Maribel Belmonte

Justine De Jesus
Anne Malicay
Elisha Miranda
Karen Panganiban

Normal and Abnormal Characteristics of Urine

Normal Abnormal
Color Straw, amber Dark amber
Cloudy
Dark orange
Red or dark brown
Clarity Transparent Mucous plugs, viscid,
thick
Odor Faint, aromatic Offensive
pH 4.5-8 Over 8
Under 4/5

Urine Collection
A urinalysis (UA), also known as routine and microscopy (R&M), is the
physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine. It involves number
of tests to detect and measure various compounds that pass through the
urine. The color, density, and odor of urine can reveal much about the state of
health of an individual.

Indications

1. Patient with signs and symptoms of UTI:

Example: Dysuria, suprapubic pain/ tenderness, urgency, frequency or
costovertebral angle pain/ tenderness.
2. Suspected acute glomerulonephritis
3. Unexplained acute or chronic renal failure
4. Hematuria (with or without proteinuria)
5. Suspected UTI malignancy

Contraindication

1. . A urinalysis is considered a safe and non-invasive form of testing.

2. The only risk it may pose is for those who require catheterization to obtain
a urine sample.

Random Urine Sample

A sample of urine collected at any time of the day.

This type of specimen is most convenient to obtain.

Purpose
This type of sample may be used to detect the presence of various
substances in the urine at one particular point in the day. Often, no special
handling is required with these samples.

Supplies and Equipment

 Clean, dry container with lid

 Cotton ball or towelette
 Laboratory request form

Procedure

1. Instruct the patient to use the cotton ball or towelette to clean

urethral area thoroughly to prevent external bacteria from entering
the specimen.
2. Let the patient void into the container.
3. Label the specimen container with patient identifying information,
and send to the lab immediately. A delay in examining the specimen
may cause a false result when bacterial determinations are to be
made.
4. Wash your hands and instruct the patient to do it as well.
5. Note that the sample was collected.

24 hour urine collection

A 24-hour urine collection is done by collecting your urine in a special

container over a full 24-hour period.

Equipment:
 Large, collection bottle with cap or cover
 Bedpan or urinal
 Measuring cup/jar
 Disposable clean gloves

Preparation

The test does not require anything other than normal urination. Generally, the
patient will be given one or more containers to collect and store urine over a
24-hour time period.
Procedure:

1. Label the bottle with the patient’s name, as well as the date and time.
2. Instruct the patient to:

 Urinate in the toilet preferably first thing in the morning, because

the procedure should start in an empty bladder.
 Note the time, as it is the starting period of the 24 hour urine
collection.

3. Emphasize proper hand hygiene before and after each collection.

4. Instruct the client to collect all the urine using the collection bottle for
the next 24 hours, and store it in a cool, dry place. It can be kept in the
refrigerator or in an ice cooler.
5. Instruct the patient to measure and note the amount of each collection
using the measuring cup before pouring it in the large collection bottle.
6. Instruct the patient to drink adequate fluids during the collection period.
7. At exactly 24-hours, instruct the patient to void. This will be the final
collection of the specimen.
8. Measure the total amount of urine and record it on the specimen bottle.
9. Document the date and time when the final collection of the urine has
finished.

Example: The patient was instructed to void at 7:00AM in the morning, in a

toilet seat. It means that 7:00AM will be the starting point of the 24 hour urine
collection. Then instruct the patient to start collecting all the urine the whole
day until 7:00 am the next morning.

Nursing Considerations for Routine Urinalysis

1. Instruct the patient to void directly into a clean, dry container. Sterile,
disposable containers are recommended. Women should always have
a clean-catch specimen if a microscopic examination is ordered.
Feces, discharges, vaginal secretions and menstrual blood will
contaminate the urine specimen.
2. Collect specimens form infants and young children into a disposable
collection apparatus consisting of a plastic bag with an adhesive
backing around the opening that can be fastened to the perineal area
or around the penis to permit voiding directly to the bag. Active infants
can move the bag, causing the urine to be absorbed by the diaper. The
infant should be checked frequently and the bag changed after the
infant has urinated into the bag. Drain the urine from the bag into the
container provided by your health care provider.Deliver it to the lab or
your provider as soon as possible upon completion.
3. Cover all specimens tightly, label properly and send immediately to the
laboratory.
4. If a urine sample is obtained from an indwelling catheter, it may be
necessary to clamp the catheter for about 15-30 minutes before
obtaining the sample. Clean the specimen port with antiseptic before
aspirating the urine sample with a needle and a syringe.
5. Observe standard precautions when handling urine specimens.
6. If the specimen cannot be delivered to the laboratory or tested within
an hour, it should be refrigerated or have an appropriate preservative
added.