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RHE/2_15_0020
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Latest date for receipt of comments: 25 March 2015 Project No. 2014/00278

Responsible committee: RHE/2 Ventilation for buildings, heating and hot water services

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Title: Draft BS EN 16798-7 Energy performance of buildings

Part 7: Ventilation for buildings - Modules M5-1, M5-5, M5-6, M5-8 - Calculation methods for the determination of air
flow rates in buildings including infiltration

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Introduction
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EUROPEAN STANDARD DRAFT
NORME EUROPÉENNE prEN 16798-7
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2014

ICS 91.120.10; 91.140.30 Will supersede EN 15242:2007

English Version

Energy performance of buildings - Part 7: Ventilation for

buildings - Modules M5-1, M5-5, M5-6, M5-8 - Calculation
methods for the determination of air flow rates in buildings
including infiltration

Performance énergétique des bâtiments - Partie 7: Energieeffizienz von Gebäuden - Teil 7: Modul M5-1, M 5-5,
Ventilation des bâtiments - Modules M5-1, M5-5, M5-6, M5- M 5-6, M 5-8 - Berechnungsmethoden zur Bestimmung der
8 - Méthodes de calcul pour la détermination des débits Luftvolumenströme in Gebäuden inklusive Infiltration
d'air dans les bâtiments y compris les infiltrations

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 156.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 16798-7:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

Contents Page

Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................4
1 Scope............................................................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................6
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................7
4 Symbols and abbreviations .......................................................................................................................8
4.1 Symbols .......................................................................................................................................................8
4.2 Subscripts ................................................................................................................................................. 10
5 Description of the methods..................................................................................................................... 11
5.1 Output of the methods............................................................................................................................. 11
5.2 Methods..................................................................................................................................................... 11
6 Method 1 – Determination of air flow rates based on detailed building characteristics .................. 12
6.1 Output data ............................................................................................................................................... 12
6.2 Calculation time steps ............................................................................................................................. 12
6.3 Input data .................................................................................................................................................. 13
6.4 Calculation procedure ............................................................................................................................. 18
7 Method 2 – Determination of air flow rates based on statistical approach ....................................... 30
7.1 Output data ............................................................................................................................................... 30
7.2 Calculation time steps ............................................................................................................................. 30
7.3 Input data .................................................................................................................................................. 30
7.4 Calculation procedure ............................................................................................................................. 31
8 Quality control .......................................................................................................................................... 31
9 Compliance check .................................................................................................................................... 32
Annex A (normative) Template for input data and choices ......................................................................... 33
Annex B (informative) Default input Data ...................................................................................................... 40
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 47

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

Foreword
This document (prEN 16798-7:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 156 “Energy
performance of buildings related TC”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.

This document will supersede EN 15242:2007.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

Introduction
This European Standard is part of a set of standards developed to support EPBD directive implementation,
hereafter called "EPB standards".

EPB standards deal with energy performance calculation and other related aspects (like system sizing) to
provide the building services considered in the EPBD directive.

TC 156 deals with ventilation and air conditioning systems in buildings. Subjects covered by TC 156 are:

a) energy performance calculation for ventilation, air conditioning and cooling systems;

b) inspection of ventilation and air conditioning systems;

c) installation and commissioning of ventilation and air conditioning systems.

This standard replaces EN 15242, which was developed during the first EPBD mandate and was published in
2007.
The revision for inclusion in the second mandate package was performed by CEN TC 156 WG 21.
The revision includes changes:
 rearrangement of content versus EN 15241:2007, in order to better fit in the modular structure given in
prEN 15603:2014. This standard is restricted to emission and control of the ventilation air flow rates (M5-
5)

 clarification of possibility to use 2 methods to calculate the airflow rates: method 1 based on detailed
building characteristics; and method 2 using a statistical approach complying with specific rules;

 in method 1, addition of several options for the calculation of the airflow rates through windows, including
cross-ventilation

 in method 1, calculation of the airflow rates using mass balance only

 formatting according to the new rules set in prCEN/TS 16629 Detailed Technical Rules

 consideration of ISO TC 205 work performed in the meantime.

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

1 Scope
This European Standard describes the methods to calculate the ventilation air flow rates for buildings

to be used for energy calculations evaluation, heating and cooling loads.

This European Standard applies to buildings with:

 Mechanical ventilation systems (mechanical exhaust, mechanical supply or balanced system);

 Passive duct ventilation systems for residential and low-rise non-residential buildings;

 Combustion appliances;

 Windows opening by manual operation;

 Kitchens where cooking is for immediate use (including restaurants)

This European Standard is applicable to hybrid systems combining mechanical and passive duct ventilation
systems in residential and low-rise non-residential buildings.

This European Standard applies to buildings smaller than 100 m and rooms where vertical air temperature
difference is smaller than 15 K.

The results provided by the standard are:

 the air flow rates entering or leaving a ventilation zone;

 the air flow rates required to be distributed by the mechanical ventilation system, if present.

This European Standard is not applicable to:

 Buildings with kitchens where cooking is not for immediate use

 Buildings with automatic windows (or openings)

 Buildings with industry process ventilation.

The definition of ventilation and airtightness requirements (as indoor air quality, heating and cooling, safety,
fire protection…) is not covered by this standard.

The following information can be found in other standards and technical reports:

 guidance to estimate pressure drops in ducts (CR 14378:2002)

Table 1 shows the relative position of this standard within the EN EPB package of standards.

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

Table 1 — Position of this standard within the EN EPBD set of standards

Overarching Building (as such) Technical Building Systems

Building automation &

Domestic Hot water
Dehumidification
Descriptions

Descriptions

Descriptions

PV, wind, ..
Ventilation

Humidifi

Lighting
Heating

Cooling

control
cation
sub1 M1 sub1 M2 sub1 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11
1 General 1 General 1 General
Common terms and
definitions; Building Energy
2 2 2 Needs
symbols, units and Needs
subscripts
(Free) Indoor
Maximum Load
3 Applications 3 Conditions without 3
and Power
Systems
Ways to Express Ways to Express Ways to Express
4 Energy 4 Energy 4 Energy
Performance Performance Performance
Building Functions
Heat Transfer by Emission &
5 and Building 5 Transmission
5 control
Boundaries
Building Occupancy Heat Transfer by
Distribution &
6 and Operating 6 Infiltration and 6
control
Conditions Ventilation
Aggregation of
Energy Services
7 7 Internal Heat Gains 7 Storage & control
and Energy
Carriers
Generation &
8 Building Partitioning 8 Solar Heat Gains 8
control
Load dispatching
Calculated Energy Building Dynamics
9 Performance
9 (thermal mass)
9 and operating
conditions
Measured Energy Measured Energy Measured Energy
10 10 10
Performance Performance Performance
11 Inspection 11 Inspection 11 Inspection
Ways to Express
12 12 -- 12 BMS
Indoor Comfort
External
13 Environment
Conditions
Economic
14 Calculation

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

prEN15603:2013 Energy performance of buildings – Overall energy use and definition of energy ratings.

EN 12792:2003, Ventilation for buildings — Symbols, terminology and graphical symbols

EN 13141-1:2004, Ventilation for buildings. Performance testing of components/products for residential

ventilation. Externally and internally mounted air transfer devices

EN 13141-2:2004, Ventilation for buildings. Performance testing of components/products for residential

ventilation. Exhaust and supply air terminal devices

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

EN 13141-5, Ventilation for buildings — Performance testing of components/products for residential ventilation
— Part 5: Cowls and roof outlet terminal devices

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this documnt, the terms and definitions given in prEN 15603:2013, EN 12792, and the
following apply.

3.1
ventilation zone
conditioned space which can be considered as air flow independent from other conditioned spaces (i.e. the air
leakages between two adjacent zones are sufficiently low to be neglected, and there is no possibility of air
transfer between two zones)

3.2
building height
height of the building from the entrance ground level to the roof top level

3.3
building envelope airtightness
overall leakage air flow rate for a given test pressure difference across building

3.4
building volume
volume within internal outdoor walls of the purposely conditioned space of the building (or part of the building)

Note 1 to entry: This generally includes neither the attic, nor the basement, nor any additional structural annex of the
building.

3.5
zone air temperature
average air temperature in the zone

3.6
iterative calculation
calculation method that requires a mathematical solver to solve an equation by iteration

3.7
direct calculation
calculation method that can be applied without iterations

3.8
vent
opening intended to act as an air transfer device

3.9
reference wind speed at site
wind speed at site, at a height of 10 m, in undisturbed shielding conditions

Note 1 to entry: Shielding is accounted for in the wind pressure coefficients.

