3 Blectric parameters - 3.0 Symbols Sata Spieatee & Gots Cao Goss, Coss o Gis, O30 é Pao, Daou Dac Phasetnghase distance Das Drs ECU" REpH as papE sre TONy Ey 4 x ae % % z 2,200 Woe o ener Gendt ton Tams Tete panes “awaneen cpeane, Sage dobloce Hoe witout ects ‘ero sooeace capatancy, single oc dobleccal Bing with earth we Postvesqearepeeance Postivereuce spaces of gle réoaleesit Ine Conta dante : 7 isaac even ert ie Geasexie mea dance ‘Any ean dite foc de of» dake cet as ‘Mio dane betwen codacs and entre Bosses Contacte : Man est vi ght above poond en ence ble ane found Quant to deerniv be nln conductor quaetradts = Pasivesenanes indore Reber of beadactes pr bundle Sure inpodane led : fake pore aeloner edi of bad ce le condor out rads eaves Subseries esas pra vl adeeb ‘AGrattaae Doren Fanta of et wise ‘Subsonoctr dan within a bende ‘Dempastce Yat * Phases ope Rascsoee ‘ose equi reactance Bross tacts Goya econ ‘esegene stance * Posvesaqene aiseoce Inpedinee Zerosequencelmpatanceet sng or doubler in without earch view oun aoe’ ~ Teo esc bapdane da snc doe cee wth one ath axe, Zonas“ Zero-squuncsipedance oe singe or Sole cr tine with me ect a nanan a ananaanannanan oO hnananaaraanacannawre WINDER ERI DRIAL TD ‘ ig) § Hleie parametars Sate Spikes 3 % Zexoeoenestapeduace 7 a Pestvesegice pedal? & Sarge ixpudaice tee ‘Maria impedance beeen phase coadactoes and earth wet» Bere Mates impedace Petes to arth wes te Salblapedioce of earth wee ‘Teper coetien! of resistance, attention constant Phase conta Propagation constant ‘era depth of enh cunt Magaibte ofthe vakage doo Dini contr: 864-10" Ff Phos ane ave eng Conta of maga fal: do 10-* Han ‘Pesmmbliy ofeach wires ‘Permeaiy o pharecondoctass Resi Barth ry Phase Sage Angular Bewexey g legeyyE roe perse 8.1 Introduction ‘The electce oeformance of traaselsion Ene cra is detarmbsa iy la electri = sistance, inductance and eapecitance. Such pacasnelersdapead at ft on the condoctor properties Fowever, when conductors witha certain piyscal endguration ae string Jn. overhoad lin, at varabo phave-toround snd phase-to-phase spacing along the Tine the whole cgntext of conductor internal properties and payscal dimessoas come plas the resulting fine pormasters, When considarad in dec yetem eo, these Drametars are usually ented in form ofthe so-alled symmetrical components that sre devcrbed as positive, neyatie- and zero-eoquene impedances. 1a deriving the equations fr inductance and capacitance of irexapased teenemision Aine, balanced three-phase curents are ssrumed, When only xezovaqusnoe cureat ‘ows in a transmis Lng, for instance, the euzent fn each phas> Is identical, fa phace-to gronnd shor croult oosus. The surrentrtncas Ghrough the ground throug arth wire or through both. Other secondary parameten,orglated fom the physical preseace of an ener ine and affecting the envionment ae als of impetanen = {s the case of electrical and magaeti Ses, inductive and captive coupling and thei cifot on pacons or animale. These effets are trated in haptar 2. ‘The treasmsion ine representation tn an elect system is treated as well, beans of is oquent use neces studies 1s general, only the basis fommulae for cloning the mainline perbaters willbe eeead Tone having nar ong nor teat reac) _ oto a) ‘Tho lino paramere and equivalent Ieapodance cceults axe broadly ued ia most of leoiric apstem calculation. Posive and cero-cequance impedances of overhead Hines ace patt of load flows, loses, sbort-cacait and ably tvetiations Thay aze azo equiced fr