SCIENCE 5 1ST QUARTER NOTES

Scientists (experts) nature

study

demonstrate

Science process skills Scientific attitudes

and values

include like

Curiosity
Integrated Objectivity
Basic process skills
Process skills Honesty
Patience
such as such as Determination
Acceptance of failure
Observing Formulating hypothesis Open-mindedness
Classifying Identifying variables
Communicating Defining operationally
Measuring Experimenting
Inferring Interpreting data
Predicting

Observing is using your senses in studying objects and events. You are making a qualitative
observation.
Classifying is grouping together data having the same characteristics. It is important to analyze and
interpret data.
Communicating is to share information, data, findings and opinions that have become sources of
knowledge in science. There are several ways of communicating such as written or spoken words
using qualitative and quantitative observations, drawings and illustrations, graphic organizers (ex.
Venn diagram, cause-and-effect web), and graphs .
Measuring involves quantity (numbers). When making quantitative observation, you need
measuring tools.
Ruler, tape measure measure the length of objects. Length is how long an object is (mm, cm, m.
km).
Balances are used to measure mass. Mass is the amout of matter in an object (mg, g, kg).
Graduated cylinder, measuring cup or spoons measure the volume of liquid. Volume is the amount
of space that an object occupies (mL, L).
Thermometer measures temperature. Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness of a body
and may be measured in degree Celsius (oC) and degree Fahrenheit (oF)
Calendar, watch and clock tell time (second, minute, hour, day, month, year).
Inferring is reasoning based on observations or drawing a conclusion based only on what is
observed and what you already know without searching for additional information. Inferences are
made based on previous observations and past experiences. Inferences may lead to either
generalizations or conclusions. Inferences are guesses; they are not always correct.
Predicting involves making an inference about a future event based on current evidences and past
experiences.
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation of your observations.
Variables are factors or conditions that exist in different amounts or types. They may be classified
as controlled (kept constant), independent (variable that is changed or manipulated) or dependent
(responding variable; the effect).
Curiosity is to always ask questions about the things one observes.
Objectivity is to look at things or situations according to facts.
Honesty is to be truthful in observing and recording data.
Patience is to wait and do the right procedure before making a valid conclusion.
Determination is to be persistent in finishing the task.
Acceptance of failure is to accept that not all investigations will be successful.
Open-mindedness is accepting different ideas from other people or listening to other ideas.

Matter

has classified as or can be classified as undergoes

properties pure substance mixture State or phase changes

affect classified as include like may be

safety physical
element compound gas liquid solid Physical Chemical
health chemical change change
change in change in
environment
Size or state composition
shape
Pure substance includes element and compound.
Element is the simplest form of matter or a substance.
Atom is the building block of matter.
Compound consists of 2 or more different elements. A compound is represented by a chemical
formula.
COMPOUND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
FORMULA
water H2O hydrogen, oxygen
carbon dioxide CO2 carbon, oxygen
ammonia NH3 nitrogen, hydrogen
muriatic acid HCl hydrogen, chlorine
sulfur dioxide SO2 sulfur, oxygen
sodium chloride (table salt) NaCl sodium, chlorine
sodium phosphate Na3PO4 sodium, phosphorus, oxygen
sucrose (sugar) C12H22O11 carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
magnesium hydroxide (antacid) Mg(OH)2 magnesium, oxygen, hydrogen
sodium hydroxide (lye) NaOH sodium, oxygen, hydrogen
 sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) NaHCO3 sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

Mixture consists of two or more components that are not chemically combined. The components in
a mixture retain their characteristic properties. Samples of mixtures are air, saltwater, soft drink,
iced tea, lemonade, chocolate milk.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER are properties that can be measured or observed by

your 5 senses without changing the basic identity of an object. These properties include:
1. Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
2. Volume is a measure of the space occupied by an object. The reading of volume must always be
taken at eye level and at the lowest level of meniscus.
Cube: V = S x S x S or S3
Rectangular solid: V = l x w x h
Cylinder: V = πr2h
3. Weight is the pull of gravity on Earth. Unit of measurement is newton. The stronger the pull of
gravity on an object, the greater the object’s weight becomes.
4. Density indicates if the object will float or sink in water. Density is related to mass and volume.
D = M V = M M = DxV
V D
5. Temperature refers to the hotness or coldness of an object. There are 3 formulas to convert units
of temperature:
o
F to oC : oC = oF – 32

1.8
o
C to oF : oF = (oC x 1.8) + 32
o
C to oK: oK = oC + 273

6. Elasticity is the ability of a solid to return to its original shape after being distorted. ex. Rubber
7. Flexibility is the quality of bending easily without breaking. ex. Plastics
8. Ductility refers to the ability of a metal to be drawn into wire. ex. Aluminum and copper
9. Malleability is the ability of a metal to be hammered or rolled into sheets. ex. Gold, copper,
aluminum
10. Brittleness is the ability of a material to be easily broken into pieces. ex. Glass, ceramic,
porcelain
11. Hardness is a measure of not being easily scratched or worn away. ex. Steel, diamond, sand

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER is its ability to change into a new substance.

1. Ability to Burn or flammability – ex. Flammable materials like gasoline, alcohol, LPG
2. Ability to react with other substances – ex. Rust forms when iron reacts with oxygen and water
3. Ability to harm humans or animals is called toxicity. ex. Mercury, Lead
Biodegradability is the capacity of a material to decompose over time as a result of biological
activity.

CREATING A SAFE ENVIRONMENT

1. Sorting waste materials is the 1 st step in keeping the environment clean and safe.
2. Safety precautions
3. Use of 5R techniques - Reduce - reduce waste by avoiding the use of disposable materials
Recycle – glass, metallic and plastic wastes can be processed, remanufactured and sold as new
Reuse – glass and plastic bottles can be made into decorative items or reused as containers
Repair – Damaged items that can still be repaired should be repaired and not disposed
Recover - if an object is beyond repair, there are some components that can be recovered and
reused