3.10
shielding
effect classified according to the relative height, width and distance of relevant obstacle(s) in relation to the
building

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

3.11
airing
natural ventilation by window opening

3.12
passive duct ventilation system
natural ventilation by means of a duct mounted vertically or mounted with an angle of less than 45° or less
with the vertical

3.13
single-sided ventilation
airing with windows located on only one side of the ventilation zone. The projections on the horizontal plane of
the normal vectors of the windows are within a 90° angle or less

3.14
cross-ventilation
airing with windows located on several sides of the ventilation zone. The projections on the horizontal plane of
the normal vectors of the windows are not within a 90° angle or less

3.15
transverse (non-transverse) zone
zone that can (cannot) be cross-ventilated

3.16
Mechanical ventilation
ventilation with the aid of powered air movement components.

4 Symbols and abbreviations

4.1 Symbols

For the purposes of this European Standard, the symbols given in prEN15603:2013 and EN 12792 and the
specific symbols listed in Table 2 apply.

Table 2 — Symbols and units

Symbol Name of quantity Unit

A Area m²
Aw Window opening free area m²

Aw;cros equivalent windows area for cross ventilation m²

Aw;tot Total windows area m²

Ccowl;tot Pressure at roof level taking into account the height [-]
of the cowl above the roof level
n
Clea Leakage coefficient of the ventilation zone m3/(h∙Pa )
3 n
Clea;fde Leakage coefficient of the façades of the ventilation m /(h∙Pa )
zone
n
Clea;path,i Flow coefficient of leakage "i" m3/(h∙Pa )

Clea;roof Leakage coefficient of the roof of the ventilation

3 n
m /(h∙Pa )
zone

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

Symbol Name of quantity Unit

Cp Wind pressure coefficient ad

n
Cw;path,i Flow coefficient of window "i" m3/(h∙Pa )

∆pATD Pressure drop at an internal air terminal device Pa

∆pcowl Pressure drop at the cowl Pa

∆plea;path,i Pressure difference at the leakage "i" level Pa

∆ppath,i Pressure difference at air flow path "i" level Pa

∆pvent;path,i Pressure difference at the vent "i" level Pa

∆pw;div;path,i,j Pressure difference at the window "i" part "j" level Pa

∆pw;path,i Pressure difference at the window "i" level Pa

hpdu;st Useful height for stack effect with a passive duct m

hst Useful height for stack effect for direct method m

hw;st Useful height for stack effect for airing m

P Pressure Pa

pe;path ,i External pressure at the airflow path "i" level Pa

pz;path,i Internal pressure at the airflow path "i" level Pa

pz;ref Internal reference pressure of the ventilation zone at Pa

the floor level
qm Massi air flow rate kg/h
3
q Volumteric air flow rate m /h
3
qV;comb Airflow through combustion appliances m /h
3
qV;ETA;req Required extract air flow rate for the ventilation zone m /h
3
qV;lea;path,i Air flow rate through leakage "i" m /h
3
qV;pdu Airflow through passive or hybrid duct m /h
3
qV;SUP;req Required supply air flow rate for the ventilation zone m /h
3
qV;vent;path,i Air flow rate through a given vent "i" m /h
3
qV;w:div:path,i,j Air flow rate through part "j" of a window "i" m /h
(delimited by a division, see Nw;div)
3
qV;w:path,i Air flow rate through window "i" m /h
3
ρa;z Air density at Tz kg/m

T Absolute temperature K

tci Calculation interval H

usite Wind at the zone level m/s

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

4.2 Subscripts

For the purposes of this European Standard, the subscripts given in prEN 15603:2013, EN 12792 and the
specific subscripts listed in Table 3 apply.

Table 3 — Subscripts

ATD Air Terminal Devices des Design path path

EHA diff Difference between supply pdu Passive and hybrid duct
Exhaust air
and extract
ETA Extract air dis Distribute red Reduced
IDA Indoor air div Division ref Reference
ODA Outdoor air du Duct req Required
RCA Recirculation air e External roof Roof
SUP Supply air fa Free area sgl Single-sided ventilation
a Air fde Façade site Site
arg Airing ff Fuel flow st Stack
as Combustion appliance sys System
fi Fuel input
system
atm Atmospheric H Heating tot Total
C Cooling in Entering wnd Wind
cnd Conditioned inf Infiltration V Ventilation air flow
comb Combustion appliance lea Leakage vent Vent
cowl Cowl m Refers to mass w Window
cros Cross ventilation max Maximum Z Zone
ctrl Control op Operation
D Discharge out Leaving

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

5 Description of the methods

5.1 Output of the methods

This standard gives the air flow rates entering and leaving each ventilation zone in a building including
infiltration for the following given operating conditions:

 Outdoor climate (wind and temperature);

 Indoor climate (temperature in the ventilation zone);

 Air flow rates required to be supplied to or extracted from the ventilation zone;

 Air flow rates entering or leaving the ventilation zone through the mechanical system;

 Combustion appliance operation;

 Window opening conditions;

Conventionally, air entering the ventilation zone is counted positive; air leaving is counted negative.

The time step of the output for energy calculation procedures can be:

 hourly,

 monthly.

Depending on the application of the standard and time-step of the input data.

5.2 Methods

Air flow rate calculations may be done using 2 methods:

 method 1 estimates the air flow rates based on detailed building characteristics;

 method 2 specifies rules to fulfil to apply a statistical approach to be defined at national level for the
determination of air flow rates including infiltration. It may be based on calculations with method 1 or on
measurements.

All equations of method 1 are given for a single ventilation zone without sub-divisions into elementary spaces.
They may be applied to elementary spaces if:

 the input values can be characterized for the elementary spaces;

 additional equations and rules are defined to characterize the airflows between the elementary spaces.

Selection between method 1 or method 2 is defined at national level. Selection shall be based on the
availability and relevance of a statistical approach in the specific national context for the buildings considered.

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

6 Method 1 – Determination of air flow rates based on detailed building

characteristics

6.1 Output data

The output data of this method are listed in Table 4.

Table 4 — Output data of this method

Intended
Name Symbol Unit Range Varying
destination
Airflow entering through window opening qV;arg;in 3
m /h 0…∞ M2-6 Yes

Airflow leaving through window opening qV;arg;out 3

m /h -∞…0 M2-6 Yes

Airflow entering through combustion appliances qV;comb;in 3

m /h 0…∞ M2-6 Yes

Airflow leaving through combustion appliances qV;comb;out 3

m /h -∞…0 M2-6 Yes

Extract air flow rate required at the air terminal devices of qV;ETA;dis;req 3
m /h -∞…0 M5-6 Yes
the mechanical ventilation system
Airflow entering through envelope leakage qV;lea;in 3
m /h 0…∞ M2-6 Yes

Airflow leaving through envelope leakage qV;lea;out 3

m /h -∞…0 M2-6 Yes

Required supply outdoor air volume flow rate qV;ODA;req 3

m /h M5-6 Yes

Airflow entering through passive or hybrid duct qV;pdu;in 3

m /h 0…∞ M2-6 Yes

Airflow leaving through passive or hybrid duct qV;pdu;out 3

m /h -∞…0 M2-6 Yes

Supply air flow rate required at the air terminal devices of qV;SUP;dis;req 3
m /h 0…∞ M5-6 Yes
the mechanical ventilation system
Airflow entering through vents (openings in the external qV;vent;in 3
m /h 0…∞ M2-6 Yes
envelope)
Airflow leaving through vents (openings in the external qV;vent;out 3
m /h -∞…0 M2-6 Yes
envelope)
Maximum design required supply air volume flow rate for q 3
ventilation zone V;SUP;dis;max;des m /h M5-6 No

Design supply outdoor air volume flow rate for ventilation qV;ODA;req;des 3
m /h M5-6 No
zone

Operation requirement signal fop;V - 0…1 M5-6 Yes

Required ventilation zone supply air temperature for the ϑ SUP;dis;out;req °C 0...∞ M5-6 Yes
case of SUP_TEMP_CTRL = LOAD_COMP

6.2 Calculation time steps

The method described in Clause 6 is suitable for the following calculation time steps:

 Hourly

 Monthly

For this method, the output time step is the same as the input time-step.

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

This method does not take into account any dynamic effect.

This method can be used within a dynamic calculation scheme.

It may be used to obtain instantaneous air flow rates for the specific inputs assuming steady-state conditions.

6.3 Input data

Input data about products that are required for the calculation described in this standard shall be the data
supplied by the manufacturer if they are declared according to relevant EN product standards.

