10.0000@www - Onepetro.org@conference paper@ISRM ISG 2017 007 PDF

7° Simposio Internacional de Geomecánica 2017
Sustainable Heavy Oil Exploitation, Innovation and Geomechanical Contributions

ISRM Specialized Conference, 13-16 March 2017, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Research Group in Applied Geomechanics (Eds.)
© 2017, 7° Simposio Internacional de Geomecánica
INTEGRATION OF GEOCHEMISTRY AND

GEOMECHANICS IN HC SHALE PROSPECTS.
Autors:
Rubén Darío Ortiz Murcia, Petroleum Engineer
Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia, ruben_ortiz07@hotmail.com
Helena Margarita Ribón Barrios, Petroleum Engineer, MSc

Universidad Industrial de Santander, hm_robon@yahoo.es
Aristóbulo Bejarano Wallens, Petroleum Engineer, MGT, MSc

SPS-oil, Bucaramanga, Colombia, aribw@sps-oil.com
Edgar Ricardo Pérez Carrillo, Petroleum Engineer, MSc

ECOPETROL-ICP, Piedecuesta, Colombia, ricardo.perez@ecopetrol.com.co
SUMMARY: This study proposes a workflow, to combine data from logs and cores to
establish information of exploratory and production interest, which allows visualizing the
results of the integration of geochemistry data with geomechanics in gas or petroleum
prospects in shales (Shale Gas or shale oil). Correlation was performed by conventional
statistical analysis. The laboratory data used for geochemistry were organic content
measurements TOC, Tmax, grain density, S1, S2 and S3. The geomechanical parameters
were the compressional velocity Vp, the shear velocity Vs and some static elastic moduli.
The logs used were: measurements of gamma ray, sonic, density, neutron porosity and
resistivity. Then parameters such as: dynamic Young's Modulus (E), dynamic Poisson Ratio
(ν), organic TOC content (Passey, Tristan and regression methods) and fragility (Rickman)
were calculated. Correlation was performed using statistical correlation methods (regression,
correlation coefficient analysis, principal component analysis, etc.) and combination of
variables according to the literature review, for example, TOC vs Young's Modulus, TOC vs
Poisson ratio, TOC Vs Brittleness.
The trend observed in the behavior of the Young's Module (E) with respect to the organic
content (TOC) follows an inverse relationship. For the data from the Colombian wells
examined this relationship is true in most cases.
The analysis of the data does not provide a clear behavior pattern, so there is not a good
understanding of the effect of the organic matter content with respect to the Poisson ratio.
The same situation was found in the literature review.
Fragility is a parameter that is related in a complex way to lithology, mineral composition,
amount of organic matter, effective stress, reservoir temperature, diagenesis, thermal
maturity, porosity and type of fluid (Wang & Reed, 2009). Some authors discard the presence
of organic matter, but it is clear that the organic matter is a constituent part of the matrix
(especially in shale rocks producing gas or petroleum), the fragility of the rock is affected. It
is necessary that mechanical anisotropy is also sensitive to the kerogen content. This situation
was observed with data from Colombian wells.
1
The methodology applied to the correlation of geomechanical and geochemical data allowed
to present, for practical use, the effects and trends that have been made between the
geochemical and geomechanical variables of shales producing gas or oil in Colombian wells.
KEY WORDS: Geomechanics, geochemistry, TOC, Young, Poisson, brittleness,

