Consciousness

What is the definition of Consciousness?

 Consciousness

The state of being awake and able to process

what is happening both internally and externally
 Consciousness

What is the definition of Alertness?

 Consciousness

The ability to remain attentive to one’s

environment
 Consciousness

What can hinder Alertness?

 Consciousness

Drugs, Poisons, Head Injuries, ADD, Chronic

Fatigue Syndrome, ADHD, Depression, Sleep
Deprivation, Narcolepsy
 Consciousness

What part of the Brain controls Alertness?

 Consciousness

Reticular Formation (Reticular Activating

System)
 Consciousness

What are the types of Brainwaves in Sleep?

 Consciousness

Alpha, Beta, Theta, Delta

 Consciousness

What are stage of Consciousness do Beta

Waves associate with?
 Consciousness

Awake/Concentration
 Consciousness

What are stage of Consciousness do Alpha

Waves associate with?
 Consciousness

Day Dreaming
 Consciousness

What are stage of Consciousness do Theta

Waves associate with?
 Consciousness

Drowsiness
 Consciousness

What are stage of Consciousness do Delta

Waves associate with?
 Consciousness

Deep Sleep or Coma

 Consciousness

What are the Sleep Stages?

 Consciousness

Body goes through a distinct brain pattern during

sleep: Stage 1 (N1) → Stage 2 (N2) → Stage 3
(N3) → REM → Stage 1 (N1)
 Consciousness

Which stages of sleep are involved in Non-

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)?
 Consciousness

Stage 1 (N1), Stage 2 (N2), and Stage 3 (N3)

 Consciousness

What occurs in Stage 1 (N1) when Sleeping?

 Consciousness

Predominately Theta Waves

 Consciousness

When do Hypnagonic Hallucinations occur?

 Consciousness

Stage 1 (N1)
 Consciousness

What are Hypnagonic Hallucinations?

 Consciousness

Hearing or seeing things that are not there

 Consciousness

When does the Tetris Effect Occur?

 Consciousness

Stage 1 (N1)
 Consciousness

What is the Tetris Effect?

 Consciousness

A sensation that occurs when people devote so

much time and attention to an activity that it
begins to affect their thoughts, mental images,
and dreams
 Consciousness

When do Hypnic Jerks occur?

 Consciousness

Stage 1 (N1)
 Consciousness

What is the Hypnic Jerk?

 Consciousness

Muscle twitches experienced sometimes as one

falls asleep
 Consciousness

What occurs in Stage 2 (N2) when Sleeping?

 Consciousness

Theta Waves, Sleep Spindles, and K-Complexes

 Consciousness

What are Sleep Spindles?

 Consciousness

A waveform that depicts the sudden burst of

rapid brain activity
 Consciousness

What are K-Complexes?

 Consciousness

A waveform that suppresses cortical arousal, aid

in staying asleep and sleep-based memory
consolidation
 Consciousness

What occurs in Stage 3 (N3) when Sleeping?

 Consciousness

Delta Waves, sleep walking and talking, and

declarative Memory consolidation
 Consciousness

What occurs in Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

when sleeping?
 Consciousness

Eyes rapidly moving while other muscles are

paralyzed, dreaming, memory consolidation, and
formation of episodic memories due to the
Combination of Alpha, Beta, and Desynchronous
Waves
 Consciousness

What is the Circadian Rhythm?

 Consciousness

Body’s internal biological clock

 Consciousness

What controls the Circadian Rhythm?

 Consciousness

Melatonin (produced by the pineal gland)

 Consciousness

When does Dreaming occur?

 Consciousness

REM
 Consciousness

What are the different Dream Theories?

 Consciousness

Freud and Activation Synthesis Hypothesis

 Consciousness

What is the Freud Hypothesis Dream Theory?

 Consciousness

Dreams represent one’s unconscious

feelings/urges/thoughts
 Consciousness

What is the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis

Dream Theory?
 Consciousness

Physiological processes happening in the brain

create dreams
 Consciousness

What is Insomnia?
 Consciousness

Persistent trouble falling asleep or staying asleep

 Consciousness

What is Narcolepsy?
 Consciousness

Excessive daytime sleepiness at inappropriate

times
 Consciousness

What is Sleep Apnea?

 Consciousness

Ceasing of breathing while sleeping

 Consciousness

What is Sleep paralysis?

 Consciousness

Temporary paralysis of the body before sleep

 Consciousness

What is Dyssomnia?
 Consciousness

Difficulty sleeping
 Consciousness

What is Parasomnia?
 Consciousness

Abnormal movement during sleep

 Consciousness

What is Cataplexy?
 Consciousness

Loss of muscle control and sudden REM sleep

during wakefulness (part of narcolepsy)
 Consciousness

What are types of Induced States of

Consciousness?
 Consciousness

Hypnosis and Medication Induced

 Consciousness

What is Hypnosis?
 Consciousness

An induced state of consciousness that involves

getting a person to relax and focus on breathing
 Consciousness

What waves are more apparent in Hypnosis?

