Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[NOV. 2003]
19. (a.)List three duties carried out by male members and three duties carried out by
(i.) MALE
(ii.) FEMALE
(b.) Outline the economic and social way of life in the Rozvi state.
[11]
(i.) ECONOMIC
Crop cultivation – finger millet, bulrush millet, sorghum, cow peas, maize,
rapoko.
Pastoralism – cattle, a form of wealth – important for wealth and times of
drought.
Mining – gold, iron, copper. Practiced opencast mining.
Hunting – to get meat, enjoyed as a sport by men; ivory, skins.
Trade – local and external trade with Portuguese. Use of vashambadzi. Ivory
and gold important trade items to obtain cloth, beads, sea shells, etc.
Blacksmithing – an industry to produce tools and weapons such as knives,
razors, spears, arrow-heads.
Weaving – cloth – craftwork
Pottery by women and basketry by men
Tribute collected by the army for Changamire
Division of labour according to sex, age and skill.
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(i.) Internal factors – serious droughts, civil wars, economic decline, succession
disputes, disputes with Chikanga of Manyika, also Barwe chiefs
(ii.) External Factors – Nguni incursions and Portuguese invasions. Nguni groups
were Zwangendaba’s Ngoni; Nyamazana; the Ndebele; Nxaba and the Ngoni also briefly
invaded.
[Nov 2004]
[c].How far did political problems contribute to the collapse of the Rozvi State ?
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Successive droughts
Decline of gold production
Disruption of trade, especially by Portuguese
Invasion of the State by Mfecane groups e,g Ndebele and Ngoni
Depletion of resources
[Nov 2005]
21[a].Name any three Rozvi towns and any three Rozvi rulers up to the 18thcentury.
[b].Describe the political system and religious system of the Rozvi State up to the 19th
century.
[11]
[c]. How important was the role of the army in the Rozvi political system? [8]
[ii].Other factors
Most important element in the Rozvi state was religion-which united people
Mambo was confirmed in office by spirit mediums
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Army commanders
Provincial chiefs
District chiefs
Queen mother
King ‘s sons- in-law
Spirit mediums
Tumbare
Village heads
King
Sadunhu(Headman)
Court counsellors
[c].To what extent did social activities strengthened the Rozvi State? [8]
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Since the Mambo had the highest number of cattle, he was the wealthiest and was
held in high esteem.
[ii].Other factors:
Strong economy based on agriculture helped to maintain peace and stability
Trade was a source of foreign goods and helped to strengthen the economy and
enrich the Mambo since he controlled trade
Also payment of tribute –ensured loyalty to the Mambo and ensured that chiefs did
not become too rich and powerful.
A strong army was also important for defence of the state and putting down
rebellions.
(Nov 2010)
(c).How important was social organisation in the political system of the Rozvi State? (8)
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Other factors
[June 2011]
24[a].Name any three ethnic groups and their respective leaders who fought the Rozvi
between 1800 and 1890 [6]
Khumalo- Mziikazi
Jere –Ngoni- Zwangendaba
Ngoni- Nyamazana
Shangane- Soshangane
Msene-Ngoni- Nxaba
[c].Was the Mambo’s leadership to blame for the decline of the Rozvi kingdom?
Explain your answer. [8]
Mambo’s weaknesses
Other factors
Succession disputes /collateral system of succession
Serious droughts, Civil wars
Economic decline e,g mining, trade
Disputes with Chikanga and Barwe chiefs
Nguni incursions e,gMzilikazi’s Ndebele, Zwangendaba’s Ngoni and Nyamazana’s
Ngoni.
Clashes with the Portuguese left the Rozvi state weakened
Break away, Tumbare became too powerful, Hiya effects.