anisotropy.
1 INTRODUCTION 2 UNCONVENTIONAL
RESERVOIRS (UCR) OF TYPE
According to the prospective (BP, 2016) SHALE
for 2035, the shale revolution will
continue. The aforementioned report Shale gas systems are dominated by TOC,
projects a 24% share of global gas maturity, mineralogy and permeability,
production. This paper is based on a while shale oil systems are dominated by
bachelor thesis whose objective is to similar properties but lower levels of
identify trends and possible patterns of maturity. One important problem when
behavior of geomechanical parameters in evaluating shale oil systems is to identify
function of the geochemical properties of whether the oil was generated in situ or has
Shale rocks (Ortiz Murcia, Ribón, migrated into that source rock from
Bejarano, & Pérez, 2016). The shale another source rock, this will make a
deposits are unconventional deposits, difference between treating the reservoir
which are at the place where the as conventional or unconventional (Philp,
hydrocarbons were generated (source rock 2015).
or generator) and in the place where the The term Shale describes a wide variety of
hydrocarbons are stored (warehouse of rocks that are composed of fine particles
rock). Fluids as hydrocarbon found in (usually diameter smaller than 4μm), and
these deposits, commonly are identified as varying amounts of silt size particles
"shale" deposits, have the same general (more than 62.5 μm). The deposition of
characteristics of the fluids contained in these grain sizes occurs very slowly and in
conventional deposits, however, their deposit environments with low slopes.
exploration differs considerably due to the The shales present a wide mineralogical
typical properties of the generating rocks. compositional range that includes: clays,
The present article presents a methodology quartz, feldspars and heavy minerals
for combining data from well logs and (Passey et al., 2010).
laboratory measurements, to establish
required information for exploration and 2.1 Characterization of UCR
production purposes, which allows the
visualization of the results of the According to the state of the art on UCR of
integration of geochemical data and shale type (Ortiz Murcia, 2015), it has
Geomechanics. been found that current trends in the
Simultaneously, the application of the exploration and development focus on
proposed methodology to a set of well data three main areas of study: (1) Petrophysic,
from Colombian formations is presented (2) organic geochemistry and (3)
and the conclusions drawn from this geomechanics of reservoirs (Buller et al.,
analysis are presented. 2010; Labani & Rezaee, 2014; Passey et
al., 2010; Philp, 2015; Pitcher, Buller, &
2
Mellen, 2012; Rickman, Mullen, Petre,

Grieser, & Kundert, 2008). Petrophysic is
an area commonly used in conventional
reservoirs, however, there are important
variations due to the lithological
differences between conventional and
non-conventional reservoirs.
Geochemistry (GQ) and geomechanics
(GM) are areas that have been targeted for
application to non-conventional sites.
There are already standard criteria and
procedures used for exploration and
exploitation.
The mentioned areas (geochemistry and Figure 1GC & GM Parameters
geomechanics) are of special interest
throughout the development of the shale 3 USED DATA FROM
deposits, here they are linked in the LABORATORY, LOGS AND
characterization of the formation, which PARAMETERS
leads to the determination of the storage
potential, the quality of the rock, hot spots The laboratory data used for geochemistry
(zones of high brittleness, maturity, were TOC (Total Organic Carbon) [%w],
organic richness) for completion and S1 [mg HC/ g Rock], S2 [mg HC/ g
hydraulic fracturing and even the Rock]., S3 [mg CO2/ g Rock], Tmax1, Ro
trajectory of the wells. (vitrinite reflectance) [%] and LOM (level
Due to this integration of geochemistry of organic maturity, gas shale default 8.5
and geomechanics in shale deposits, it is of and oil shale default 10.5) [unitless]. The
interest to integrate parameters of both geomechanical parameters were the
areas and to know how the parameters compressional velocity Vp, the shear
pertaining to these two areas of study are velocity Vs and some static elastic moduli.
interrelated. The logs used were the measurements of
Figure 1 shows parameters derived from gamma ray, sonic, density, neutron
geochemical and geomechanical porosity and resistivity. Then parameters
knowledge, which are of interest during such as: Young's Modulus, Poisson’s
the development of YNC of shale type. Ratio (from Vp, Vs and density), TOC
(form (Passey et al., 2010) and regression
methods) and brittleness (Rickman et al.,
2008) were calculated.
3.1 Parameters affecting mechanical

properties
The Table 1 collect the variables that,

according to some consulted authors,
1 S1, S2, S3 and Tmax are obtained parameters