setting fine protection itapedance and distance relays. Te determine of seis hat compensation Fleets coy dependent on Bae porte, espasally on sees foduetances And shunt capacitances te sine sew techs dined a imploring Lie ranmiting eae, sch 22g led MPS npn ond ny yt ee he repel ad 2 esitanes -81-~ ofthe los, other tecnologies, euch 2s fll aerating cre tranomiscion ayt- ‘eps (PACTS), ae designed to cotzl serie inductive reatances oF shunt capacitive seactanes, 9 25 to rach stable conditions under diferent Ending cequzements (120 chapter 1), in all cast, the determination of line paramelas is of paramouxt impor ‘ace. : 3.2 Resistance ‘The electialrasistance of an overhead line ie ono of the mot! influencing factors ia designing an optimised Un; the power and energy lszes area det function ofthe phase-conductor ressence, so that tir exact determination is iportact Resistance ‘is the property of necticut or any body that may be wed a part of ax claire sdrelt, whieh determines the average rate at whish electric nary 1s eomverted into boat ab function ofthe eecsiecuent, ‘A nldorm oliadsinl conductor of damter d has & total resistence er uit legth, Is 1 to dec cust expreared by Room eldme-aae) , oa) bere Rg isthe eitance in Om, @ the resi in mant/m, A the conductor ros coction imma ond d eondsctae damster in ame ® ‘War tse for conducting altersting curents, the fective AC resistence may be ah tn he DO ence eon abv de in a pl eis (on ee Sen (7.36) "Th eritiiy of sanAacd aneeled coppon at 208C fe 001794 ett in al teem uctvity of 8 an? is designated a 100% {ACS (International Annealed Copper ‘Stenderd [62 od ib weed aso eerece.Hard-dcawa copper, with » tensile streagth bone $0 greta than tht of the snnesed copper, basa conductivity of 56 zn/aa? camxespnding to abou: 87% IACS. Average harddrown alunnive xs conductivity 2F 5,8 m/Seme? (6 TACS) cx a cenatvty of 0.02826 Oma? in. Kooning te resitane of condustor af 20°C, one obtains the resetance at any temperature 7 by Fioe= Rave f+ alt 20)) , 62) where is the temperature coafient of resstsnce. Table Tl shows dats fo the most ‘nal conductor materials, Additional data are given iain 82). 1h the care of bones with np ubemnducters, the eutaln!resence is simply tha ‘estance of one subctiductor ing divided by na: ey, =-Phg/aa, a the infiuence of the eseration betwernsobconducirs Ts neglected. When desing wth ovettesd line coudustos, the raistacce chall bs considered at, sppropitstrpertacs, Usually condvcters of overhead line are desigaed fcr 60 to? S0°C as maximus conductor tenperatizes ‘Tenperatre msasuemsat of overhead conducocs carried out inthe Sld has shown that the real conductar temperature is generally lower than the vals obtained the sretclly In view of that, for calculating Jouls loz, isis mare appropiate to take Jato ‘tcouot lower conductor temperature, say 40 to 0%, in onder fo prevent a ‘oveeevalatin of the thermal lasses i any economical conseratin. 8.3 Positive-sequence impedance 88. Introduction : "The potdiewepunce impedances te mostly sede parameter eomal operating conics sa aeons of AG el, sch volta and east easing,este egal rato, mde tare ees 1 Sree Liew: > a wm 1 3s Met 1 GME fe ye € 5 etme Yroart um a ‘Figure Sle Deternian . sl Yer aS tien of bundle candor a. sg, Yee in at Gqinioe ai power end eat less, pores How ete. Its a vertor quantity, that ear be represented rs complox nober either in rectangular format with real and imaginary compo- ents 38 7 Batik 63) rin plas Seema alle 5 z eo vier er resistance