Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

HAIBER DUSSÁN CANO

Group 203058_9
7688649

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-01
 Introduction

With the work of the unit two electromagnetic waves in delimited open media, the individual
contribution that will be presented to the tutor and the study of the concepts and theories necessary for
the development of the exercises of task 2 related here, additionally; The concepts of wave propagation
will be studied in limited open media, characterizing electromagnetic waves in open and closed media.
At the same time, the behavior of electromagnetic waves when they collide on a surface will be
analyzed, topics that will be highly relevant, providing new basic knowledge of electromagnetic theory
that is necessary for the development of our career.

With the review of the bibliographic material that the course has and its virtual campus to begin with the
study and conceptualization of the topics required for the proper development of the unit, such as the
concepts of wave propagation in limited open media, they characterize electromagnetics; At the same
time, the waves in open and closed media will be analyzed and the behavior of electromagnetic waves
when they collide on a surface will be analyzed.
 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Respuesta: Electromagnetic waves travel through the waveguide in different propagation modes. One
way is the way in which energy can be propagated along a guide, for all these modes to exist certain
boundary conditions must be satisfied. In theory there are an infinite number of modes of propagation
and each has its cutoff frequency from which it exists.
The propagation modes depend on the wavelength, its polarization and the dimensions of the guide. As
each mode has an associated cutoff frequency, the frequency of the signal to be transmitted must be
greater than the cutoff frequency, thus the electromagnetic energy will be transmitted through the guide
without attenuation.

The longitudinal mode of a waveguide is a particular type of standing wave formed by waves confined
in the cavity. Regarding the transversal modes, we have:

A. Electric cross mode

B. Magnetic cross mode
C. Electromagnetic cross mode

This is how we have the following wave propagation modes:

- Direct Propagation: As the name implies, this mode of propagation exists when there is a direct line
between the sender and the receiver.

- Propagation by terrestrial reflection: As its name indicates, the propagation is carried out by reflection
on the ground plane and is widely used by radio frequency communications.
- Propagation by atmospheric reflection: As its name indicates the propagation is carried out by
atmospheric reflection which facilitates that the waves reach great distances, its disadvantage is that it
depends on the atmospheric conditions which can generate communication failures.

- Propagation by retransmission via satellite: As its name indicates, the propagation is carried out by
means of a satellite and does not depend on atmospheric conditions.

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

Respuesta: it is defined as the path described by the vector component of the electric field in its
propagation, so that it maintains the orthogonality with respect to the vector component of the magnetic
field.

There are types of polarization:

1. Horizontal: It occurs when the vector component of the wave's electric field is horizontal to the
Earth's surface.

2. Vertical: It occurs when the vector component of the wave's electric field is perpendicular to the
Earth's surface.

• Circular: In this case, the electrical field vector component advances rotating on the propagation axis.

And the circular polarization can be:

• Destrophic: occurs when the circular advance of the electric field is clockwise.
• Left-handed: occurs when the circular advance of the electric field is to the left.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

Respuesta: This phenomenon is known as total reflection when an electromagnetic wave crosses a
means of refractive index smaller than in the refractive index found. This reflection is given in such a
way that it is not able to cross the surface of both parts fully reflecting.

In other words, to clarify this concept, Paz (2013) affirms. “When a wave strikes perpendicular to the
boundary between a lossless dielectric and a perfect conductor, a particular condition of wave reflection
called total reflection occurs”(p. 264).

−¿ ¿
+¿ +E ¿
+¿=0=E y1 ¿
y1
+ ¿E ys1 ¿
−¿=− E y1 ¿
E y1

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

Respuesta: This phenomenon does not appear from a specific angle as in the case of total reflection this
phenomenon occurs when it is composed of a specific angle since if the angle of incidence presents or
has any small change this phenomenon no longer occurs.

Ɵ 1 +Ɵ 2 =900 r 12❑ =0
❑TM

The Brewster angle is known as the angle that occurs in the phenomenon of total refraction and is
obtained using the following expression.

n2 cos Ɵ B −n1 cos Ɵ2

r 12❑ = =0
❑TM
n2 cos ƟB + n1 cos Ɵ 2
5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

Respuesta: Refraction is the change in direction a wave undergoes as it passes from one material
medium to another. It only occurs if the wave impinges obliquely on the separation surface of the two
media and if they have different refractive indices.
The main purpose of Snell's Law in the study of wave propagation is to find the angle of refraction by
crossing the separation surface between two propagation fields of any electromagnetic wave with a
different refractive index.
Also, the angles such as the incidence, reflection and refraction “coincide with those formed by the
Poynting vector with the normal vector on each side of the border, and the relationship between them is
determined by the so-called Snell's Law” (Paz, 2013, p 284).
 Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿ corresponds to the group number and CCC
to the first 3 digits of the identification number.

then we replace values like this:

GG = 09
CCC = 768

120 mW
, incident from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω ),
+¿= ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =09 MHzand P m
2

perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=768 Ω. Calculate the reflected power
P−¿ ¿ +¿¿
1 and the transmitted power P2 to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

To find the reflection coefficient we have,

n 2=768 Ω
n 2=120 π Ω

n 2−n1 768−120 π 391,008

r= = = =0,34
n2+ n1 768+120 π 1144,99
The reflectance is of:
2
R=|Γ| =0,342=11.56 %

The transmittance:

T =1−R=88.44%

The reflected power:

The transmitted power:

120 mW
+¿= ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHzand P m
2
, coming from a wave generator located 12 cm
1

from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic
impedance η2=CCC Ω and 20 cm thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative
material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.
mW
b. Determine in [%] and [ ]
m2
the power that is transmitted to the receiver.