from Rock-Eval Analysis.
3
affect the mechanical behavior of Modulus Vanorio,

sedimentary rocks. Those variables are and Mukerji,
classified in three categories Poisson´s &
(compositional, geochemical and ratio) Mavko,
petrophysical). In the direction of the 2008)
article’s aim, the main category is the (Alzahabi
geochemical. &
AlQahtan
Table 1 Parameters affecting mechanical i, 2015;
properties LeCompt
Type Parameters Ref. e,
(Alzahabi Porosity Franquet,
Mineral
& & Jacobi,
Compositio
AlQahtan 2009;
n (Sonic
i, 2015; Vernik &
velocities,
Aoudia, Petrophysic Liu,
elastic
2009; 1997)2,
constants
Labani & 7, 8
and
Rezaee, (Hornby,
brittleness)
Composition 2014) Schwartz
al Shale Shale , &
fraction (Vernik distribution Hudson,
(elastic & Liu, (Anisotroph 1994;
constants, 1997) y) Vernik &
brittleness) Liu,
(Labani 1997)
&
Density
Rezaee, 4 METHODOLOGY, WORKFLOW
2014) AND APPLICATION
(Aoudia,
2009; The proposed methodology below has the
Barree, objective of offering a workflow to
Gilbert, perform an interrelated analysis of
TOC, & geochemical data and geomechanical data.
Kerogen % Conway, A dataset was used with geomechanical
(Vp, Vs, 2009; and geochemical properties of 4 wells
density, Labani & from 6 Colombian Formations. Due to the
Geochemica
stresses) Rezaee, confidentiality of the information the
l
2014; names of the wells have been modified.
Vernik &
Liu, 4.1 Data inventory
1997)
Maturity (Labani Two kinds of input data are considered: (1)
(Vp, Vs, & Geochemical data (2) Geomechanical
density, Rezaee, data. The Table 2 presents the minimum
Young 2014; input data for the development of the
4
proposed methodology. G
H=Horizontal, V=Vertical, *Number of
Table 2 Minimum Input Data laboratory data points (measurements)
Geochemistry Geomechanic & others
Variab Variab The available parameters must be
Source Source
le le established as it is shown in Tables 4 and
-Lab 5.
-TOC lab
-
TOC -Rock- Vp
Compression Table 4 Geochemical Parameters
Eval
al Sonic log TO
TM R
-Rock- Ke C S S S H O P
Tmax / -Lab AX O
Eval y % 1 2 3 I I I
Ro / Vs -Shear Sonic ºC %
-Study of wt
LOM Log
Macerals P1
-Rock- Rock -Lab H X X X X X X X X
S1
Eval density -Density Log P1
-Deep V X X X X X X X X
-Rock-
S2 RD Resistivity P2
Eval
Log. H X X X X X X X X
Hole P3
-Caliper Log
-Rock- Quality V X X X X X X X X X
S3
Eval Radio- -Gamma Ray P3
activity Log H X X X X X X X X X
TOC=total organic carbon; Tmax, S1, S2 and P4
S3 are parameters from pyrolysis Rock-Eval H X X X X X X X X X
analys; Vp= compressional wave velocity; P4
Vs= shear wave velocity. V X X X X X X X X X
HI=Hydrogen index, OI=Oxygen index
A general inventory of laboratory data and PI=Production Index derived from S1,
could be as follows: S2, S3, TOC data.
Table 3 Wells and Formations Table 5 Geomechanical Parameters
LAB DATA* D S F
Geological
N We Geo- Geo- Ke UC BT T Vp Ebrit
Key Formation
To S Vs E
o ll mecani chemis E
y S vbrit
s v v
c try Brit
P1H 19 A P1
1 P1 428 X X X X
P1V 22 B H
C P1
2 P2 P2H 13 106 X X X X
D V
P3V 24 P2
X X X X
3 P3 78 A H
P3H 24 P3
X X X X
P4H 44 E V X
4 P4 68
P4V 43 F
5
P3 data and the log curves. It is assumed that

X X X X
H X the laboratory measurements contain the
P4 values closest to the actual value, whereas
X X X the log curves must be adjusted to these
H X
P4 values, either by vertical, horizontal
X X X displacement or by means of a modifiable
V X
UCS=Uniaxial Compressive Strength, parameter.
BT=Brazilian Test, TS=Tensile Strength, It can be assumed, to achieve a better fit,
Vp=Compressional Velocity, Vs=Shear that there is margin of error in the given
velocity, D=Dynamic, E= Young’s core depth of laboratory measurements, so
Modulus, v= Poisson Ratio, S=Static, according to the situation it is possible to
F=Fragility, Brit=Brittleness perform slight vertical displacements to
achieve a better fit.
The minimum logs information required Anomalous zones are also discarded in
is in Table 6. The proposed inventory which, according to the caliper log, the
format is as follows: logs data did not provide reliable
information.
Table 6 Logs Inventory (FORMAT) The log data were provided in LAS (Log
LOGS in target Formation ASCI Standard) versions 3.0 and 2.0. The
OT data were exported to Microsoft Excel
WE CA G R RH DT DT
HE according to the intervals related to the
LL L R D OB C S
R target Formations, in which laboratory
measurements were available.
N-
P1 X X X X X X
SGR
N-
P2 X X X X X X
SGR
N-
P3 X X X X X X
SGR
N-
P4 X X X X X X
SGR
CAL=Caliper, GR=Gamma Ray,
RD=Deep Resistivity, RHOB=Density,
DTC=Sonic Compressional, DTS=Sonic
Shear, N=Neutron, SGR=Spectral Gamma
Ray
A universal petrophysical model that Figure 2. Logs in Excel