If no such data from the manufacturer is available or if the required data are not product data, default values
are given in Annex B.

Default informative data given in Annex B may be replaced by other data, for example nationally determined
data. To ensure consistency with this calculation method, input data shall be presented according to the
template given in normative Annex A.

NOTE Compliance with the template given in Annex A does not guarantee that the new data set is consistent.

6.3.1 Product data

6.3.1.1 Product description data (qualitative)

Not applicable.

6.3.1.2 Product technical data

The product data shall be the value declared by the manufacturer according to certified measurements
performed according to the relevant product standards. If values declared by the manufacturer are not
available, then default values are given in informative Annex B.

Declared values are given at standard reference test conditions. Declared values shall be adjusted according
to actual operating conditions. This adjustment is part of the calculation procedure. This applies both to
standard test values and to field test measurements.

Required technical data for this calculation procedure are listed in Table 5.

Table 5 — Product technical input data list

Catalogue Computed Validity

Characteristics Symbol Ref. Varying
unit Unit interval
3 n
Airflow coefficient of air terminal device CATD m /(h∙Pa ) 0…∞ EN 13141-1/2 Yes
Pressure factor of the cowl Ccowl - -2…2 EN 13141-5 Yes
Discharge coefficient for air terminal devices CD;ATD - 0.6…0.75 Local No
Discharge coefficient for vents CD;vent - 0.6…0.75 Local No

Discharge coefficient for windows CD;w - 0.6…0.75 Local No

Airflow coefficient of vents in the external Cvent 3 n
m /(h Pa ) 0…∞ EN 13141-1/2 Yes
envelope intended for ventilation
3 n
Coefficient of vent "i" in the external envelope Cvent;path,i m /(h Pa ) 0…∞ EN 13141-1/2 No
Combustion appliance system factor (see fas - 0 or 1 M3-8 No
B.1.2.3)

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

Catalogue Computed Validity

Characteristics Symbol Ref. Varying
unit Unit interval
Fuel flow factor (see B.1.2.3) fff l/(s kW) 0…5 M3-8 No

Control sensor factor fsens - 0…1 Local No

Distribution system correction factor fsys - 1…3 Local No

Flow exponent of air terminal devices nATD - 0.5…1 EN 13141-1/2 No

Flow exponent of vents in the external envelope nvent - 0.5…1 EN 13141-1/2 No
intended for ventilation
Reference pressure difference for an air terminal
∆pATD;ref Pa 1…100 Local No
device
Pressure drop through the ductwork ∆ppdu Pa 1…100 Local No
Reference pressure difference for a vent ∆pvent;ref Pa 1…100 Local No
Pressure drop of the cowl in no wind condition ζcowl - 0…1 EN 13141-5 No

Default data are given in Annex B.

6.3.1.2.1 Uncertainties in delivered air flow rates

The distribution system correction factor fsys (≥1) is a correction factor that takes into account the uncertainty
in the delivered air flow rate compared to the desired air flow rate.

Annex B gives a default value.

6.3.2 System design data

6.3.2.1 Process design

The process design data of ventilation systems is given by

 VENT_SYS_OP: Operation of the ventilation system, see Table 6.

Table 6 — Identifiers for VENT_SYS_OP

Code Meaning
BALANCED Balanced mechanical system with supply and extract flow
EXTRACT Extract air system only
SUPPLY Supply air system only
NATURAL Natural ventilation, no mechanical system

Quantitative process design data is given by Table 7.

Default data are given in Annex B.

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

Table 7 — Process design input data list

Computed Validity
Characteristics Symbol Unit Ref. Varying
Unit interval
Equivalent area of the air terminal device AATD cm² 0..100 Local No
Surface area of the façades of the ventilation zone Afde m² 0…∞ Local No
Reference area of the envelope airtightness index Alea m² 0…∞ EN 13829 No
qv;∆Plea;ref (depends on national context)
Surface area of the roof of the ventilation zone Aroof m² 0…∞ Local No
2
Cross-sectional area of the passive duct As;pdu m 0…2 Local No
Area of vents Avent cm² 0..100 Local No
2
Maximum window opening area Aw;max m 0…∞ Local No
Pressure coefficient when the cowl is installed at roof Cp;cowl;roof - -1…1 Local No
height (see Annex B.1.3.5)
Wind pressure coefficient for air flow path "i" Cp;path,i - 0…1 Local Yes
Mid-height of the air flow path "i" relative to ventilation
hpath,i m 0…100 Local No
zone floor level
Height of passive duct hpdu m 0…100 Local No
Free area height of the window "i" hw;fa,i m 0…100 Local Yes
Mid-height of the window "i" relative to ventilation zone
hw;path,i m 0…100 Local No
floor level
Mid-height of the part "j" of window "i" relative to
hw;path,i,j m 0…100 Local No
ventilation zone floor level
Height of ventilation zone hz m 0…100 Local No
Air flow exponent for leaks nlea - 0,5…1,0 Local No
Number of windows Nw - 0…∞ Local No
Flow exponent of window nw - 0.5…1 Local No
Number of window divisions Nw;div - 1…∞ Local No
Design zone cooling need to be covered by the QC;des kWh 0…∞ M4-3 Nn
mechanical ventilation system
Design zone heating need to be covered by the QH;des kWh 0…∞ M3-3 No
mechanical ventilation system
3
Envelope airtightness index of the ventilation zone qV;∆Plea;ref m /h 0…∞ EN 13829 No
Correction of cowl pressure factor accounting for height
∆Ccowl;height - -1…1 Local No
above roof level (see Annex B.1.3.6)
Difference of wind pressure coefficients between the
∆Cp - 0…2 Local No
windward and leeward sides
Window orientation (0° = South, 90°= West, 270° = East,
αw - 0°…360° Local No
180°= North)
Window angle (0° = horizontal, 90° = vertical) βw - 0°…90° Local No

Ventilation system effectiveness εV - 0…3 Local Yes

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

6.3.2.2 Control

The process control options are defined given by

 VENT_OAFLOW_CTRL

This identifier indicates how the outdoor air flow is controlled, see Table 8.

Table 8 — Identifiers for VENT_OAFLOW_CTRL

Code Short description Meaning

CONST_OA_FLOW Constant OA flow Constant Outdoor Air flow or OA flow not controlled on zone level

ON/OFF_TIME On/off time control On/off control depending on a given time program (schedule), which has been
programmed in advance by an operator or occupant and is acting on a zone
level device

MULTI_STAGE_TIME Multistage time control Multistage control depending on a given time program (schedule), which has
been programmed in advance by an operator or occupant and is acting on a
zone level device

ON/OFF_SENS_OCC On/off control with On/off control with an occupancy sensor

occupancy sensor

VAR_SENS_PEOPLE Continuous control based on Continuous feed-forward control based on an sensor which counts or estimates
the number of people the number of people in the zone

VAR_SENS_IAQ Continuous control based on Continuous closed loop control based on an IAQ sensor (e.g. CO2 or VOC
an IAQ sensor sensor)

 SUP_TEMP_CTRL: This identifier indicates how the supply temperature is controlled, see Table 9.

Table 9 — Identifiers for SUP_TEMP_CTRL

Code Meaning
NO_CTRL No supply temperature control
CONST Constant supply air temperature
ODA_COMP Variable set point with outdoor temperature compensation
LOAD_COMP Variable set point with load dependent compensation

 SUP_FLW_CTRL: This identifier indicates how the supply flowrate is controlled, see Table 10.