Solution:

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.

As the wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material:

μ0 n
n=
√ ∈0 ∈r n ( )
=¿⟹ ∈r = 0 ¿

120 π 2 376.99 2 (
∈r = ( 768 ) (
=
768 ) 2
= 0,49 ) =0,24

Now you can calculate the phase constant of the wall.

ω
β=ω √ μ0 ∈0 ∈r = ∈
C0 √ r

2 π x 09 x 106
β= √ 0,24
3 x 108

565488000
β= √ 0,24
3000000000

β=0,188 √ 0,24=0.092 rad /m

The input impedance seen from the first frontier in a mixture of the air impedances on the other side of
the wall and the impedance of the same wall:

n2+ j n tan (β x)
n¿ =n 1 1

n1 + j n2 tan( βx )

120 π + j 768 tan(0.092 x 0,20)

n¿ =768 Ω
768+ j120 π tan(0.092 x 0.20)
Where,

x=0.20 wall thickness 20 cm=0.20 m

n¿ =(377− j10 Ω)

The reflection coefficient,

n¿ −naire
ɼ=
n¿ +naire

( 377−J 10 ) π−768
ɼ=
( 377−J 10 ) π +768

ɼ =−0.6− j1.00=0.69

Transmission coefficient,

Ƭ 1=1+ ɼ 1=0.6− j1.00

Percentage of power transmitted to the wall:

∣Ƭ =1−∣ ɼ 1 ∣2=1−0.692=0.52

This indicates that of the power emitted by the emitter, only 52% is transmitted to the wall, but not that
this is the power received by the receiver.

The reflectance on the first face of the wall is:

R1=1−T 1=0.48

That is to say that 48% of the power is returned to the emitter.

To obtain the power received by the receiver, a second reflection that occurs on the face of the
wall facing the receiver must be taken into account.

The reflection coefficient on the second face of the wall is calculated as:

naire −n pared
ɼ=
naire +n pared

0.69−0.48
ɼ=
0.69+0.48

0.21
ɼ= =0.17
1.17

Which results in a transmittance equivalent to,

∣Ƭ 2 =1−∣ ɼ 2 ∣2=1−0.172=0.97
The power transmitted from the generator to the receiver is obtained as a product of the two
transmittances:

T t=0.97 x 0.52=0.50

That is to say that of the power emitted by the transmitter, only 50% reaches the receiver, 48% of the
power is returned, therefore, 2% of the power that remains in the wall is missing.
The transmitted power:

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming an angle of
θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave to determine the value of
❑
"d". Note that each layer is CCC mm thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is
necessary to identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

then we replace values like this:

¿=09
CCC=768 mm

First case,

Refractive index

n 1=1,3330

n 2=1,0002926

Ley of Snell

n1 sen ( θ1 )=n 2 sen(θ2 )

To find angle of refraction,

n1
θ2=sin
−1
( n2
sen(θ 1¿ ¿) )
 1,3330
θ2=sin−1 ( 1,0002926 sen( 44,9θ) )

θ2=sin−1 (1.3326 sen ( 44.9 θ ))

θ2=sin−1 (0.1138)

θ2=6.53θ

Second Case,

n 1=1,0002926

n 2=?

Ley of Snell

n1 sen ( θ1 )=n 2 sen(θ2 )

Total Refraction

θ1 +θ2=900

θ1 +6,530 =900

θ1=900−6,53 0
θ1=83,47
To find,
n 1 sen(θ1 )
n2 =
sen (θ1)

1.0002926 sen(83.47 θ)
n2 =
sen(6.53 θ)

1.0002926∗0.9935
n2 =
0.1137

0.9938
n2 =
0.1137

n2 =8.74

Third Case,
ccc =768 mm
Ley of Snel
n1 ( θ1 ) =n2=sen ( θ2 )

Total Refraction

d
tan ( θ 2 )=
768 mm

d=768mm tan ( 6.530 )

d=87.91mm

Conclusions

Conclusion 1: In conclusion, it can be argued that the topics explored with the support of educational
resources provided by the learning environment and video conferences were very essential to perform
the exercises proposed in the activity corresponding to the work unit and study the methods of
propagation of waves in open media and each of its characteristics seen in the basic concepts and
application of our daily life.

Conclusion 2: The basic concept and its different characteristics were studied on the behavior of an
electromagnetic wave when hitting the different surfaces and each of the different situations in which
they can act and where their values vary according to the different characteristics of the materials.
 Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp.519-524).
Recovered from

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Bibliography 2:

Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband

Wireless. (pp. 31-51). Recovered from

http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Bibliography 3:

Paz, A. (2013). Ondas de medios abiertos acotados, capitulo 7. Electromagnetismo para ingeniería
electrónica. Campos y ondas (pp 181-247). Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Facultad de Ingenieria.
Cali, Colombia. Selle editorial Javeriano.