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Introduction
The traditional cooling water system can be re-
garded as an integrated system consisting of three
main components: cooler network, cooling tower,
and circulation water pump. The central unit of such
system is the cooling tower in which hot water is
cooled by air and returned to the process. A simpli-
fied diagram of such system is shown in Fig. 1.
Since 2001, there has been intensive research
in the area of integrated design of cooling water
systems in the chemical and petrochemical indus-
tries. For better cooling tower performance and in-
creased cooling tower capacity, modification of the F i g . 1 – Closed loop cooling water system
cooling water network is very important1. An exten-
sive report on recirculating cooling water systems oped to account for the interaction between the
has already been provided by many authors. Smith cooling tower performance and the heat-exchanger
et al. developed and described a grass root design network configuration6. Castro et al. synthesized a
method2 and distributed system for effluent cool- cooling water system with multiple cooling towers8.
ing3. Optimum design of cooling water systems for The objective was to minimize the total annual cost.
energy and water conservation4,5 was performed for Cooling water requirements of an oil refinery de-
the rejection of waste heat to the environment. pend on processes in which the water is used for cool-
Progress in development of cooling water systems ing, and on the complexity of the cooling water net-
has expanded and a comprehensive simulation mod- work configuration. The majority of designs in
el of a recirculating cooling system has been devel- refineries still employ networks of water coolers that
*
Corresponding author: ljmatij@fkit.hr; Tel.: +385-1-4597101; operate in parallel, which implies that heated cooling
fax: +385-1-4597133 water is collected to form one or several streams,
452 Lj. MATIJAŠEVIĆ et al., Analysis of Cooling Water Systems in a Petroleum Refinery, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q., 28 (4) 451–457 (2014)
F i g . 3 – Composite curve with feasible operating envelope The data for cold streams in Table 2 (columns
4 and 5) are estimated with the same temperature
operate above the temperature of the returning hot water difference between the inputs and outputs of hot
because it might cause fouling problems, corrosion and and cold streams. For maximum reuse at serial con-
problems with the cooling tower’s packing. figuration, TCout is increased by an average of 15 °C
in relation to the data of Table 1 (last column), ac-
Case study tual data for a parallel configuration.
The applicability of the proposed methodology Characteristics of the cooling tower
for designing a recirculating cooling water network
is demonstrated on part of the atmospheric crude oil The inlet temperature of the hot water in the
distillation unit in a local refinery. The analysed cooling system must be < 70 °C. The wet bulb tem-
parallel cooling water system had eight heat ex- perature and the ambient temperature are taken at
changers, with total cooling water flow rate of 311 t h–1. average values TWB = 18 °C and Tamb = 25 °C.
The central unit in this system is the cooling tower
Construction of composite curve
with a water temperature of 23 °C at the exit. After
passing through heat exchangers, it is collected and The design of cooling water network is based
returned to the cooling tower at about 40 °C. on the cooling water composite curve, which rep-
The current state of the cooling water system is resents overall limiting conditions of the entire net-
given in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 shows the flow work. A composite curve is constructed using data
rates of the recirculating cooling water, together in Tables 1 and 2, with aim of maximal reuse of
with inlet and outlet temperatures. The temperature, water (Figure 4 a and b).
flow rate, and cooling duty are given in Table 2. The water line began at temperature of 23 °C,
and pinch point was found at 55 °C. Targeted mini-
mal cooling water flow capacity is calculated from
Ta b l e 1 – Current state of the analyzed system14
the heat transferred to the pinch point and the tem-
Heat Process Flow rate Flow rate Tin,CW Tout,CW perature at the pinch point, using the following
exchanger stream t h–1 CW, m3 h–1 °C °C equation:
E-1 gas 7.06 7 23 39
CPt
Q pinch / T pinch
E-2 gasoline 75.20 75 23 39
E-3 petroleum 41.90 32 23 39 5093.1
CPt
159.16 kW °C1
E-4 light gas oil 107.800 90 23 44 55 23
E-5 naphtha 24.10 27 23 39
Required targeted minimum amount of water
E-6 LPG 8.60 12 23 34 from the tower is calculated as:
E-7 top splitter 23.80 37 23 34
159.16 kW °C1
E-8 bottom splitter 49.60 32 23 39 F 38.05 kgs1 136.96 t h1
4.183 kJ kg –1 °C –1
454 Lj. MATIJAŠEVIĆ et al., Analysis of Cooling Water Systems in a Petroleum Refinery, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q., 28 (4) 451–457 (2014)
Qk , j / T j T j1
CPexw/inw
F i g . 4 – Cooling water composite curve and targeting for
maximum reuse
where CPexw/inw is flow capacity external water
source or internal water sources, Tj and Tj–1 are in-
Since operating costs are proportional to cool- terval temperature, ∆Qk,j is transferred heat between
ing water flow rate, minimal cooling water in this intervals for each stream.
case is optimal. The development of a cooling water network is
shown in Figures 6–13. Final network diagram with
Cooling water network synthesis pinch point is shown in Figure 11.