Table 10 — Identifiers for SUP_FLW_CTRL

Code Meaning
ODA Flow rate controlled according to outdoor air requirements only
LOAD Flow rate controlled according to heating/cooling load with a minimum set by outdoor air requirements

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

6.3.3 Operating conditions

Table 11 — Operating conditions data list

Origin
Name Symbol Unit Range Varying
Module

Airing factor (see B.1.3.8) farg - 0…3 Local No

Cross-ventilation factor Fcros - 0 or 1 Local No

Occupation factor focc - 0 .. 1 M1-6 Yes

Supply outdoor air fraction fODA - 0…1 M5-6 Yes

Operation requirement signal (combustion appliance) fop;comb - 0 or 1 Local Yes

Operation requirement signal (ventilation) fop;V - 0…1 Local Yes

Wind speed correction factor (see B.1.4.1) fwnd - 0…1 Local No

Combustion appliance heating fuel input power Ph;fi kW 0…∞ M3-3 Yes
Ventilation zone cooling need to be covered by the QC;req kWh 0…∞ M2-2 Yes
mechanical ventilation system
Ventilation zone heating need to be covered by the QH;req kWh 0…∞ M2-2 Yes
mechanical ventilation system
Thermal zone set point temperature ϑzt;set °C 0…50 M2-2 yes
3
Extract volume flow from a ventilation zone qV;ETA;dis m /h -∞…0 M5-6 Yes
3
Duct leakage volume flow extracted from a ventilation zone qV;lea;ETA;dis m /h -∞…0 M5-6 Yes
3
Duct leakage volume flow going to a ventilation zone qV;lea;SUP;dis m /h 0…∞ M5-6 Yes
Required design air flow rate to be supplied to or extracted
3
from the ventilation zone assuming a ventilation effectiveness qV;ODA;req;des m /h 0…∞ M1-6 Yes
of 1 (perfect mixing).
3
Supply volume flow rate going to ventilation zone qV;SUP;dis m /h 0…∞ M5-6 Yes

Ratio of window area to maximum window opening area Rw;arg - 0,5 Local Yes
Shielding class (see B.1.3.2) SHIELD_CLASS - List Local Yes
External temperature Te K 223…323 M1-13 Yes
Terrain class (see B.1.4.1) TER_CLASS - List Local No
Ventilation zone temperature Tz K 273…323 M2-2 Yes

Meteorological wind speed u10 m/s 0..25 M3-6 Yes

Ventilation system operation VENT_SYS_OP - List Local No

Supply air temperature ϑSUP;dis;out °C -273...∞ M5-6 Yes

6.3.4 Constants and physical data

Constants and physical data are listed in Table 12.

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

Table 12 — Constants and physical data

Name Symbol Unit Value

3
Air volume related specific heat (ρc)a kWh/(m ·K) 0.00034

Coefficient taking into account stack C

st (m/s)/ (m·K) 0,0035
effect
Coefficient taking into account wind C
t m/s 0.01
turbulence
Coefficient taking into account wind C
w 1/(m/s) 0,001
speed
2
Acceleration of gravity g m/s 9.81
Atmospheric pressure patm Pa 100000

Absolute zero temperature T0;abs K -273.15

External reference temperature Te;ref K 283

Reference pressure for the envelope
∆plea;ref Pa 50
airtightness index
3
Air density at 283 K and dry air ρa;ref kg/m 1.23

6.4 Calculation procedure

6.4.1 Applicable time step

This procedure can be used with the following time-steps:

 Hourly

 Monthly

For this method, the output time step is the same as the input time-step.

This method does not take into account any dynamic effect.

This method can be used within a dynamic calculation scheme.

It may be used to obtain instantaneous air flow rates for the specific inputs assuming steady-state conditions.

6.4.2 Operating conditions calculation

6.4.2.1 Air density calculation

The air density at temperature T is given by:

Tref
ρT = ⋅ ρa;ref (1)
T

6.4.2.2 Reference wind speed at site

The meteorological wind speed at 10 m is corrected as follows to obtain the reference wind speed at site:

u site = f wnd ⋅ u10 (2)

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

B.1.4.1 gives default values for fwnd depending on terrain class.

6.4.2.3 Pressure coefficients associated to an air flow path

The pressure coefficients shall be determined for each air flow path taking into account:

 its height on the façade

 the façade exposure to wind (see B.1.3.2).

B.1.3 gives a table to determine pressure coefficients.

6.4.2.4 Pressure difference at an air flow path

The pressure difference between the outside and the inside for air flow path "i" at its level is given by:

∆ppath,i=pe;path,i − p z;path,i (3)

 2 T 
pe;path,i = ρa,ref  0,5 × Cp;path,i ⋅ u site - hpath,i ⋅ g ⋅ e;ref  (4)
 Te 

Te;ref
p z;path,i = p z;ref − ρa,ref ⋅ hpath,i ⋅ g ⋅ (5)
Tz

External pressure at the floor level of the ventilation zone is taken equal to 0.

6.4.2.5 Mechanical ventilation air condition calculations

6.4.2.5.1 Required supply air temperature

The required supply air temperature provided to the ventilation zone in case of local load dependent control is
given by:

if SUP_TEMP_CTRL = LOAD_COMP

QH;req QC;req
ϑSUP;dis;out;req = ϑzt;set + − (6)
ρ a ca ⋅ q V;SUP;dis ⋅ t ci ρ a ca ⋅ q V;SUP;dis ⋅ t ci

else ϑSUP;dis;out;req is not determined.

with

ϑzt;set °C thermal zone set point temperature;

QH;req kWh heating energy to be supplied to the thermal zone by the ventilation system at the
current time step;

QC;req kWh heating energy to be extracted from the thermal zone by the ventilation system at
the current time step;

NOTE 1: Value is only needed in M5-6 in case of SUP_TEMP_CTRL = LOAD_COMP.

NOTE 2: It is assumed that either the required heating or the required cooling energy is 0.

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

NOTE 3: This calculation requires that the thermal and ventilation zone are identical.

6.4.3 Calculation of air flow rates

6.4.3.1 General

All equations of Clause 6 apply to a single ventilation zone the pressure of which at floor level can be
considered as homogenous and equal to pz;ref. The technical report CEN/TR 16798-8 gives guidance to
assess the relevance of this assumption.

The resolution scheme is as follows:

 Establish the equations giving the air flow rates for a given internal reference pressure through:

 Mechanical ventilation systems

 Passive duct or hybrid duct systems

 Combustion appliances

 Windows opening

 Vents, i.e., openings in the external envelope intended for ventilation (other than windows)

 Envelope leakage

 Other air paths through the ventilation zone boundary

 Calculate the internal reference pressure for the ventilation zone pz;ref balancing mass air flow rates
leaving and entering the ventilation zone

 Calculate the air flow rates for this internal reference pressure

If the ventilation zone is divided into elementary spaces, equations of 6.4.3 shall be applied for each
elementary space and the air flow rates between elementary spaces shall be taken into account in the mass
balance equations of the airflows. Additional information is given in the technical report CEN/TR 16798-8 to
consider this case.

6.4.3.2 Mechanical airflow calculation

6.4.3.2.1 Required outdoor ventilation air flow rates for energy calculations

The required outdoor air flow rate is given by:

f ctrl ⋅ f sys
q V;ODA;req = ⋅ q V;ODA;req;des (7)
εV

with

fsys - the uncertainty in the delivered air flow rate compared to the desired air flow
rate;

εV - ventilation effectiveness, as defined in prEN 16798-3 (EN 13779 rev.);

3
qV;ODA;req;des m /h design outdoor air flow rate.

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

For hourly calculations, the control factor is calculated as follows:

 If VENT_OAFLOW_CTRL = CONST_OA_FLOW

fctrl = 1 (8)

 else if VENT_OAFLOW_CTRL = ON/OFF_TIME or MULTI_STAGE_TIME

fctrl = fop;V (9)

 else if VENT_OAFLOW_CTRL = ON/OFF_SENS_OCC

 if focc > 0

fctrl = 1

 else

fctrl = 0 (10)

 else

f ctrl = f occ + f sens ⋅ (1 − f occ ) (11)

with

fop;V - ventilation system operation signal;

focc - occupancy factor, from occupancy patterns;

fsens - correction factor for the sensor quality. Annex B gives default values.

For monthly calculations fctrl shall be taken from tabled values. The technical report CEN/TR 16798-8 gives
additional information to estimate fctrl for various control options.

Annex B gives a default value.

6.4.3.2.2 Required outdoor air flow rates at air terminal devices

If VENT_SYS_OP= BALANCED

qV;SUP;req = qV;ODA;req (12)

q V;ETA;req = −q V;ODA;req (13)

If VENT_SYS_OP=EXHAUST

qV;SUP;req = 0 (14)

q V;ETA;req = −q V;ODA;req (15)

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

If VENT_SYS_OP=SUPPLY

qV;SUP;req = qV;ODA;req (16)

q V;ETA;req = 0 (17)

If VENT_SYS_OP=NATURAL

qV;SUP;req = 0 (18)

q V;ETA;req = 0 (19)

6.4.3.2.3 Mechanical air flow rates to the ventilation zone required to be distributed through air
terminal devices

The mechanical air flow rates required to be supplied to the ventilation zone through the air terminal devices
of the distribution system are calculated by:

If SUP_FLW_CTRL = ODA

qV;SUP;dis;req = f op;V ⋅ qV;SUP;req (20)

q V;ETA;dis;req = f op;V ⋅ q V;ETA;req (21)

else

 QH;req QC;req 
q V;SUP;dis;req = f op;V ⋅ max ; ; q V;SUP;req  (22)
 ρ a ca (ϑSUP;dis;out − Tz + T0;abs ) t ci ρ a ca (Tz − T0;abs − ϑSUP;dis;out ) t ci 

 if VENT_SYS_OP = BALANCED

qV;ETA;dis;req = qV;SUP;dis;req (23a)

 else

qV;ETA;dis;req = 0 (24a)

NOTE If SUP_FLW_CTRL = LOAD then VENT_SYS_OP must be BALANCED or SUPPLY.