asin (2), x ost sence feactsnce Val=JHe3% module of Zand Ga tan'(X,/R) phase angle 3.9.2 Inductance and inductive Reactance ‘The inductance relationships wod in predicting the peformanceofSerhead tansmi- sin Kas ian inva te to snl and bundled condi pean Ss rin parallel, Configurations of groups of evzest-arrying elements of one crit co- traatad wit sll Sreuts constituting other phasé in three phase ystems areas treated in several cas. Te poiiv-roquencefndwetisereactene of fully twanmposed ceuielest threepbotetransaision line fs given Dy: seul wtrati (wBtegh) oa (x0a/2) Qa Ducfrm ~ 1/42). fs fatale conductor equivalent rina = Vera Yeu 8) yee ble 3, fy = AYE sine/ra ree nomber of subemnduccor, =<" e ey ae ah é ’ a a OP cecil Coe 1 eee 1 Figure 8.2 Phase endue- tor amangenent Or Sage . = Sra ine Th A pigure 5.8: Phe om (ater anrngament fo Seubert ou 2 Var TITY E 2 al armemen (mae I eal ecanguenent of phase conus Dambe (). gemgenant Gaye 4 crangament of phase ‘oadachore) 1 sxbconductor radius, 4 Rbeanductor distance withia the bundle and ‘a radis of bundle cele rp = 4/2 sn (rf). ‘Tobi 2.1 cootain values for ry and by. Figure 3.1 shows the relevant geometric quane tiie Tn case of singlecrcult ine (Pigme 3.2), the geometric mean distance is Dus Oma Dis Die en For doublet ne (Figure 8) eqation (3.5) is transformed to ely = MH yaw mine 8 aa ‘wore Dy follows from (8.7). If 2 symmetrical phase arrangement of the individual emits eesumed, Dy ad Dag are obiained fom Du = YOu Day Dox @s) ad Dia YOK Dio Da - 0) 1a case ofan adymmetrcal atrangnfient Dyas is gen by Dias WDis- Die Dae Dax Dex Dow (say) orone Kilometer oft and f = 50 He and single conductors it applies forthe reectonce per et length. ' sy Fin oosne (0284 2) opm 23) z A . 45 Poshive-squence impedance $7 ananananac oO yAARANAARANARaDA an aAAANARO anway were RPI eG. 3 Klee parameters ‘Buble 5.21 lotic parameter of weiner sot > ate paset= phate tage ap - 2m oo, smo. Teo eat weatsy ous Sean peau sean esna soand Seema Tee 2 a 4 sme mk meee Se Aim tas ct ee er one a one SEs ares wo Seegeimpetince Zo 2 395 5 mS m0 m0 Se oe ee a ee ee = ee ee Tn ate er a a ee tenets ta Se fs aiivag ainraitar mace satin cn often ~ ee x a00s (ae g’) opm oun {In cage of 0 Hs the factor 00828 willbe replaced by 00764. Foe doubleciceui lines De ‘willbe modified to (Dy Dya/ Dra). Table 3.2 shows the postive sequence reactance fo typical Tine configurations, Fuily transposed lines are ceusidened, 20 that phase ssquoscas ABC, BCA and CAB eompric eich one a third ofthe total lins length (2. Brample: Fors 50047 oe having st sugoring tone ih ft enducorentguion 25 In Figs 3.2, tpl bade of AGS conductors 94 mnt /4 a? ALA (BOTA), ‘ibcouducoespatag = 400 man the edecens end poste guneapedanca i eguind Fequney f= 60 ti cndvcor sme 9 mm ance ean B= p04 3:9P 6, tener cece of anc = 080 Pasa i ‘According ve (2) he reeane 2 0PC Fea = 0089410090 — 20/8 = 96228 Of, ‘Geometric mea dance accor 07)" Dua PEE EEE = 1675 m, ‘The rata ofthe busch pen 4 Ea/@ san/ra) 04m [0 bate/3f= 0.201 me, “The bande nade nae at reso (2.4) a VST +004 Figure Sets ‘Tovar top “dimensions, S00 BV, example ‘As bundle caducton ace concratd,indetance and induotive racance ae derail by (5) and 8.19), rept, os: Hyde -107/000) 36, 78/0342 3/12)/3 sat X= 0068 fs 15/0384-+ 1/12) = 0,048 fn ot 00 Hy Xi 03655 en, ‘The petroanquencs impedance fellows fom (32) 2 = 0028 + 50065 = 030542859" Ofte 190-10-* Bn 3.4 Zero-sequence impedance 8.41 Introduction Tex-saquenee currents are entra in