19 All the letters in the word ‘INTERNATIONAL’ are randomly arranged in a line. (@ What is the number of possible arrangements? (b) How many of the arrangements are with three 20. A child, 2 ladies and 3 gentlemen are to be seated in arow. Find the number of ways the 6 people can be arranged if the child (@) can sit at any place, ‘As together at the end? (b) sits between the two ladies, (c) sits between the two gentlemen. 14.2. Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events Probability of Two Events Given A and B are two events from an experiment, where P(A) = 0 and P(B) #0. ‘Then, the probability that A or B occurs is given by AU Bis the event’A or B and AN Bisthe event "Aand 8. P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A 0B) A U Bis the event that A occurs or B occurs or both A and B occur while AN Bis the event that both A and B occur together. The above result can be explained with the help of a Venn diagram (see Figure 3). If A and B are two events from the sample space S and n(A) = a, n(B) = b, n(S) = 1 and n(A 0 B) = d, then ra UB) = MAB (a-d)+d+(b-d) bid afb a nn 7 = P(A) + P(B)- P(A NB) ‘A Figure 3 -Example 27_ 3 Probabilities of events A and B are such that P(A) = P(B) 1 and P(A U B) Find P(A 9B). Solution P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)- P(A B) ese len B a4 P(ANB) 2 PAN B)= Ld 472 0 co|— colu oo 7 Probabilty Scanned with CamScannerP(Event A or event 8) =PlAor 8) =PAUB) ater ‘AVenn diagram can help us ee the problem clearly. ‘AVenn diagram is useful in helping us solve problems Involving probability of three events. s A 8 € A Figures 7B Probability Example 28__— ; students, 10 are girls and 15 are boys. Four ofthe > Ifa stent is selected at random, what stn wt is a girl or wears glasses? i Ina class consisting of 25 8 of the boys wear gla that the student selected Solution a att be the event that the student selected is a girl Bbe the event that the student selected wears glasses _-. nS) 25 nS) 25 nAQB)_ 4 n(S) 25 10 le P(A U B)=P(A) + P(B)- PIA NB)= 55 495-95 = 95 P(A) P(AN B)= ‘The probability that the student selected is a girl or wears glasses is £ Example 29_ ie ie A survey is conducted among the students in a school on their interest to read maga ‘AA and magazine BB. The results show that 80% of the students like to read magare ‘AA including 10% who like to read both the magazines. The results also show thats of the students do not like to read both the magazines. A student is selected atrandon Find the probability that the student likes to read (a) magazine BB, (b) magazine AA or magazine BB but not both. Solution Let A be the event that a student likes to read magazine AA Be the event that a student likes to read magazine BB P(A) = 0.8, P(A NB) =0.1, PAB) = 0.05 (a) P(the selected student likes to read magazi S| =0.15 +0.10 a =0.25 () P(student likes to read AA or BB but not both) =0.70+0.15 a iguet 0.85 Probability of Three Events ‘The result P(A U B) = °y follows: =P (A) + P(B)~ PCA MB) can be extended to three & PAUBUQS he sample space $, then te POA) + PCB) + PCC) P(A B) PIANO PENO+PANBA oO Usually, problems ji aVenn diagram," T™8 Probability of three events can be solved witht Scanned with CamScanner} | | | Example 30 = . : ‘A student in a school can join the English Language Society (E), Malay Language Society (M) and Science Society (S). Information regarding the students joining these societies are as follows: P(E) = 0.4, P(E U M) = 0.65, P(E U 5) = 0.8, PEN M) = 0.15, PEN S) = P(M NS) =0.2 and P(E UM U S) =0.95. A student is selected at random from the school. Find the probability that the student is (@) amember of Malay Language Society, (b) amember of all the three societies, (©) not a member of any society. Solution (a) PE UM) = P(E) + P(M) - PEN M) 0.65 = 0.4 + P(M) ~ 0.15 P(M) = 0.65 - 0.4 + 0.15 =04 (0) PEU S) = PE) + P(S)- (ENS) 0.8 = 0.4 + P(S)-0.2 P(S) = 0.6 P(EUMUS) (E) + P(M) + P(S) — PEM M) PEUS)-P(MN'S)+PENMNS) 440.4 +0.6-0.15-0.2-0.2+P(ENMNS) 0.95 PENMNS)=0.1 (©) P(not a member of any society) = 1- P(E U MU S) =1-0.95 = 0.05 Example 32______— A population of 100 women is divided into three categories: working women (A), degree holders (B) and married women (C), as shown in the Venn diagram in Figure 6. A woman is selected at random. Find the probability that () she is working, (b) she is working and has a degree, (©) she is not married but working and has a degree. Solution Let A : event that the selected woman is working B : event that the selected woman has a degree CC: event that the selected woman is married (@) mS) = 100 m(A) = 25 + 10+ 10+5=50 p= HA). 