The maximum design mechanical air flow rates required to be supplied to the ventilation zone through the air
terminal devices of the distribution system are calculated by:

 QH;des QC;des 
q V;SUP;dis;max.des = max ; ; q V;ODA;req;des  (25)
 ρ a ca (ϑSUP;dis;out − Tz + T0;abs ) t ci ρ a ca (Tz − T0;abs − ϑSUP;dis;out ) t ci 

6.4.3.2.4 Supply outdoor air flow rate

The supply outdoor air flow rate provided to the ventilation zone is given by:

q V;ODA;dis = f ODA ⋅ q V;SUP;dis (26)

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 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

6.4.3.3 Passive and hybrid duct ventilation

6.4.3.3.1 General

The air flow rate through a passive duct is characterised by:

 The pressure loss at the internal air terminal devices

 The pressure losses in the ductwork

 The pressure loss at the cowl

 The useful height for stack effect

6.4.3.3.2 Pressure loss at internal air terminal devices

The pressure loss at an internal air terminal device shall be characterised taking into account the total air flow
rate passing through the device:

1
 q V;pdu  nATD
∆pATD = − sign(q V;pdu )⋅   (27)
 CATD 
 
or, for externally mounted air transfer devices, by the test results according to EN 13141-1 and EN 13141-2 if
applicable.

The coefficient of the air terminal device may be calculated from the equivalent area AATD value, according to
EN 13141-1 and EN 13141-2, as follows:

0,5 nATD −0 , 5
3600  2   1 
C ATD = × CD;ATD ⋅ AATD ⋅  
 ⋅  
 (28)
10000  ρ a;ref   ∆pATD;ref 

6.4.3.3.3 Pressure losses in the ductwork

A method shall be defined at national level to calculate the pressure drop through the ductwork ∆ppdu from the
inside space to the outside near the cowl or passive duct outlet.

The pressure drop of linear ducts, take-off and singularities shall be calculated. If they are unknown, they may
be estimated according to CR 14378.

6.4.3.3.4 Cowl characteristics and corrections according to roof angle and position and height of
the cowl

A cowl is characterized with 2 coefficients derived by tests performed according to EN 13141-5:

 Its pressure drop ζcowl in no-wind condition;

 Its pressure factor Ccowl which is a function of vertical wind approach angle and air speed in the duct.

The pressure factor taken at the roof outlet or cowl Ccowl;tot is given by:

Ccowl;tot = Ccowl + Cp;cowl;roof + ∆Ccowl;height (29)

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

B.1.3.5 and B.1.3.6 give default values for Cp;roof;cowl and ∆Ccowl;height respectively.

The pressure drop at the cowl is:

If usite = 0

2
1  qV;pdu 
∆pcowl = − × sign(qV;pdu ) ⋅ ζ cowl ⋅ ρ a;ref ⋅  (30)
2  3600 ⋅ As;pdu 
 
Else

1
∆p cowl = − × sign(q V;pdu ) ⋅ C cowl;tot ⋅ ρ a;ref ⋅ u site
2
(31)
2

6.4.3.3.5 Overall calculation

A procedure shall be used to solve the following equation:

∆pATD + ∆ppdu + ∆pcowl = pz;ref + hpdu;st ⋅ g ⋅ (ρ a;e − ρ a;z ) (32)

If q V;pdu ≥ 0 (cf. 6.4.3.3.2)

q V;pdu;in =q V;pdu (33)

q V;pdu;out = 0 (34)

Else

q V;pdu;in = 0 (35)

q V;pdu;out =q V;pdu (36)

6.4.3.3.6 Switching to mechanical ventilation

Conditions shall be defined at national level to switch to mechanical ventilation. These may be based on wind
velocity and temperature difference between the elementary spaces considered and the outside.

6.4.3.4 Combustion air flows

The additional outside air flow rate needed for the operation of the combustion appliance qv;comb shall be
calculated from the following:

q V;comb = 3,6 × f op;comb . f as . f ff .Ph;fi (37)

If the appliance is on:

 fop;comb = 1 (38)

24
 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

 qV;comb;in = 0 (39)

 qV;comb;out = −qV;comb (40)

 The air temperature associated with qV;comb;out is the ventilation zone temperature.

If the appliance is off:

 fop;comb = 0 (41)

 The flue shall be considered as vertical passive duct (see 6.4.3.3).

Data for appliance system factors are given in B.1.2.3.

6.4.3.5 Airflow due to windows opening

6.4.3.5.1 General

The air flow rates due to windows opening may be calculated using any of the following options:

 Direct simplified calculation using required air flow rates as inputs

 Direct calculation using wind velocity and temperature difference as inputs

 Iterative calculation using internal reference pressure as input

6.4.3.5.2 Window opening free area

The window opening free area is given by:

Aw = Rw;arg ⋅ Aw;max (42)

The total windows area is given by:

Nw
Aw;tot = ∑ Aw (43)
i =1

6.4.3.5.3 Simplified calculation

With this option, the air flow rate entering the ventilation zone through windows opening is:

ρ a;ref
qV;arg;in = f ⋅q (44)
ρ a;e arg V;ODA;req

The air flow rate leaving the ventilation zone through windows opening is:

ρ a;ref
qV;arg;out = − f ⋅q (45)
ρ a;z arg V;ODA;req

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

6.4.3.5.4 Direct calculation of ventilation through windows using wind velocity and temperature
difference as inputs

6.4.3.5.4.1 General

With this option, the calculation depends whether the singled-sided ventilation occurs or not.

Annex B.1.3.9 gives default values for fcros.

Both for single-sided and cross-ventilation, the wind speed used to calculate the air flow rates due to airing
may differ from the meteorological wind speed.

The useful height for stack effect for airing is given by:

 h   h 
hw;st = max i =1 to N w  hw;path,i + w;fa,i  − min i =1 to N w  hw;path,i − w;fa,i  (46)
 2   2 

6.4.3.5.4.2 Single-sided ventilation

The air flow rate entering the ventilation zone through windows opening is:

ρ a;ref Aw;tot
⋅ (Ct + C w ⋅ u 2 + Cst ⋅ hw;st ⋅ abs (Tz − Te ))
0,5
qV;arg;in = 3600 × ⋅ (47)
ρ a;e 2 10

The air flow rate leaving the ventilation zone through windows opening is:

ρ a;ref Aw;tot
⋅ (Ct + C w ⋅ u 2 + Cst ⋅ hw;st ⋅ abs (Tz − Te ))
0,5
qV;arg;out = −3600 × ⋅ (48)
ρ a;z 2 10

6.4.3.5.4.3 Cross-ventilation

The air flow rate entering the ventilation zone through windows opening is:

0.5
 2

qV;arg;in
ρ
= 3600 × a;ref 

(
⋅ CD;w ⋅ Aw;cros ⋅ u10 ⋅ (∆Cp )
0,5 2
+ )
 Aw;tot 0,5  
⋅ (Cst ⋅ hw;st ⋅ abs (Tz − Te ))  (49)
ρ a;e   2  

The air flow rate leaving the ventilation zone through windows opening is:

0.5
 2

qV;arg;out
ρ
= −3600 × a;ref 

(
⋅ CD;w ⋅ Aw;cros ⋅ u10 ⋅ (∆Cp )
0,5 2
+  )
 Aw;tot 0,5  
⋅ (Cst ⋅ hw;st ⋅ abs (Tz − Te ))  (50)
ρ a;e   2  

Aw;cros is given by the following procedure:

For i = 1 to 2

For j = 1 to 4

Aw;ori,j = 0

26
 prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

α ref = (i − 1)× 45° + ( j − 1)× 90°

α max = α ref + 45° (51)
α min = α ref − 45°

For k = 1 to Nw,

if α min ≤ α w ,k < α max and β w ,k ≥ 60° : Aw;ori,j = Aw;ori,j + Aw ;k (52)

End For k

End For j

 
 