each phase conductor aad not dlplaced by 120° ‘8 postve- and negaive-soquence currents, The maguatic eld due to wero zequenee ‘crete ie very difsceat fom that exused by eer positive: or negative sequence ‘crete. Tha diferece in magnetic eld reals in erosequenco reuctance of & ‘gana lise belng Is the sango of 15 to d vies the postivesequence reactance. ‘The sero sequence currents Sow only ifs vetura path exist through which a completed cizwlt is provided. The impedence of the ground and ground wires i included in the sarosequence impedance ofthe trassmision Has. The most commen uso of zor sequence inpadance si the clelatoa of phase to-ground shot sie currents, Such uzreat calculations ae roquired fr esting ground fault protection relays, 3.4.2. Simplifed spproach for the determination of zero-sequence im pedances ‘The zeo-sopumce inpadance of everhead Une candoctors involves the sesinpedences cd the mateal ingedances of he ground return crus, (Complex ations are required fora preige calculation of ero-sequence impedances, as they involvevetar circuits o ground, as treated In [8.3] and {8.4}. Th calelation of suro-sequence inpodsces can be eariad cut with simplified approscher that provide ‘ sulfcenk degre of accuracy for mest practical applications. Ono of these approaches fs presented in this Cause "Tue base equations forthe calculstion of zere-dquence impedance wee determined by Pollacek (35) and Carson [&6) Considering tha both the restance ned inductance of conductors, earth wires and ground rotura eres are dependeat on tbe Fequency, implied faruulze have been developed fr application in 50/60 Ts cai.3 Bcc peremstee ‘the dodoction of uch ferro ace beyond the scope of this book and ean be studied {2 Band (5). The simples approach preeaed ho sr i pps fo singe ‘Grit and double-dieufe eymmetical lines, provided with no, one or to earth wire, Singlosret ne without earth wines ‘an mesg npedonce - sen Ryasrye Bind oa mentssiin Be betntitn (veisge dE) » 639 sine 7 autor rane pr nt sgh a he ie tempera i, ln 2 vocding to (3.1) or (3:2), ny Sune ot stbonducas ern : P ecwmsy Ja constant of maguetic field x-10* Hi, 2 Gondle candacior equivalent radius arcording to (3.6); forsee condone ters, rebum depth of earth current (=), s2185/ftelvolen 18) rth ag boing the avorgy earth resistivity in Om, Line with ono earth wire (Figure $.2a and 8.2¢) ‘gos impedance is deterained from the impedance of = I (Gio) aed the sek nd mute! iljedanaes ofthe earth wise Fisym = Bog ~ 9 Ceo) He dae “The mutual impedance of the conductors to'the carta wise Bogs Spon /t-+3 S00" 0Du) + whe Dus YBa Daa Des : 3) se vhe mca estancsbebvecs conductors and eat wie {ee seinpodane ofthe exch wires Boge Mi son- nits Sowtiosire+ 3/9 + where TT eerth wiee resistance in O/iany = fp the rela:ive mageetic penalty af che eaxth wire or copper and seminiep condclacs or earth wise and ACSR conductors ‘eitha rao of eleaium to steel section equal or highor than 6 te relative ‘Taguctie penmeablly ada be taken as py = pp 21. For AGSR popductons ‘eats ees with one dlaminiur ape, Fs is taker btwn § and 1, Soe tiee earth wires for pcx be tk ab on average vale of 25 cm cameth vine natn ne — - seezerosequence impednes_2 : 1 Singlet ine vith to ear wines (igure 8.20)? “ipsa rrdagament of be east wires it llows © Fim = Bis 3 Bae + (20) ‘The mutual impedance Zip is given by (8.27), where Dug can be taken from (8.18) in {how of tho eyes! rangement of earth wre In coe of axymmetsial arange ‘Base apples Due = Dyas = Vass Das