does not require any external calibration
would be ideal (Rickman et al., 2008).
Every petrophysical model should be 4.2 Data quality certification
adjusted to laboratory measurements, this
increases the accuracy in the estimation of The data, information and knowledge
mechanical properties, mineralogy, TOC, generated is a very important asset.
among others. The adjustment can be Qualify the quality of the data, to establish
made by superimposing the laboratory the certification, is a previous step to any
6
interpretation. However, the laboratory reference values (Philp, 2015) are as

data and logs were taken as they were used follows:
in other studies. At the end, some
recommendations about these issues must Table 8 Measured TOC
be generated in order to obtain the data TOC [%w]
Wel
quality certification. Mi AV Descriptio
l Max
n G n
4.3 Preliminary interpretation 1 16.3 0.4
6.02 Excellent
8 0
Before calculating new parameters, 2 0.1
3.14 Very Good
adjusting data or attempting to correlate, it 6.48 0
is important to characterize the ranges 3 18.1 0.3
6.23 Excellent
studied based solely on the data as they 5 4
have been provided. Knowing the type of 4 0.3
3.70 Very Good
Formation, organic matter, level of 8.40 0
maturity allows establishing limits to
analysis and identify the need to make The thermal maturity and generation
corrections or use different status (according to Peters et al. (2005)
methodologies, as the case may be. classification) of the studied wells is
It is proposed to determine the type of presented in Table 9.
kerogen using the ratio of the hydrogen
index and the oxygen index proposed in Table 9 Measured Tmax
the Modified Van Krevelen diagram Tmax [°C]
(Crain, 2015; Peters, Walters, & Wel
MA MI AV
Descriptio
Moldowan, 2005) as it is shown in Table l
X N Gn
7. Post-
1 605 422 522
mature
Table 7 Measured KEROGEN (K)
Late
FORMATI WELL 2 466 432 456
mature
ON P1 P2 P3 P4 Late
3 486 440 468
A KII KII mature
KI- Early
B 4 427 444 439
KII mature
C KII MAX= maximum value, MIN=
D KII minimum value, AVG= average value
KI-
E In order to obtain an effective
KII
KI- characterization and integration it is
F mandatory to calculate the following
KII
KI- parameters:
G
KII
KI= kerogen type one, KII= kerogen type ‒ Hole quality index (ICH)
two, KIII= kerogen type three ICH = BS − CAL
(1)
The measured TOC using published BS= Bit size, CAL= Caliper log Reading.
7
‒ Information quality index (ICI) DTC=Compressional Sonic log

IC I = |ICH| ‒ Young’s Modulus (E)
(2)
‒ Sonic Porosity (PHIS) N=C1*RHOB/(DTS*DTS)
PHIS=(DTC-DTCm)/(DTCf-DTCm) (11)
(3) E=2*N*(1+v)
(12)
DTC= Compressional sonic log reading C1=Constant
‒ TOC calculations
DTCm= Compressional Matrix transit
Method 1 (Passey et al., 2010)
time
Method 2 (Issler, Hu, Bloch, & Katsube,
DTCf= Compressional Fluid transit time. 2002)
‒ Density porosity (PHID) Histograms were performed separately

PHID=(RHOm-RHOB)/(RHOm-RHOf) with ICH values in order to know the
(4) RHOB=Density log reading, reliability of the information coming from
RHOm=Matrix density, RHOf=Fluid the logs.
density. The histograms allow to conclude that for
wells P1, P2 and P3 the distribution of ICI
‒ Shale fraction (XSHGR) is positive, since the highest data density is
XSHGR=(GR-GRmin)/(GRsh-GRmin) located in values lower than 1. In the P4
(5) well the distribution shows data with ICI>
GR= Gamma ray log reading, GRmin= 1, so the log information is not as reliable
GR mínimum, GRsh= GR of shale zone in this well.
‒ Shale fraction (XSHRD) When reviewing the laboratory
XSHRD=power(RDsh/RD;0,5) measurements, it was found that many
(6) measurements of geochemical parameters
RD=Deep resistivity reading, RDsh=shale performed to cores at certain depths were
deep resistivity, (RD≥RDsh) not performed at the same depths for the
geomechanical properties, therefore a
‒ Shale fraction (XSHND) direct correlation could not be made.
XSHND=(N-PHID)/(Nsh-PHIDsh) Added to this is the fact that in most cases
(7) there were more geochemical
N=Neutron log reading, Nsh=Neutron in measurements than geomechanical
Shale, PHIDsh= Density porosity in shale. measurements.
In order to address this difficulty, it was
‒ Brittleness proposed to make use of the logs in order
Method 1, based on (Rickman et al., 2008) to determine the intermediate points where
Method 2, BRITsh=1-XSHRD the information was not available, then a
(8) previous adjustment of the laboratory and
‒ Poisson Ratio (v) logs data was carried out.
R=DTS/DTC
(9) 4.4 Data adjustment
v=(0,5*R*R-1)/(R*R-1)
(10) In this case, before any correlation work, it
DTS=Shear Sonic log was necessary to adjust the logs to the
8
laboratory data to determine the geomechanical parameters). The