The cooling water network was synthesized us- By adding the required flow capacities for
ing target minimum water flow rate of 136.96 t h–1 each stream utilizing an external source, the flow
and flow capacity of 15.16 kW °C–1. capacity for the cooling tower is obtained at
159.16 kW °C–1, corresponding to the targeted
Temperature intervals are sorted in order of in-
water flow rate obtained from the composite
creasing water temperature. The procedure was de- curve. Pinch point is at 55 °C. The flow capacities
veloped by combining the KSD methodology and of the cooling tower were changed (blue lines in
WSD principles. Figure 13) from 159.16 kW °C–1 to 92.2 kW °C–1
For synthesis, the following steps are required: (62.6 + 14.4 + 15.2). The new network configura-
Step 1. Divide the problem into temperature in- tion with reduced cooling tower load is shown in
tervals, which are limited by single external cooling Figure 14.
Lj. MATIJAŠEVIĆ et al., Analysis of Cooling Water Systems in a Petroleum Refinery, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q., 28 (4) 451–457 (2014) 455
F i g . 1 4 – Cooling water network design with target return F i g . 1 5 – Cooling water network after implementation of
temperature of 60.86 °C air-cooler
Lj. MATIJAŠEVIĆ et al., Analysis of Cooling Water Systems in a Petroleum Refinery, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q., 28 (4) 451–457 (2014) 457
Ta b l e 4 – Comparison of different configurations of cooling 3. Kim, J. K., Savulescu, L., Smith, R., Design of cooling sys-
water systems tems for effluent temperature reduction, Chem. Eng. Sci. 56
(2001) 1811.
F2, T2, T 2, E, B, M, OC·103
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00541-8
t h–1 °C °C t h–1 t h–1 t h–1 $/year
4. Panjeshahi, M. H., Ataei, A., Gharaei, M. Parand, R., Op-
Base timum design of cooling water systems for energy and wa-
305.00 40 23 7.93 3.97 11.9 151.51
case ter conservation, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 87 (2009) 200.
KSD http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2008.08.004
136.96 60.9 23 7.93 3.97 11.9 85.02
method 5. Ataei, A., Panjeshahi, M. H., Parand, R., Tahouni, N.,Ap-
With air plication of an optimum design of cooling water system by
124.40 60.9 23 7.22 3.60 10.8 82,75 regeneration concept and pinch technology for water and
coolers
energy conservation, J. Appl. Sci. 9 (2009) 1847.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2009.1847.1858
6. Panjeshahi, M. H., Ataei, A., Application of an environ-
Conclusion mentally optimum cooling water system design to water
and energy conservation Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 5 (2)
By implementation of a serial cooling water (2008) 251.
system configuration, developed by using the KSD http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03326019
method expanded with principles based on the wa- 7. Linhoff, B., Use Pinch Analysis to Knock Down Capital
ter source diagram, a significant reduction in oper- Costs and Emissions, Chem. Eng. Progr. 90 (1994) 32.
ating costs has been achieved. This allows better 8. Rubio-Castro, E., Serna-Gonzales, M., Ponce-Ortega, J.M.,
cooling tower performance and increased cooling El-Halwagi, M. M., Synthesis of cooling water systems
with multiple cooling towers, Appl. Therm. Eng. 50 (2013)
tower capacity. Additionally, the lower recirculation 957.
water flow rate and its higher temperature will ben- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.06.015
efit the heat transfer process in the cooling tower, 9. Majozi, T., Moodley, A., Simultaneous targeting and design
further reducing operating costs. By introducing ad- for cooling water systems with multiple cooling water sup-
ditional air coolers, besides reducing operating plies, Comput. Chem. Eng. 32 (2008) 540.
costs, fresh water consumption can also be reduced. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2007.03.016
10. Majozi, T., Brouckaert, C. J., Buckley, C. A., A Graphical
Technique for Wastewater Minimisation in Batch Processes,
Nomenclature J. Environ. Manage. 78 (2006) 317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.04.026
CP – heat capacity flow rate, kW ºC–1 11. Majozi,T., Nyathi, On Cooling Water Systems Design for
OC – operating cost, $/year the South African Industry – Two Recent Developments,
N., S. Afr. J. Sci. 103 (2007) 239.
Q – total heat load, kW
12. Matijašević, L., Dejanović, I., Spoja, D., A water network
T0 – outlet cooling water temperature of cooling optimization using MATLAB- A case study, Res. Con. Res.
tower, ºC 54 (2010) 1362.
T1 – inlet temperature of the heat exchanger net- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.05.011
work, ºC 13. Gomez, J. F. S., Queiroz, E. M., Pessoa, F. L. P., Design
procedure for water/wastewater minimization: single con-
T2 – outlet temperature of the heat exchanger net- taminant, J. Cle. Pro.15 (2007) 474.
work, ºC http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.11.018
Tamb – ambient temperature, ºC 14. http://free-sk.t-com.hr/save of energy in Croatian/
15. Gololo, V., Majozi ,T., Zhelev, T., Semkov, K., Guided de-
sign of heating and cooling mains for lower water and en-
Abbreviations ergy consumption and increased efficiency, Chem. Eng.
Trans. 25 (2011) 755.
FCC – Fluid catalytic cracking 16. Vučković, A., Analysis of cooling water system in oil refin-
HEN – Heat exchange network ing industry, Bachelor`s thesis, Faculty of Chemical Engi-
KSD – Kim & Smith Design neering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 2009.
WSD – Water Sources Diagram 17. Gololo, K. V., Process integration of complex cooling water
systems, Master`s thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Universi-
ty of Pretoria, 2011.
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