Doar Die Daa Doe - em) ‘Phe'mutual impataace Zee is given by hasa~ Bol2+ Sron/t+i fa ia (VAD aD) + v/8] + aay where Deus the distance betwen the earth wires im. Fe eee lg e one trent and ‘Double-cirout line without earth wires ‘The zarosequencefaxpoance for tuo cecuts i Bip = Fa 3Fexea + 2 where Zig i obtained from (3.14) and Pexea = funz/4+i foal (8/VDuaDre) 6.24) with Dya 0 Dis determined from (3.9) and (2.10), respectively. Double-citeit line with one earth wire (Figure $a oF 8.9) or tis aaageest apis Fiore = Bio ~ 6(See)"/Zbe + (325) ‘Considering the symmetrical arrangements Zp can be taken from (3.28), Zox fom Gi) and Zog fom (3.19). + - Caae ‘Double-cireut Hino with two ecrth wires (Bigure 3.9 oF 3.3) For this artngeract it apie Fina = Bin ~ 6 (Aha) W Phas) - (626) ‘Besense of the symmetry Zfp can be taken ftom (8.28), Zh trom (8.17), es fom (6.20) and Zbpare i acceng to Poem = Spor 3 Sole] Drea)» ex herp Dies ig ohio tom (8.23) anaeaanannanananaaNnanaKG {Stee St estatesample of calculation of ze impedance: Thy sanelie of ecmslain ‘scion 3.3.2 wl be zed to determine penenporaeters. Further dts ae erage {Seth ressiige $00 fin, Two exth wares SHALI/S0-STIA: dite 17 tay elceeal tance at 200: 6,544 Of. ‘Bom (4.15) the seta depth of ert erect wll be “ 521 85/ VIE OAR TTS 1013 0 Bastion 0.49 yds “4 Fly = 00038- Be/4- 00-40-10" 4 00-47-04 «fot (201 / Por TRTS) +140] = = OMB 9.04 )1ATT Boaton (22) yields 7 Kale Conn sae 629 : ana = OSG) ft. 80d et 2 Fos fae Ha0-4 ‘Th otal eapactance poe phases the socalled postin-sequene explants Gila > - in (Lora O02) +2078] = the capacitance to ground is the zerosequeace capacitance Cy sad tbe capacitance z =" 09822 + 0i +4 0638 = 0382450610 im. ‘beeen condctss tC. Mathematical approaches ae deduced fr calelting O) Cy = ne a ewig 4nd ©, 50 that equation (328) show alle to cht the aecoray ofthe elesitone = ie _ Sosa jo2m67 35.2 Single-crcuit lines 5 Zing = ono saarr~ S082 eae 3.8 Capacitante and capacitive reactance 8.5.1 General considerations Capacitance is that propecty ofa system of conductors and dieeetrcs which porate the storage of electrically separated charger whoa potetialdifrencé exiet between ‘he conductors. The capacitance ismeasued ia Farade, where1F = 1 Aa/V. But due tothe huge value of one Ficad, the unit Microfara, where 1 uP = 10° F, i more ‘usual, The capacitive reveiance is aa inves funtion ofeapecitancs and leqeney, or Xe=(2nf-O) - oH os measured in 9 oF MA (10 9). The imvecse ofthe eapactve reactance is called sapaciive weeplance Bo =2xf+C, measured in § oe pS (10-* 8). ‘Tho capacitance of the overhead lines is an importane parameter ast i rexponsible foc ‘ceumulating and gunerating reactive powes fr eystem mquirements. The condnotore of ‘an overhead line eauae potentials i relation to each othr and tothe earth, he earth 5s considered i ll ares a having the refeence potential equal to aero. Betrieal elds snd cayadtaness are formed améng'conduetors and eat (cluding the eanth wits}. ‘Dh capacitances are dstafbutaton the whole conductor along the Ine, Por eaceposed linas the averege otal’ 3683 per pbs axe equal, ao that unully te average conductor-o-ground height is talon into account for thes elation. oe on PAIRPRIA ISS (35)9 3 Bketcie pecomaters ‘Single-crcuit ine with one ox two earth wires (Figure 8.2) [Barth wires affect cul the cero-cemuence capacitance while tha positivesoqneneé co pecitance esa be taken Sam (3:38). With the approximation wed in (30) the se0- Sequence capacitance for a ine with