corresponding geochemical depth data correlation coefficients take values in the
with the geomechanics. range [-1,1].
Overlap of laboratory data and log curves Negative correlation coefficients
were performed. Under the assumption represent inverse relationship between
that the laboratory measurements are variables, while negative correlation
values closest to the real value, then the values correlate. In addition, as soon as the
logs curves were adjusted to these values. absolute value of the correlation
Anomalous zones were also discarded coefficient is closer to 1, the relationship
in which, according to the caliper log, the between the descriptors is strict.
logs data did not provide reliable Next, the correlation coefficients
information. obtained in some wells are presented. The
Adjusting the wave velocities is an following figure shows the distribution of
important step, because several correlation coefficients by intervals.
geomechanical parameters (which are
required to be correlated) can be
determined from sonic velocities.
The laboratory data and the logs
measurement data, expressed in this case
as compressional and shear transit time
logs (DTC and DTS), are located on the
same track. Since the laboratory data are
assumed to be closest to the real value,
transformations are made to adjust the log
curves with these values. Figure 3. Correlation Coefficients
Once the desired setting is achieved, the
log data can be used to correlate with f= frequencies [%], R= Linear correlation
geochemical data. The process of coefficient.
transposing the record data into the
It is found that values greater than 0.5
laboratory data set was done by
are not achieved in wells P4 and P1
programming in Microsoft Excel with
implying that there is no good linear
Visual Basic language (Excel macros).
correlation between the variables,
The written frame takes each one the
however, it is found that 32% and 24% of
laboratory points and searches between the
the correlation coefficients,
data of logs the value that is nearest and
correspondingly, are among the range of
assigns it to the corresponding position.
[0,3; 0,6], so it is verified that, as found in
the literature review, the geochemical
4.5 Statistical analysis
properties significantly affect the
geomechanical parameters.
In order to establish the relations between
In wells P2 and P3, if higher values of R
the geochemical and geomechanical
are found, these values serve as a guide to
parameters, a correlation coefficient
propose study of relationships between
analysis is performed. These parameters
variables with these correlation
allow to see the degree of lineal adjustment
coefficients.
between the values for the descriptors used
(in this case geochemical and
9
4.6 Application of the methodology
It must be noted that sonic log

(Compressional and Shear), density log,
gamma ray log and resistivity log are
useful to obtain relevant information about
unconventional reservoirs, also they let a
characterization from the geochemistry
and the geomechanics. The laboratory
information is a plus to obtain better data
adjustment.
The Figure 4 shows tracks with
computation of TOC parameter by three
methods (Passey, Issler and multivariable Figure 5. TOC vs DTC in well 2, C and D
correlation); the laboratory measurement formations
is superimposed.
DTC-r= log compressional transit time
[µs/ft],
As in the Figure 6, it is founded that the

maturity level (related to Tmax
measurements) places with a graded
distribution on TOC vs Young’s Modulus
cross-plot.
Figure 4. TOC [%w] calculation Well 4
Figure 6. TOC vs E in well 3, Formation A