1  1 
Aw;cros,i = × ∑   (53)
4 j =1to 4  1 1 
+
A w;ori, j >0


2
Aw;ori, j (A w;tot − Aw;ori, j )
2 

End For i

Aw;cros = min ( Aw;cros;1; Aw;cros;2 ) (54)

6.4.3.5.5 Iterative calculation of ventilation through windows using internal pressure as input

With this option, the air flow rate for each part "j" of a window "i" (delimited by a division, see Nw;div) is given
by:

C w; path,i
⋅ sign(∆pw;div;path,i , j ) ⋅ ∆pw;div;path,i , j
nw
qV ;w;div;path,i,j = Rw;arg ⋅ (55)
N w;div + 1

nw
 2 
C w; path,i = 3600 × CD;w ⋅ Aw,i ⋅   (56)

 ρ a;ref 

The height to be considered for ∆pw;div;path,i ,j is:

hw;fa,i hw;fa,i hw;fa,i

hw;div;path,i , j = hw;path,i − + + ( j − 1) (57)
2 2 × (N w;div + 1) (N w;div + 1)

The air flow rate entering the ventilation zone through windows opening is the sum of positive airflows through
the windows parts:

qV;arg;in = ∑∑q qV;w;div;path,i,j (58)

v; w;div;path,i,j > 0
i, j

The air flow rate leaving the ventilation zone through windows opening is the sum of negative air flow rates
through the windows parts:

q V;arg;out = ∑∑q q V;w;div;path,i,j (59)

v; w; div;path,i,j < 0
i, j

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

6.4.3.6 Airflow through vents and envelope leakage

6.4.3.6.1 General

The air flow rates through leaks shall be calculated iteratively solving for the internal reference pressure.

6.4.3.6.2 Distribution of vents

The vents shall be distributed to obtain a set of flow characteristics (Cvent;path,i) for given couples of heights
and wind pressure coefficient values (h, Cp). This distribution shall be done at elementary space level if
airflows between elementary spaces of the ventilation zone are considered. Default values are given in
B.1.3.13.

6.4.3.6.3 Envelope leakage distribution

The envelope leakage shall be distributed to obtain a set of leakage coefficients (Clea;path,i) for given couples
of heights and wind pressure coefficient values (h, Cp). This distribution shall be done at elementary space
level if airflows between elementary spaces of the ventilation zone are considered. Default values are given in
B.1.3.17.

6.4.3.6.4 Airflow through vents (openings in the external envelope intended for ventilation (other
than windows)

For each couple "i" of height and wind pressure coefficient associated with vents, the air flow rate is given
either by:

qV ;vent;path,i = C vent;path,i ⋅ sign(∆pvent;path,i ) ⋅ ∆pvent;path,i

nvent
(60)

or, for externally mounted air transfer devices, by the test results according to EN 13141-1 and EN 13141-2 if
applicable.

The coefficient of the vent may be calculated from the equivalent area Avent value, according to EN 13141-1
and EN 13141-2, as follows:

0,5 nvent −0 , 5
3600  2   1 
Cvent = × CD;vent ⋅ Avent ⋅  
 ⋅  
 (61)
10000  ρ a;ref   ∆pvent;ref 
The air flow rate entering the ventilation zone through vents is the sum of positive airflows through the vents:

qv;vent;in = ∑q v;vent;path,i
qv;vent;path,i >0
(62)

The air flow rate leaving the ventilation zone through vents is the sum of negative airflows through the vents:

qv;vent;out = ∑q v;vent;path,i
qv;vent;path,i <0
(63)

6.4.3.6.5 Air flow through leaks

For each couple "i" of height and wind pressure coefficient used to characterize the envelope leakage
distribution, the air flow rate is given by:

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qV ;lea:path,i = Clea;path,i ⋅ sign(∆plea;path,i ) ⋅ ∆plea;path,i

nlea
(64)

The air flow rate entering the ventilation zone through leaks is the sum of positive airflows through the leaks:

q V;lea;in = ∑q V;lea;path,i
qV;lea;path >0
(65)

The air flow rate leaving the ventilation zone through leaks is the sum of negative airflows through the leaks:

qV;lea;out = ∑q V;lea;path,i
qv;lea;path <0
(66)

6.4.3.7 Other air paths through the ventilation zone

If applicable, other airflows supplied to or extracted from the ventilation zone may be taken into account.

6.4.3.8 Conversion to mass air flow rates

A volume air flow rate q shall be converted to a mass air flow rate qm with the following equation:

If q ≥ 0 , qm = ρ a;e ⋅ q (67)

Else qm = ρ a;z ⋅ q (68)

6.4.3.9 Mass balance for iterative calculations

The internal reference pressure used to calculate the mass air flow rates shall be calculated by solving the
following mass balance equation:,

qm;V;SUP;dis + qm;V;ETA;dis + qm;V;lea;SUP;dis + qm;V;lea;ETA;dis

+ qm;V;comb;in + qm;V;comb;out + qm;V;pdu;in + qm;V;pdu;out + qm;V;arg;in + qm;V;arg;out (69)
+ qm;V;vent;in + qm;V;vent;out + qm;V;lea;in + qm;V;lea;out = 0

with the internal reference pressure pz;ref as unknown.

The volumetric or mass air flow rate entering or leaving the ventilation zone through each path described in
6.1 can be obtained by substituting the calculated pz;ref in the relevant equations.

6.4.3.10 Total air flow rate entering and leaving the ventilation zone

The total mass air flow rate:

 entering each ventilation zone is the sum of the positive airflows

 leaving each ventilation zone is the sum of the negative airflows.

The total volume air flow rates are:

qm;V;tot;in
q V;tot;in = (70)
ρ a;e

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qm;V;tot;out
q V;tot;out = (71)
ρ a;z

NOTE: These values are only needed for quality assurance.

7 Method 2 – Determination of air flow rates based on statistical approach

7.1 Output data

The output data are the total air flow rates entering and leaving the ventilation zone. These air flow rates may
be divided into air flow rates through:

 Mechanical ventilation systems

 Passive duct systems

 Combustion appliances

 Windows opening

 Vents, i.e., openings in the external envelope intended for ventilation (other than windows)

 Envelope leakage

Air entering the ventilation zone or a given elementary space is counted positive (air leaving is counted
negative).

7.2 Calculation time steps

The calculation time step can be:

 Monthly

 Hourly.

The calculation time steps shall be consistent with the scope and limits of the statistical approach.

7.3 Input data

The input data are to be defined at national level. The definition of the input data shall be based on a statistical
analysis showing the correlation between the input and output data and the relevance of the proposed method.

The following rules shall be fulfilled for the statistical analysis:

 The scope shall be specified (for example, detached houses, specified ventilation systems, etc.),

 The limits of the statistical analysis shall be stated,

 All specific assumptions (such as indoor temperature) or data (for example climate) shall be clearly
described,

 The set of cases used for the statistical analysis shall be clearly described,

 The input data and assumptions shall be described, including user patterns;

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 The results of the statistical approach shall be compared to the reference ones for the set of cases taken
into account in the statistical analysis

 If the analysis is based on method 1, the remaining input data shall be all or a subset of the ones
described in method 1. For the input data of method 1 not taken into account, the default value used shall be
specified.

7.4 Calculation procedure

The body who has derived the method shall give in a publically available report with two parts:

7.4.1 Description of the statistically based simplified method

This part shall give:

 The field of application,

 The input data,

 The calculation method,

 The output data.

7.4.2 Justification of the method

If the basis for the statistical approach is the calculation of air flow rates through method 1, it shall be possible
to redo and check the calculation.

If the basis for the statistical approach is the field or laboratory measurement of air flow rates, the
measurement data shall be provided.

This part shall give:

 Definition of the cases taken into account for the statistical analysis, including:

 Default values for the input data not kept in the statistical method;

 Range of values for the input data kept in the statistical approach;

 Results of the different test cases (called reference results);

 Description of the simplified approach and comparison of the reference results;

 Indication on the level of accuracy based on the comparison.

8 Quality control
The calculation report shall:

 state the time step, methods and options used for the calculation

 list all input data

 list all output data of Table 4 transferred to other modules

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 besides the output values of Table 4 transferred to other modules, include the values of the total volume
air flow rates are qv;tot;in and qv;tot;out

 in method 1, give an estimate of the convergence of the mass balance, for instance with normalized
residuals of equation (61)

Quality control shall include:

 checking that all inputs and outputs are in their expected range

 in method 1, checking that the mass balance is obtained with a reasonable degree of convergence

9 Compliance check

Compliance check performed in the context of an energy performance regulation may be based on checks
performed on a selection of input data, in particular those for which a minimum requirement is set at national
level, and/or those that have a significant weight on the calculated energy use.

