ASSIGNMENT IN ELECTIVE 2

Name: Karen Panganiban Section: 4-A Date: September 19, 2020

Disease Description Causes/ Etiology Signs and Complications Medical Nursing

Symptoms Treatment/ mgt Management
I –Bronchial Asthma A chronic Chronic exposure This inflammation Status asthmaticus, Quick-relief The nurse assesses
inflammatory to airway irritants ultimately leads to respiratory failure, medications for the patient’s
disease of the or allergens also recurrent episodes pneumonia, and immediate respiratory status
airways that causes increases the risk of asthma atelectasis treatment of by monitoring the
airway of asthma. symptoms: cough, asthma symptoms severity of
hyperresponsivene chest tightness, and exacerbations: symptoms, breath
ss, mucosal edema, wheezing, and sounds, peak flow,
and mucus Common allergens dyspnea pulse oximetry, and
production. can be seasonal Short-acting beta2- vital signs
(grass, tree, and adrenergic agonists
weed pollens) or (albuterol
perennial (eg, [Proventil, Obtains a history of
mold, dust, Ventolin], allergic reactions to
roaches, animal levalbuterol medications before
dander). [Xopenex], and administering
pirbuterol [Maxair]) medications

Anticholinergics Identifies
(eg, ipratropium medications the
bromide patient is currently
[Atrovent]) taking

Long-acting
medications to Administers
achieve and medications as
maintain control of prescribed and
persistent asthma: monitors the
Corticosteroids patient’s responses
to those
medications
 Long-acting beta2- Administers fluids if
adrenergic agonists the patient is
dehydrated

Leukotriene
modifiers Nurses emphasize
(inhibitors), or adherence to the
antileukotrienes prescribed therapy,
preventive
measures, and the
Immunomodulators need to keep
follow-up
appointments with
health care
providers
II – Chronic obstructive a. A disease of the Exposure to Chronic cough, Respiratory Inhaled steroids The nurse must
Pulmonary Disease airway, defined as tobacco smoke sputum insufficiency and appropriately
(COPD) the presence of accounts for an production, and failure Bronchodilators administer
a. Bronchitis cough and sputum estimated 80% to dyspnea on bronchodilators and
b. Emphysema production for at 90% of COPD cases exertion Pneumonia, chronic corticosteroids and
least 3 months in atelectasis, Combination become alert for
each of 2 pneumothorax, and inhalers potential side
consecutive years Passive smoking pulmonary arterial effects
hy Oral steroids
b. An abnormal
distention of the Occupational Phosphodiesterase-
airspaces beyond exposure—dust, 4 inhibitors The nurse instructs
the terminal chemicals the patient in direct
bronchioles and or controlled
destruction of the Antibiotics coughing, which is
walls of the alveoli Ambient air more effective and
pollution Theophylline reduces fatigue
associated with
Oxygen therapy undirected forceful
coughing
 Genetic
abnormalities, Assist patient to
including a assume position of
deficiency of comfort
alpha1- antitrypsin,
an enzyme
inhibitor that
normally Keep environmental
counteracts the pollution to a
destruction of lung minimum
tissue by certain
other enzymes

Encourage or assist
with pursed lip
breathing exercises

Provide
supplemental
humidification like
nebulizer

III-Pleural Effusion A collection of fluid Pleural effusion Clinical Lung scarring Thoracentesis The nurse’s role in
in the pleural space may be a manifestations are the care of patients
complication of caused by the Pleurodesis with a pleural
Pneumothorax (coll
heart failure, TB, underlying disease. effusion includes
apse of the lung) as
pneumonia, Pneumonia causes Surgical implementing the
a complication of
pulmonary fever, chills, and pleurectomy medical regimen.
thoracentesis,
infections pleuritic chest pain,
(particularly viral whereas a Implantation of a
infections), malignant effusion Empyema (a pleuroperitoneal The nurse prepares
nephrotic may result in collection of pus shunt and positions the
 syndrome, dyspnea, difficulty within the pleural patient for
connective tissue lying flat, and space), and. thoracentesis and
disease, pulmonary coughing. offers support
embolus, and throughout the
Sepsis (blood
neoplastic tumors. A large pleural procedure.
infection) sometimes
effusion causes
leading to death.
dyspnea (shortness
of breath). A small The nurse is
to moderate responsible for
pleural effusion making sure the
causes minimal or thoracentesis fluid
no dyspnea. amount is recorded
and sent for
appropriate
laboratory testing.

If the patient is to
be managed as an
outpatient with a
pleural catheter for
drainage, the nurse
educates the
patient and family
about management
and care of the
catheter and
drainage system

IV- Pneumothorax It occurs when the A penetrating The signs and Effusion, Needle aspiration or The nurse should
parietal or visceral injury, such as a symptoms hemorrhage, chest tube insertion assess the
pleura is knife or gunshot associated with empyema; following:
breached and the wound pneumothorax respiratory failure, Autologous blood
pleural space is depend on its size pneumomediastinu patch
Tracheal alignment.
exposed to positive and cause. m, arrhythmias and Surgery
atmospheric Blunt trauma from instable or pleurodesis
Expansion of the
pressure a fall or car Pain is usually hemodynamic
 accident sudden and may be
pleuritic. The chest.
patient may have
Medical only minimal Breath sounds.
procedures, such respiratory distress
as removal of fluid with slight chest Percussion of the
from the pleural discomfort and chest.
cavity with a tachypnea with a
needle small simple or Nursing
(thoracentesis) or uncomplicated interventions
a lung biopsy pneumothorax. If appropriate for the
the pneumothorax patient are:
is large and the
lung collapses
Reexpansion. The
totally, acute
patient is instructed
respiratory distress
to inhale and strain
occurs
against a closed
glottis to reexpand
the lung and eject
the air from the
thorax.

Sterile
covering. The
opening is plugged
by sealing it with
gauze impregnated
with petrolatum.

Oxygen saturation

V- Atelectasis A condition where Obstruction of an Cough, sputum Hypoxia, Improve ventilation Encourage the
the alveoli or even airway production, and Pneumonia, and and remove patient to perform
whole lobes (or the low grade fever respiratory failure secretions if not coughing and deep-
whole lung) are Diminished responding to first breathing exercises
collapsed distention of Marked respiratory line measures, then every 1 to 2 hours.
alveoli distress PEP therapy
Help the patient use
Airway foreign Dyspnea, If the cause if an incentive
body tachycardia, pleural bronchial spirometer to
pain, and central obstruction from encourage deep
Enlarged lymph cyanosis secretions, breathing.
nodes that secretions mustbe
compress the removed by
airway coughing or Gently reposition
suctioning the patient often
Cairdiomegaly and help him walk
Chest physical as soon as possible.
therapy

Nebulizer Administer
treatments with adequate analgesics
bronchodilator to control pain.

Medication or
Sodium Humidify inspired
Bicarbonate air and encourage
adequate fluid
Thoracentesis intake to mobilize
secretions.
Bronchoscopy