4S) 25 — MAN B)_ 4 PAN B)= 7S) 75 ‘The probability that the student selected is a girl or wears glasses is & ~Example29_ Scbaste A survey is conducted among the students in a school on their interest to read magarne AA and magazine BB. The results show that 80% of the students like to read magaie AA including 10% who like to read both the magazines. The results also show tha S& of the students do not like to read both the magazines. A student is selected at random Find the probability that the student likes to read (a) magazine BB, (b) magazine AA or magazine BB but not both. Solution Let A be the event that a student likes to read magazine AA B be the event that a student likes to read magazine BB P(A) = 0.8, P(A 9 B) = 0.1, P(A NB) = 0.05 (a) P(the selected student likes to read magazine BB) s =0.15+0.10 = 0.25 (b) P(student likes to read AA or BB but not both) .70 + 0.15 = 0.85 a Figure4 Probability of Three Events * ‘The result P(A U B) = P (A) + PCB) ~ P(A NB) can be extended to three eve follows: IFA, B, and C are three events from the sampl ple space S, then PAU BUC) =P(A) +P(B) + P(C)-P(A NB) - PANO) ‘ ~PBNC+PANBNO i ; a anes Tee involving probability of three events can be solved with ™ Scanned with CamScannerexampl230____ _ ‘A student in a school can join the English Language Society (£), Malay Language Society (M) and Science Society (5). Information regarding the students joining these societies are as follows: P(E) = 0.4, P(E U M) = 0.65, P(E U S) = 0.8, PE A M) = 0.15, P(E NS) = 02, P(MN S)=0.2 and P(E UM US) =0095. AA student is selected at random from the school. Find the probability that the student is (a) amember of Malay Language Society, (6) a member of all the three societies, (©) nota member of any society. Solution (a) P(E U M) = P(E) + P(M)- P(E M M) 0.65 = 0.4 + P(M) -0.15 P(M) = 0.65 - 0.4 + 0.15 =04 (b) PEUS) = PE) + P(S)- PENS) 0.8 = 0.44 P(S)-0.2 P(S) =0.6 P(EUM U S) = P(E) + P(M) + P(S) - (EN M) =-P(EUS)-P(MNS)+PEN MNS) 0.95 = 0.4 +04 +0.6-0.15-0.2-0.2+P(ENMNS) PENMNS)=0.1 (©) P(not a member of any society) = 1 - P(E U MU S) =1-0.95 =0.05 -Erample32_0 = = A population of 100 women is divided into three categories: working women (A), degree holders (B) and married women (C), as shown in the Venn diagram in Figure 6, ‘A woman is selected at random. Find the probability that (@) she is working, (b) she is working and has a degree, (©) she is not married but working and has a degree. Solution Let : event that the selected woman is working B event that the selected woman has a degree C:event that the selected woman is married @) n(S)= 100 mA) =25 +104 10+5=50 Pa) = 2A) . 50295 n(S) ~ 100 ‘The probability the woman selected is working is 0.5. A Figures Probatitty 79 Cae Scanned with CamScanner@@ A Figure7:A0B =0 ‘The events ‘it rained on ‘Sunday’ and’it did not rain fon Sunday’ are mutually exclusive. 80 Probebilty (b) nA. B)=1045=15 PAN B)= mane =e 20s 7 “The probability thatthe woman is a degree holder and working is 0,15, (© nC NANB)=10_ PEN ANB)= oo De ‘The probability thatthe woman selected isnot marred but working andisa gu holder is 0. 10 Mutually Exclusive Events Ifthe events A and B cannot occur at the same time, then the two events A and Bare to be mutually exclusive. This means that if A occurs, B cannot occur and if 8, then A cannot occur. Figure 7 shows the representation of two mutually exclusive eway Aand B using a Venn diagram. For two mutually exclusive events A and B, A 1 B= and P(A M B)=0. Then, P(A UB) =P(A) + P(B) This is known as addition law of mutually exclusive events. It can be extended» more than two events. For n mutually exclusive events £,, E,, .... E,, in a sample space S, PE, UE,UE,U... UE) =P(E,) + P(E) + PE) +... + PE) Five graduates of equal ability apply for a vacancy. Only one applicant will be succes The applicants are Ali, Bakri, Chandran, David and Eng Kok. Find the probability (a) Bakri will be successful, (b) Bakri or David will be successil Solution (a) Each applicant has an equal chance of getting the job and the selections * mutually exclusive because only one will be chosen. $= (Ali, Bakri, Chandran, David, Eng Kok}, n(S) = 5 ‘Therefore, P(Bakri) = + 12 (b) P(Bakri or David) = P(Bakri) + P(David) + + (Addition law of mutually exclusive events) oe a A bag contains 3 black balls, 4 white balls and 9 yellow balls. A ball is drawa from the bag. Find the probability that the ball selected is (@) black, (b) black or yellow. Solution Sample space, $ = {3 black balls, 4 white balls, 9 yellow balls} n(S)=16 Scanned with CamScanner