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Annex A
(normative)

Template for input data and choices

A.1 Method 1

A.1.1 Product description data

Not applicable.

A.1.2 Product technical data

A.1.2.1 Discharge coefficient for vents, air terminal devices, windows

The default values for the discharge coefficients are:

CD;vent =

CD;ATD =

CD;w=

A.1.2.2 Airflow exponent for vents, air terminal devices, windows

The default values for the air flow exponents are:

nvent =

nATD =

nw =

A.1.2.3 Combustion air flows factors

The combustion appliance system factor is given in Table A.1

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Table A.1 — Data for appliance system factor

Appliance
Combustion air Flue gas Typical combustion system factor
supply situation exhaust situation appliance system fas

Combustion air is taken from Flue gases are exhausted into • Kitchen stove
room air room
• Gas appliance
according to CEN/TR
1749 Type A

Combustion air is taken from Flue gases are exhausted into • Open fire place
room air separate duct
• Gas appliance according
to CEN/TR1749 Type B

Combustion air is taken from Flue gases are exhausted in • Specific gas appliance
room air duct simultaneously with
mechanical ventilation exhaust
air
Combustion air is delivered Flue gases are exhausted into a • Gas appliance according
directly from outside in a separate duct to CEN/TR 1749 Type C
separate duct, sealed from (room air sealed systems)
room air
• Closed fire place (wood,
coal or wood/coal-effect
gas fire)

For residential buildings, the fuel flow factors for combustion air flow are given in Table A.2

Table A.2 — Data for fuel flow factor

Fuel type Wood, Gas Oil Coal

Appliance open fire closed open gas open gas open gas closed closed fire
type place with built in with flue kitchen stove wood/coal fire
fan balancer effect gas fire
Fuel flow
factor, fff
[l/s per kW]

A.1.2.4 Mechanical ventilation

For the calculations of the mechanical system ventilation air flow rates, the default values are as follows:

fsens: see Table A.3

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Table A.3 — Default values for fsens depending on control and sensor type

VENT_OAFLOW_CTRL Sensor type fsens

VAR_SENS_PEOPLE

VAR_SENS_IAQ

fsys =

A.1.3 System design data

A.1.3.1 Supply temperature control

A.1.3.2 Exposure to wind

This identifier indicates the exposure to wind of an air flow path on a facade.

Identifier code: SHIELD_CLASS

Table A.4 — Identifiers for SHIELD_CLASS

Code Meaning
Open
Normal
Shielded

A.1.3.3 Pressure coefficients associated to an air flow path

Table A.5 gives Cp values for transverse ventilation zones depending on the height of the path on the façade
and its shielding class.

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Table A.5 — Dimensionless wind pressures

Shielding Dimensionless wind pressures Cp

Height of air class
flow path on
façade Windward Leeward Roof (depending on slope)
Cp1 Cp2 Cp3
< 10° 10°-30°° > 30°

Low Open
hpath< 15 m

Normal
Shielded
Medium Open
15 ≤ hpath < 50 m Normal

Shielded
High Open
hpath ≥ 50 m

NOTE The wind pressure coefficients given are valid for a wind sector of approx. ± 60° to the facade axis. The
wind direction is not considered more specifically.

Table A.6 gives default Cp values for non-transverse ventilation zones.

Table A.6 — Dimensionless wind pressures for non-transverse ventilation zones

Windward Leeward Roof

A.1.3.4 Difference of wind pressure coefficients

The value for the difference of wind pressure coefficients between the windward and the leeward sides of the
ventilation zone is estimated with one of the options below:

 Using values from A1.3.3

 Using a constant value, which by default is set to ∆Cp=

A.1.3.5 Pressure coefficient of the cowl at roof height

The default value for the pressure coefficient of the cowl at roof height is:

Cp;cowl;roof = .

A.1.3.6 Correction coefficient for accounting for height of cowl above roof level

Table A.7 provides default values for ∆Ccowl;height values. By default, these values do not depend on the
distance to the roof top and the wind angle of attack.

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Table A.7 — Examples of ∆Ccowl;height values

Above roof height of

∆Ccowl;height
the roof outlet in m
< 0,5 m
0,5 –1,0 m
>1m

A.1.3.7 Ventilation effectiveness

The default value is:

εV =

A.1.3.8 Airing factor

This factor has to be defined at national level especially if a window opening is considered as a possible
ventilation system alone.

The default value is:

farg =.

A.1.3.9 Cross-ventilation factor

Cross-ventilation may be considered in a ventilation zone if doors can be opened between two facades with
different orientations of the external envelope of the ventilation zone.

Table A.8 gives default values for the cross-ventilation factor based on building categories.

In the case of an apartment bloc, by default:

If at least half of the floor area of the ventilation zone can be cross-ventilated, fcros =

Else, fcros=

Table A.8 — Cross-ventilation factor

Building type Cross-ventilation factor, fcros

Single family houses of different types

Apartment bloc
Office buildings
Educational buildings
Hospitals
Hotels and restaurants
Sport facilities
Wholesale and retail trade services buildings
Other types of energy consuming buildings

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A.1.3.10 Number of window divisions

The default value for the number of window divisions is:

Nw;div =

A.1.3.11 Stack effect in passive and hybrid duct

The default useful height of stack effect depends on air transfers between levels of the ventilation zone:

 If there is no air transfer between levels of the ventilation zone or its height is smaller or equal to 3 m:

hpdu;st=

 Else:

hpdu;st =

A.1.3.12 Stack effect in ventilation zone for direct method

Default value of hst is:

hst=

A.1.3.13 Distribution of vents

The default distribution of vents is given by Table A.9.

Table A.9 — Vents

Windward facade Leeward facade

Air path height = 0,25 hz Cvent;path = Cvent;path =

Air path height = 0,75 hz Cvent;path = Cvent;path =

A.1.3.14 Reference pressure for the envelope airtightness index

The default value is:

∆plea;ref =

A.1.3.15 Flow exponent through leaks

The default value is:

nlea =

A.1.3.16 Leakage coefficient of the ventilation zone

Alea
Clea = qV;Δplea;ref nlea
(A.1)
∆plea; ref

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A.1.3.17 Envelope leakage distribution

The default leakage distribution is given in Table A.10.

Table A.10 — Envelope leakage distribution

Windward façade Leeward façade Roof

Path height = 0,25 hz
Path height = 0,75 hz
Path height = hz

A.1.4 Operating conditions data

A.1.4.1 Wind speed correction factor

Table A.11 gives default values for the wind speed correction factor.

Table A.11 — Correction factor fwnd

Terrain class, fwnd

TER_CLASS

Open terrain
Country
Urban/City

A.1.4.2 Ventilation system operation

Table A.12 — Identifiers for VENT_SYS_OP

Code Meaning

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Annex B
(informative)

Default input Data

B.1 Method 1

B.1.1 Product description data

Not applicable.

B.1.2 Product technical data

B.1.2.1 Discharge coefficient for vents, air terminal devices, windows

The default values for the discharge coefficients are:

CD;vent = 0,6

CD;ATD = 0,6

CD;w = 0,67

B.1.2.2 Airflow exponent for vents, air terminal devices, windows

The default values for the air flow exponents are:

nvent = 0,5

nATD = 0,5

nw = 0,5

B.1.2.3 Combustion air flows factors

The combustion appliance system factor is given in Table B.1.

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Table B.1 — Data for appliance system factor

Appliance
Combustion air Flue gas Typical combustion
system
supply situation exhaust situation appliance system factor fas

Combustion air is taken from Flue gases are exhausted into • Kitchen stove 0
room air room
• Gas appliance according to
CEN/TR 1749 Type A
Combustion air is taken from Flue gases are exhausted into • Open fire place 1
room air separate duct
• Gas appliance according to
CEN/TR1749 Type B
Combustion air is taken from Flue gases are exhausted in duct • Specific gas appliance See note
room air simultaneously with mechanical
ventilation exhaust air
Combustion air is delivered Flue gases are exhausted into a • Gas appliance according to 0
directly from outside in a separate duct CEN/TR 1749 Type C
separate duct, sealed from room (room air sealed systems)
air
• Closed fire place (wood,
coal or wood/coal-effect
gas fire)
NOTE Considered as a mechanical extraction system, but with variable air flow, depending of both the exhaust
and the combustion appliance.

For residential buildings, the fuel flow factors for combustion air flow are given in Table B.2.