50295 y= 5) ~ 100 ‘The probability the woman selected is working is 0.5. A Figure 6 Probability 79 Scanned with CamScannerLet A revent of choosing a black ball B event of choosing a yellow ball 274) 2 3 (a) P(A) n(S) 16 ) PAUB)= PAD + PB) (A and B are mutually exclusive) ian chau abba aaa orayetow bal bunt So, choosing a ba Arie ball and choosing yellow “16 " 16 Batare mtulyexcave a2 4 ‘The probability that a black or a yellow ball is selected is. 3. Example 34. A school sends three students, Aru, Bakri and Chan Soon, to take part in the singles vent of a badminton competition. The probability that Aru, Bakri and Chan Soon will become the champion are 0.2, 0.3 and 0.1 respectively. Find the probability that (@) one of them will become the champion, (b) none of them will become the champion. = a CHAPTER, Solution (a) Let A: event that Aru becomes the champion B: event that Bakri becomes the champion C: event that Chan Soon becomes the champion Since only one person can become the champion, events A, B and Care mutually exclusive. Thus, P(A UBU C)=P(A) + P(B) + PC) 0.2403+0.1 =06 ‘The probability that one of them becomes the champion is 0.6. (b) PANBNC)=1-PAUBUC) 1-06 04 ‘The probability that none of them becomes the champion is 0.4. ESE) 1 If P(A) = 0.3, P(A NB) = 0.15 and P(A U B) = (i participates in at least one of the 095, . schemes? — (ii) does not participate in any one of the 2 From the 500 employees in a company 200 ee panicipate in the company profit sharing scheme ), 400 Gupiegest te medical insurance 3 In a class of 150 students, 50 of them study protection scheme (M) and 200 employees have the Japanese language, 100 study the German both the schemes. language and 30 study both languages. Ifa student (@) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the above is randomly selected, find the probability that the information. student (b) What is the probability that an employee (a) studies the Japanese or German language, chosen at random (b) studies only one of the languages. Probablity 81 — Scanned with CamScanner(Eire If P(A) = 0.3, PCB) = 0.8 and P(A 1 B) = 0.15, calculate P(A U B). Ifthe probability that Ali will fail in a Mathematics est is 0.5, the probability that Bakar will fail the test is 0.2 and the probability that both of them will fail the test is 0.1, what is the probability that at least one of them will fail the test? What is the Probability that both of them will pass the test? Given A and C are two events where P(A) = 4-and P(C)= $ Find the value of P(A 9 ©) for each of the following cases: @) PANC= (b) PANG (© CCA 7 Given A and B are two events where P(A) = 0.5 and P(B) = 0.6. Find the maximum and the minimum value of P(A M B) and state the conditions under which the values are determined. 8 In a group of 50 students, 30 registered for the Mathematics class, 14 registered for the Statistics class and 6 registered for the English Language class. The number of students registered for both Mathematics and Statistics classes is 10; the number of students registered for both Statistics and English Language classes is 4; the number of students who registered for both Mathematics and English Language classes is 3. Finally the number of students registered for all the three subjects is 2. A student is randomly selected from the 50 students. Find the probability that the student selected registered for at least one of the three classes. - 10 u 12 13 From a set of seven cards numbered cards are drawn at random. Find the that (a) the sum of the numbers is 14, () the sum of the numbers is less than 6, (©) both the numbers are odd, (@ the sum of the numbers is less than 6 the numbers are odd, Vt07, Prob or boy, A and B are two events in which P(A U B= P(A) = 0.25 and P(B) = x. Find the value Aand B are mutually exclusive. 03%, ofxip ‘Ten balls are numbered from 1 t0 10 and puting a container. The balls numbered from 1 10 § ap painted red while the balls numbered 6 to 10 ae painted blue. A ball is selected at random from ty container, Find the probability that (@) ablue ball is selected, (b) the number on the ball is less than 4, (©) the ball is blue or with a number less than 4, Are the event ‘blue ball is selected’ and the event “the number is Jess than 4” mutually exclusive? In a town, the probability of fine weather ox a particular day is 0.85 and the probability of rainy weather is 0.10. Also, the probability of experiencing both fine weather and rainy weabe is 0.05. Assuming that the observation of the weather is carried out throughout a whole dx. determine whether the event ‘fine weather’ al the event ‘rainy weather’ are mutually exclusive not. Explain. Given A and B are two mutually exclusive evens where P(A) = 0.50 and P(B) = 0.40. Find (@) P(AUB), (b) P(A NB). et 14.3 Conditional Probability and Independent Events Conditional Probability Consider the following experiment. A fair die is thrown. If itis known that the nb obtained is an odd number, what is the probability that the number is a 5? The sample space for the experiment is that the number obtained is an odd number, the new conditional sample SP S'= (1,3, 5). If A is the event ‘a5 is obtained’ and B is the event ‘an odd number is obta jitioe = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. With the cont ined A= (5), B= (1,3,5),m(A) = 1, n(B) =3 and n(4 NB) = 1. 82 Probubility Scanned with CamScanner