TOC vs DTC and DTS show a good
E= Young’s Modulus [psi], Tmax [°C],
adjustment with a lineal model. An
example is as follows:
This study combines data from logs and
cores to establish information of
exploratory and production interest, which
allows visualizing the results of the
integration of geochemistry data with
geomechanics in gas or petroleum
10
prospects in shales (Shale Gas or shale exploitation of shale deposits has been
oil). enriched with abundant knowledge of
The applied methodology, to the correlate recent years. At present, the metrics that
geomechanical and geochemical data, govern this type of reservoir have been
allowed to present the effects and trends established, among which key parameters
that have been made between the such as: TOC, Kerogen type, maturity,
geochemical and geomechanical variables fragility, etc. can be highlighted.
of some Colombian shale formations. • Following the proposed methodology at
this work allows a good integration
Correlation was performed using between geochemical and geomechanical
statistical correlation methods (regression, data, which, as observed in the present
correlation coefficient analysis, principal study, are related in different ways
component analysis, etc.) and combination according to physical and chemical
of variables according to the literature processes that require a careful
review, for example, TOC vs Young's interpretation.
Modulus, TOC vs Poisson ratio, TOC vs • The kerogen type and the maturity stage
Brittleness. are variables that significantly affect the
The trend observed in the behavior of degree to which the geochemical
the Young's Module (E) with respect to the parameters affect the mechanical
organic content (TOC) follows an inverse properties.
relationship. For the data from Colombian • The observed and reported trend on the
examined wells this relationship is true in behavior of the Young's modulus with
most cases. respect to the kerogen content is of inverse
Regarding to the Poisson’s ratio (ν), the relation. For the data from the Colombian
analysis of the data does not provide a wells of the present study this relationship
clear behavior pattern, so there is not a is also fulfilled in most cases.
good understanding of the effect of the • There is no total understanding of the
organic matter content with respect to it. effect of organic matter on the Poisson
Brittleness follows a complex function ratio; The data analysis does not provide a
of compositional and non-compositional clear pattern of behavior, which is in
parameters; despite, some authors agreement with what was found during the
disregard the effect of organic matter, it is bibliographic review.
clear that the organic matter is a • Fragility is a parameter that is related in
constituent part of the matrix (especially in a complex way to various factors
source rocks), therefore the brittleness of (resistance, lithology, texture, effective
the rock is affected by it. It is necessary stress, temperature, type of fluid,
that mechanical anisotropy is also diagenesis, and TOC). It is clear that
sensitive to the kerogen content, among because the organic matter is a constituent
others reasons, because of the alignment part of the matrix (for the type of rocks
tendency of the kerogen. This situation under study), it has an effect on the
was observed with data from Colombian fragility since it is a weaker material than
wells. the inorganic components of the rock.
• Any component of the rock will affect its
5 CONCLUSIONS mechanical response, so that the
geochemical properties can be considered
• The state of the art on the exploration and as effective on the mechanical properties,
11
however, there are no concrete results in

which these properties can lead to Buller, D., Hughes, S. N., Market, J.,
quantitative relationships for the direct Petre, J. E., Spain, D. R., &
calculation of Mechanical properties. Odumosu, T. (2010). Petrophysical
Evaluation for Enhancing Hydraulic
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Stimulation in Horizontal Shale Gas
Wells. In SPE Annual Technical
This research was supported by Conference and Exhibition (p. 21).
ECOPETROL, Universidad Industrial de Florencia, Italia: Society of
Santander and SPS-oil. We thank our Petroleum Engineers.
colleagues from the Colombian Petroleum https://doi.org/10.2118/132990-MS.
Institute who provided insight and
expertise that greatly assisted the research. Crain, E. R. (2015). Total Organic Carbon
(TOC). Retrieved August 14, 2016,
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7° Simposio Internacional de Geomecánica 2017

Sustainable Heavy Oil Exploitation, Innovation and Geomechanical Contributions

INTEGRATION OF GEOCHEMISTRY AND

Helena Margarita Ribón Barrios, Petroleum Engineer, MSc

Aristóbulo Bejarano Wallens, Petroleum Engineer, MGT, MSc

Edgar Ricardo Pérez Carrillo, Petroleum Engineer, MSc

KEY WORDS: Geomechanics, geochemistry, TOC, Young, Poisson, brittleness,

Mellen, 2012; Rickman, Mullen, Petre,

3.1 Parameters affecting mechanical

The Table 1 collect the variables that,

1 S1, S2, S3 and Tmax are obtained parameters

affect the mechanical behavior of Modulus Vanorio,

P3 data and the log curves. It is assumed that

A universal petrophysical model that Figure 2. Logs in Excel

interpretation. However, the laboratory reference values (Philp, 2015) are as

‒ Information quality index (ICI) DTC=Compressional Sonic log

‒ Density porosity (PHID) Histograms were performed separately

laboratory data to determine the geomechanical parameters). The

4.6 Application of the methodology

It must be noted that sonic log

As in the Figure 6, it is founded that the

Figure 4. TOC [%w] calculation Well 4

Figure 6. TOC vs E in well 3, Formation A

however, there are no concrete results in

Shales. In SPE Annual Technical

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