 Consciousness

Alpha Waves
 Consciousness

What are False Memories with regards to

Hypnosis?
 Consciousness

Memories that incorporate hypnotizer

expectations even when unintended
 Consciousness

What are the theories for how Hypnosis

works?
 Consciousness

Dissociation and Social Influence Theory

 Consciousness

What is the Dissociation Theory?

 Consciousness

Hypnotism is an extreme form of divided

consciousness
 Consciousness

What is the Social Influence Theory?

 Consciousness

People act upon and report what is expected of

them
 Consciousness

What is Meditation?
 Consciousness

A practice to train one’s attention and awareness

 Consciousness

What waves are more apparent in

Meditation?
 Consciousness

Alpha Waves
 Consciousness

What waves occur in Deep Meditation?

 Consciousness

Theta Waves
 Consciousness

What are Psychoactive Drugs?

 Consciousness

Drugs that can alter one’s consciousness and

perceptions
 Consciousness

What are the main types of Psychoactive

Drugs?
 Consciousness

Depressants, Stimulants, Hallucinogens, and

Opiates/Opioids
 Consciousness

How do Depressants work?

 Consciousness

Lower Heart Rate, reaction time, processing

speed, and slowing of neural
processing/sympathetic nervous system
 Consciousness

What are examples of Depressants?

 Consciousness

Alcohol, Barbiturates (Tranquilizers), and

Benzodiazepines
 Consciousness

How do Stimulants work?

 Consciousness

Stimulate intensity of neural activity/body

function
 Consciousness

What are examples of Stimulants?

 Consciousness

Caffeine, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine,

MDMA, Cocaine, Nicotine, and THC
 Consciousness

What are examples of Hallucinogens?

 Consciousness

Mescaline, Peyote, PCP, LSD, Psilocybin (active

ingredient in mushrooms)
 Consciousness

How do Hallucinogens work?

 Consciousness

Cause hallucinations and altered

perceptions/sensations
 Consciousness

What is the difference between Opiates and

Opioids?
 Consciousness

Opiates are natural and Opioids are synthetic

 Consciousness

How does Opiates and Opioids work?

 Consciousness

Alter consciousness and can be used to treat pain

 Consciousness

What are examples of Opiates and Opioids?

 Consciousness

Heroine, Codine, Morphine, Vicodin, Oxycodin,

Oxycodone
 Consciousness

What are routes of Drug Entry?

 Consciousness

Oral, Inhalation, Injection, Transdermal, and

Intramuscular
 Consciousness

What occurs when levels of Dopamine

increase?
 Consciousness

Levels of Serotonin decrease

 Consciousness

What is the Reward Pathway of the Brain?

 Consciousness

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) in the midbrain

release Dopamine → Amygdala/Nucleus
Accumbens/Prefrontal Cortex/Hippocampus →
Domaine Uptake
 Consciousness

What is the function of the Amygdala?

 Consciousness

Controls Emotions
 Consciousness

What is the function of the Nucleus

Accembens?
 Consciousness

Controls Motor Functions

 Consciousness

What is the function of the Prefrontal Cortex?

 Consciousness

Memory Formation
 Consciousness

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

 Consciousness

Focus Attention and Planning

 Consciousness

What is the definition of Tolerance?

 Consciousness

Becoming used to the drug, therefore needing

more to gain the same effect
 Consciousness

What is the definition of Cross Tolerance?

 Consciousness

A reduction of efficacy or responsiveness to a

novel drug due to a common CNS target
 Consciousness

What is the definition of Intoxication?

 Consciousness

The behavior and psychological effects on a

person
 Consciousness

What is the definition of Withdrawal?

 Consciousness

The ceasing of using a substance after using for a

long time
 Consciousness

What are the Stages of Withdrawal

symptoms?
 Consciousness

Acute and Post Acute

 Consciousness

What occurs during the Acute Stage of

Withdrawal?
 Consciousness

Physical withdrawal symptoms

 Consciousness

How long does the Acute Stage of Withdrawal

last?
 Consciousness

A few weeks
 Consciousness

What occurs during the Post Acute Stage of

Withdrawal?
 Consciousness

Mood Swings, Anxiety, Irritability, Tiredness,

Variable Energy, Low Enthusiasm, Variable
Concentration, and Disturbed Sleep
 Consciousness

How long does the Post Acute Stage of

Withdrawal Last?
 Consciousness

Each episode may last a few days, occurs up to

two years
 Consciousness

What are Substance-Induced Disorders?

 Consciousness

Conditions that are caused by substance

 Consciousness

What are Substance-Use Disorders?

 Consciousness

Conditions that are caused by a serious degree of

impairment in functioning in life, work, school,
or home
 Consciousness

What are treatments for Drug Addiction?

 Consciousness

Inpatient treatments, Outpatient Treatments,

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational
Interviewing, and Group Meetings
 Consciousness

What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?

 Consciousness

Psychological treatment for drug addiction that

address both cognitive and behavioral
components of addition and teaches patients to
recognize negative thought patterns=s and
develop more positive thought patterns and
coping mechanisms.
 Consciousness

What is Motivational Interviewing?

 Consciousness

Working with a patient to find intrinsic

motivation change
 Consciousness

What is a Relapse?
 Consciousness

When a patient slips and returns to the

environmental triggers and drug they were
addicted to