one earth wire io 3ou/ (ema) At 28) 29 ‘i into conductor height shove ground according to 2.31) in m, fag tpeon eath sie height above ground in m, ‘Dyes sean geomeice distance between conductors and etrth wire(s) arranged aya ‘teiealy according to (3.18) am, co cath wie mains fm m. Ta cae of two arth wires a the sume height and Smmetsieally arranged re will be replaced by yf Dass, where Derea 3 the distance between esth wis 2.8.8 Double-cireuit lines : Double-ciceuit line without earth wites ‘Be seo-saquaaceexpastance per unit length is accaning to 3} co to/l iy EE) «os ‘were Dy is obtained trom (81), Dy fom (8.20) vs (9.53) Dy fom (28) hag om G1) and r9 fom (58). “Tho pooltvesceruence capacitors is Dudas ) eascs/in De (8) Gio me) arene) See? a wine quien deabed shoe out ce ne wth on of to ach wires (Fee 80238) + “The zero-sequence cepscitance for one or two ezzth wires can be obtained from 2 ‘ne VTETDSSPTR 2th +b) Daal) Gon n/t a seus ein. tv sey wn nds Ta ee eh vias aetengod symmettca'y atthe saze height ia equation (2.27) rs ie replaced iy the poaiiesequence capacitance Cp can be tala Bom (3.28). Rxampie of caleslation of positive: and zero-anguence capacitances forthe Bienes sein oanpin 829 and 2.42, the capactares an eps rentaoss i be Eemincl, Arksdesrve eelipogre lee with ovo ear vies,formalae (8.8) and 034) “Talos apple. The avoraceconduer hight ls Garmlne rom te condutar eprtnabr Belin 16 me Thee twice radidor i replaced by Pe Dasma = VDI = 0842 Deo the ranecielarogemgat of eolictors and earth wes Dc obtaed rom (2:8) 1 Ren RTE ERG IB + Se Rainn ‘Th piv sOquin capactanca a eave (3.38) . Sopa eae eran eee Ss 8/854 10° 1ot/ng, SRT 120-107 pm. ‘The serosoyuae capacitance Oy i obtained from (324): Gee = Fetgsewrtae/ 2M 1474047)" be eitttae~ (oS) /ne-eerne] = + = 1354-100 -amsyesrs) 952-107 Een | ‘Bible chown prema ph ne dtd ng thea of las 42 3.6 Admittance ‘When carting Gut etic circuit calculations of transmission lines, it ie generally ‘roferable to we the, shunt bdmittane to ground iastead ofthe impedaace'to ground. ‘Using the vector representation, the positive- and the aerozequmce unit shunt admit ‘ance, Yf and YG, can be equated as Yao nim . ge HAG 45% ex nthe formlze above, G} sad Gare the ron} pars of the edrttance,usvelly named 235 conductances, while Band 3 are the imeginary parts ofthe admittance, named tm surerponce Pr overbeed line, the sal tems Gf and GY sre very all and can be neglecied, meaning, therefor, = Gy 0. This means thab the following approximate reltjons can be equated Y=URy, foSfin a) and Waxy S/n, ea) 1 Xy and Xby ae geo tn the unt value of fm, then YY and Hf, a8 respective Inverts, wb vn in $f, eae susceptances, calculated as the inversc of (3.28), are respectively deter fesvoenquene rosptance BetnjCh ad (0 sosoqunte sorptance, B= 2sfOh i (3.3) ‘The admittance as wll sits components conductance and susceptance ere measured 5s ave mi of ale mes (bs the able 8 (10) ene aananAANAANANAADANAIANAAN AANA AANAWe WISI KIA ‘ares Represiaon fain by suc ice sng etn, eg ag, 1 sedge cme eg ad a Yale ‘Beample:, Ter the empl of seion 35. itis obtained, aglntiog the rel part in equation (6.38) and (8.30), forthe postnesequecee wat aliaiinace eS 12010-4577 plan : ‘ad forth sero sequence ate: Yp= Bh =22-90-62-10°1 = 287 Shim a 3.7. Blectric representation of lines 8.7.1 Goals and basié conditions ‘Ta this clause formule for electric representation of lines wil be presented. These fbr- smulae can be used to calculate voltage, erent and power