Table B.2 — Data for fuel flow factor

Fuel type Wood Gas Oil Coal

open fire Closed with open gas with open gas open gas/wood/coal
Appliance type closed fire closed fire
place built in fan flue balancer kitchen stove effect gas fire
Fuel flow factor,
2,8 0,38 0,78 3,35 3,35 0,32 0,52
fff [l/s per kW]

B.1.2.4 Mechanical ventilation

For the calculations of the mechanical system ventilation air flow rates, the default values are as follows:

fsens: see Table B.3

Table B.3 — Default values for fsens depending on control and sensor type

VENT_OAFLOW_CTRL Sensor type fsens

VAR_SENS_PEOPLE 0

VAR_SENS_IAQ CO2 0

other (e.g. or VOC) 0.5

fsys = 1,2

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B.1.3 System design data

B.1.3.1 Supply temperature control

B.1.3.2 Exposure to wind

This identifier indicates the exposure to wind of an air flow path on a facade.

Identifier code: SHIELD_CLASS

Table B.4 — Identifiers for SHIELD_CLASS

Code Meaning
Open No obstruction
Normal Partially shielded from wind
Shielded Shielded from wind

B.1.3.3 Pressure coefficients associated to an air flow path

Table B.5 gives Cp values for transverse ventilation zones depending on the height of the path on the façade
and its shielding class.

Table B.5 — Dimensionless wind pressures

Shielding
Height of air Dimensionless wind pressures Cp
class
flow path on
façade Windward Leeward Roof (depending on slope)
Cp1 Cp2 Cp3
< 10° 10°-30°° > 30°

Low
Open + 0,50 - 0,70 - 0,70 - 0,60 - 0,20
hpath < 15 m

Normal + 0,25 - 0,50 - 0,60 - 0,50 - 0,20

Shielded + 0,05 - 0,30 - 0,50 - 0,40 - 0,20
Medium Open + 0,65 - 0,70 - 0,70 - 0,60 - 0,20
15 ≤ hpath < 50 m Normal + 0,45 - 0,50 - 0,60 - 0,50 - 0,20
Shielded + 0,25 - 0,30 - 0,50 - 0,40 - 0,20
High
Open + 0,80 - 0,70 - 0,70 - 0,60 - 0,20
hpath ≥ 50 m

NOTE The wind pressure coefficients given are valid for a wind sector of approx. ± 60° to the facade axis. The
wind direction is not considered more specifically.

Table B.6 gives default Cp values for non-transverse ventilation zones.

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Table B.6 — Dimensionless wind pressures for non-transverse ventilation zones

Windward Leeward Roof

0,05 - 0,05 0

B.1.3.4 Difference of wind pressure coefficients

The value for the difference of wind pressure coefficients between the windward and the leeward sides of the
ventilation zone is estimated with one of the options below:

 Using values from B.1.3.3

 Using a constant value, which by default is set to ∆Cp = 0,75

B.1.3.5 Pressure coefficient of the cowl at roof height

The default value for the pressure coefficient of the cowl at roof height is:

Cp;cowl;roof = 0.

B.1.3.6 Correction coefficient for accounting for height of cowl above roof level

Table B.7 provides default values for ∆Ccowl;height values. By default, these values do not depend on the
distance to the roof top and the wind angle of attack.

Table B.7 — Examples of ∆Ccowl;height values

Above roof height of ∆Ccowl;height

the roof outlet in m
< 0,5 m - 0,0
0,5 –1,0 m - 0,1
>1m - 0,2

B.1.3.7 Ventilation effectiveness

The default value is:

εV = 1

B.1.3.8 Airing factor

This factor has to be defined at national level especially if a window opening is considered as a possible
ventilation system alone.

The default value is:

farg = 1.8.

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B.1.3.9 Cross-ventilation factor

Cross-ventilation may be considered in a ventilation zone if doors can be opened between two facades with
different orientations of the external envelope of the ventilation zone.

Table B.8 gives default values for the cross-ventilation factor based on building categories.

In the case of an apartment bloc, by default:

If at least half of the floor area of the ventilation zone can be cross-ventilated, fcros = 1

Else, fcros = 0

Table B.8 — Cross-ventilation factor

Building type Cross-ventilation factor, fcros

Single family houses of different types 1

Apartment bloc Depends on configuration
Office buildings 0
Educational buildings 1
Hospitals 0
Hotels and restaurants 0
Sport facilities 1
Wholesale and retail trade services buildings 1
Other types of energy consuming buildings 0

B.1.3.10 Number of window divisions

The default value for the number of window divisions is:

Nw;div= 1

B.1.3.11 Stack effect in passive and hybrid duct

The default useful height of stack effect depends on air transfers between levels of the ventilation zone:

 If there is no air transfer between levels of the ventilation zone or its height is smaller or equal to 3 m:

hpdu;st = hpdu + 2 (B.1)

 Else:

hpdu;st = hz + 2 (B.2)

B.1.3.12 Stack effect in ventilation zone for direct method

Default value of hst is:

hst = 0,7 × hz (B.3)

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B.1.3.13 Distribution of vents

The default distribution is based on a vent coefficient for the ventilation zone estimated with:

C vent = ∑C
all vents
vent;path,i (B.4)

The default distribution of vents is given by Table B.9.

Table B.9 — Vents

Windward facade Leeward facade

Air path height = 0,25 hz Cvent;path = 0,25 Cvent Cvent;path = 0,25 Cvent

Air path height = 0,75 hz Cvent;path = 0,25 Cvent Cvent;path = 0,25 Cvent

B.1.3.14 Reference pressure for the envelope airtightness index

The default value is:

∆plea;ref = 50 Pa

B.1.3.15 Flow exponent through leaks

The default value is:

nlea = 0,667

B.1.3.16 Leakage coefficient of the ventilation zone

Alea
Clea = qV;Δplea;ref nlea
(B.5)
∆plea; ref

B.1.3.17 Envelope leakage distribution

The default envelope leakage distribution is based on:

 the leakage coefficient of the ventilation zone

 the leakage coefficient of the façades, which is estimated to be proportional to the ratio of surface area of
the façade to that of the facades plus the roof

 the leakage coefficient of the roof, which is estimated to be proportional to the ratio of surface area of the
roof to that of the facades plus the roof

The leakage coefficient of the façade is estimated with:

Afde
Clea;fde = Clea ⋅ (B.6)
Afde + Aroof

The leakage of the roof is given by:

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prEN 16798-7:2014 (E)

Aroof
Clea;roof = Clea ⋅ (B.7)
Afde + Aroof

The default leakage distribution is given in Table B.10.

Table B.10 — Envelope leakage distribution

Windward facade Leeward façade Roof

Path height = 0,25 hz 0,25 Clea;fde 0,25 Clea;fde -

Path height = 0,75 hz 0,25 Clea;fde 0,25 Clea;fde -

Path height = hz - - Clea;roof

B.1.4 Operating conditions data

B.1.4.1 Wind speed correction factor

Table B.11 gives default values for the wind speed correction factor.

Table B.11 — Correction factor fwnd

Terrain class,
fwnd
TER_CLASS

Open terrain 1,0

Country 0,9
Urban/City 0,8

B.1.4.2 Ventilation system operation

Table B.12 — Identifiers for VENT_SYS_OP

Code Meaning
BALANCED Air is supplied to and exhausted from the space mechanically
EXHAUST Air is exhausted from the space mechanically; air is supplied naturally to the space
SUPPLY Air is supplied to the space mechanically; air is exhausted naturally from to the space
NATURAL Air is naturally supplied to and exhausted from the space

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Bibliography

[1] CEN/TR 16798-8 —Energy performance of buildings — Module M5-5 —Ventilation in building —
Emission & Control

[2] CEN/TR 1749, European scheme for the classification of gas appliances according to the method of
evacuation of the products of combustion (Types)

[3] EN 13053, Ventilation for buildings — Air handling units — Rating and performance for units,
components and sections

[4] EN 13141-1, Ventilation for buildings — Performance testing of components/products for residential
ventilation — Part 1 Externally and internally mounted air transfer devices

[5] EN 13141-2, Ventilation for buildings — Performance testing of components/products for residential
ventilation — Part 2: Exhaust and supply air terminal devices

[6] CR 14378, Ventilation for buildings — Experimental determination of mechanical energy loss
coefficients of air handling components

[7] EN ISO 15927-1, Hygrothermal performance of buildings — Calculation and presentation of climatic
data — Part 1: Monthly means of single meteorological elements (ISO 15927-1:2003)

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