factor at any point of © ‘ranamicion Hino, provided the value of thes variables are known at another point ofthe tne. Usually those variables aro known in one of the ie ects and is dared to caleulate the valus atthe other Hina and Loade se wevlly epoatod by thee alt ‘age power and power fctr, faa which the current can be calealatd fr ase inthe equations. Other parameter, such as surge impadance load or natura pouer, vliage -ogulation and power lowes can be indizeetly deteraiaad, Normally trssmission Hines are operated with balanced vhrephase Joads, Even if the conductors are aot spyéed ecuilaterally and may not be transposed, tbe renting impedance lod (SE) ofa line 's the power delivered by a line to a purolyzeitive ood equal to ts surge impedance Pau = Upp/\Zel io MW G36) here Up isthe phasotose weltag a KV and Ze given i - 8.7.3.2" Roprasentation by hyperbolic functions ‘Hyperbolic functions are mathematically exces to hand, so tet is introduction per. ‘alle relatively simple calewations. Th inca and reflected waves of voltage and Eure of equations (254) and (8.5) can be reaanged nd equated in tems of y- Dero furetins es - Us = Taconme) + Ta Zosiahine) es Ja = ipcoshya) + Ua/osiahlre) (oss) waore a 8 the line Jongh The equations can be slved in view of Ur and J, 1m Uyccshlye) Te nha) : os) Tu lacsiye)~ Us/abtos) - co) BBeample: Zor tba 500 RY Hae scording to the example presctd in cluse 2.3.2 0 line Yeap ef 200 fon and wad C00 SW a anuned, Te Bas prt are Hetitain Hime tnn hener HEE oc nha a Tent ORBLE TET w 204,6-295" = D844 [1020 poeaecteniiati wien escent ne mroeonmars eee ee een Uh = Wnt Zo Tal (2m [288.7 £0" + 1,1547 20" -204,6 22205"]-10°/2 = (G64, 85 5264215) -10* = (0086~§5.9)-20 9087-1." vitrectomy wey poche nave acon. eect eee eee Us = Wao Zo- Tal /2eP SPH 9097 10 PELE = 87 c Le -1oe Tas" = B12 167 = Wa Zo In) RAM 09721986 : Teves | 6a ou ne exalt Bente a9) oy "The pover Sorat the sang en i ven by cosy = eas(245— roqued atthe ong end wil Be Fs = v5-5005-1368-0,908 = 1028 ow. ‘Thebes th ast a the Hoe ae Bee Are Ain = 28H I the owing pragropts the elations with nomial aod equvaeat Ticats wil be ‘capce;cmidedogslahe) = 9317 25,9 he egal lspedancescbtalned Pam (3.3) Fn 24486-20-0317 cor = 9945 1959" = 8484-5889. = 056; power esaton (40) ys ne se). Ya = qn Tae aad epee tyne OMIEIGON- 1 OneTLLITS sagamoost ott cergae~ 2846 2-205 -O8T = O5TL-10-* 2899" SerfF/Ahmsn1 1S - ‘The suis impedance ofthe amt! rats otainad by just sulvieg dhe uit oeses Inmpatancs 2" (fan) by the In eng Fa 02 (908+ 03048) 300 ‘Thesamas td the shunt adnan so hat the total adittannf te ponaal Tere is YeY'ong77-s00=1001 ps ech am of tho senna T-cell earfoe, be ¥/2— $65 8. ‘Thble 83 prod a summary ofthe compadsonbatwex the nomial Tetras andthe equ- tale erat of the fe ‘The equal Tera wl provide he exc: entice fr the lice, wile rhe eomaal Te cect vil yield an appcemal solution. I canbe abated ha ths difarnce a sto xp, Iso cant nomial Ire is enough or abvng mat ces valving lines i Hgh Aege ofaseuacy sat regain Hower as ts In gt nreates, the apes aing the ‘amin cen wl rogue Uiggar ad bigger irene compar with he arr ol. ‘Tees, tho use ofthe ext clato with te eaten Tecpel sresoaszandad, 3.8 References ‘34 EPRL Tansmicios Ise rlaeaco book: S45 KV aid above. Palo Alto, Becie Power egearh Taste, 2 fon 1987 £42 Bink, D.C Beaty, H.W Standard handbook fr data enlasr, New York MoGrst- ‘Bu, 12" ction 987 z 5 Hoppe Hs OdineD- Blkrshe Katee wad Neat (Becele power statons ad stron Be, ge Vg, don 1783