CONSCIOUSNESS AND SLEEP PPT Preconscious Memory

Consciousness  Are specific memories of personal events as well as the information

collected over a lifetime, and these memories are accessible to
The individual’s current awareness of external and internal stimuli of events in the consciousness.
environment and of body sensations, memories, and thoughts.  Automaticity. This habituation of responses that initially requires conscious
attention.
It exists whenever there is a change from an ordinary pattern of mental functioning
to a state that seems different to the person experiencing the change. Unconscious

Is the awareness of various cognitive processes that operate in daily lives: making Refers to a level of mental activity that contains unacceptable memories, impulses
decisions, remembering, daydreaming, concentrating, reflecting, sleeping, and (sexual and aggressive), and desires of which the individual is unaware of.
dreaming others.
Freudian Slip
Focus on your thoughts.
Is commonly used to refer to unintentional remarks that are assumed to reveal
Two Areas of Consciousness hidden impulses.

Waking Consciousness Altered State of Consciousness  An individual calling his or her spouse by an ex's name
 Saying the wrong word, or even misinterpreting a written or spoken word.
Includes the thoughts, feelings, and This is a condition or mental state
perceptions that arise when one is which differs noticeably from normal Dissociation
awake and reasonably alert. waking consciousness.
 This was originated by French Psychiatrist Pierre Janet (1889)
Examples: Examples:  In which under conditions, some thoughts and actions become split off or
Reading Sleep dissociated from the rest of consciousness and function outside of
Watching Tv Meditation awareness.
Reporting Hallucinations
Interaction Alcohol/Drugs A mild dissociation that is experienced by most people, including mentally
stable and healthy adults, is forgetting a common experience, such as turning
off a light in a room. The event is so typical and repetitive that a specific
Two aspects of Consciousness instance of turning a light off may be forgotten easily.
Monitoring Controlling DRAW HERE!!!

ourselves and our environment so Controlling ourselves and our environment

that percepts, memories, and thoughts are
represented in awareness. We are aware of
what
is happening with our bodies and
the outside world.
Selective Attention – focus
conscious awareness on a particular
stimulus.
so that we are able to initiate and
terminate behavior and cognitive activities.
Controlling our actions so that they are
coordinated with events in the outside
world.
Cognition, Emotion, Motivation
and Behavior

(Awareness)
Sensation, Perception, Memory, Thoughts
SLEEP >> FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP

CIRCADIAN CYCLES Physiological Function Psychological Function

 Circadian rhythm is a regular biological rhythm with an approximately 24-hour Metabolic rate Attention
period. The human biological clock is largely governed by a tiny cluster of Heart rate Information processing
neurons in the lower region of the hypothalamus known as the suprachiasmatic Respiration rate Memory
nucleus (SCN) that receives input from the retina regarding light and cycles and Blood pressure Mood
is involved in regulating the biological clock. Secretions of insulin Regulation
 SCN- secretes specific neurotransmitters to regions of the brain that in turn Testosterone Problem solving
control our body’s temperature, metabolism, blood pressure, and hormone Glucose level Creativity
levels, which vary through the course of the day. Energy is conserved when sleeping and prepares the brain for the next day by
 Desynchronization – disruption in circadian rhythm, the body’s function is out replenishing glycogen supplies in the brain.
of synch. THE 5 STAGES OF THE SLEEP CYCLE—DRAW HERE!!!
 Call center agents
 Jet lag

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a master pacemaker

1. Activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus correlates with circadian rhythms

2. Lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus abolish free-running rhythms
3. Isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus continues to cycle
4. Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus imparts rhythm of the donor on the host >>STAGES OF SLEEP
WHY DO WE SLEEP? STAGE 1

 People need sleep to help revive the tired body - Relatively rapid, low amplitude brain waves
 To build up resistance to infection
 Helps us recover from stress - Transition between wakefulness and sleep

When you go without sleep you can become irritable, lose focus, and have memory -Easily aroused by sensory stimuli such as noise.
loss -Includes lightest level of sleep
>> RESTORATION AND RECOVERY THEORY STAGE 2
 Dr. Picar (2010) -Slower and more regular wave patterns.
 A person sleeps to restore bodily functions in terms of repair and regeneration
because metabolic system decreases when a person is asleep. Low metabolic -Period of sound sleep.
rate appears to facilitate biosynthesis. Sleeping restock the energy reserve to
-Relaxation progress.
maintain wakefulness and be efficient the next day.
-Arousal is still easy.

-Last for 10-20 mins.

-Body functions continue to slow.

STAGE 3 SLEEP AND LEARNING (CONSOLIDATION)

-Slow brain waves with greater peaks and valley than in stage 2.  Deep Sleep—Learning of Information
 REM Sleep—Learning of Skills
-Presence of 20-50% of delta waves is evident.
>> NORMAL SLEEP REQUIREMENTS AND PATTERNS
-Initial stage of deep sleep
-Sleep duration and quality vary widely among people of all age groups. One person
-Vital signs are decline but remain regular.
may gain adequate rest after 4 hours of sleep, whereas the other may require 10
-Stage last 15-30 mins hours.

STAGE 4 - INFANTS

-Deepest stage of sleep. -Quiet infants sleep more than active infants (Wong, 1995)

-Difficult to arouse sleeper. -A nighttime pattern of sleep is developed by the age of 3-4 months.

-Presence of 50% or more delta waves. -Sleeps 8-10 hours during the night and takes naps during the day.

-Last 15-30 mins, - TODDLERS

-Sleepwalking and enuresis may occur -Sleep average is 12 hours a day. By the age of 2, sleep through the night and take
naps., which can be eliminated at 3 years. It is common for toddlers to be awake at
-Responsible for restoring and resting body. night.
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) -The percentage of REM sleep begins to fall because toddlers have access to a
-It is typified by the autonomic response of rapid moving eyes, fluctuating heart and variety of meaningful external stimuli.
respiratory rates, and increased or fluctuating blood pressure. - PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
-It is a period of vivid, full-color dreaming. -Sleeps about 12 hours a night and rarely takes naps during the day.
-This stage usually begins every 50-90 min. after sleep has begun. -Has problems with bedtime fears, and waking during the night.
-Loss of skeletal muscle tone occurs. -Parents should establish a consistent bedtime routine.
-Gastric secretions increase. - SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
-Responsible for mental restoration. -A 6-year-old averages 11- 12 hours of sleep every night and an 11-year-old sleeps 9
-Very difficult to arouse sleeper. Duration of REM sleep increases with each other to 10 hours (Wong,1995) The amount of sleep varies depending on the activity and
cycle and averages 20 mins. the levels of health of the child.

-The school-aged children do not usually require naps.

SLEEP AND PHYSICAL REPAIR? -The older children often resist going to sleep due to a lack of awareness of fatigue
or a need to be independent.
Habitual tasks seem to be immune to sleep disruption, only those that require deep
(conscious?) thought to seem to be affected by lack of sleep
- ADOLESCENTS
-An adolescent (12-17 years old) has an average of 8 to 9 hours of sleep. An
adolescent’s day is usually active and mentally and physically exhausting.
-Once bedtime approaches, the adolescent offers little resistance to sleep. The
desire to spend time with peers prevents them to realize their need to sleep. Owing
to staying up late, an adolescent frequently sleeps late in the morning.
- YOUNG ADULTS
-Most young adults (18-35 years old) have an average of 6-8 hours of sleep a night.
It is not usual for them to take regular naps. Healthy young adults require rest and
sleep to participate in the busy activities they do every day.
-However, it is common for busy lifestyles of the young adults to interrupt their
sleeping patterns. Approximately 20% of sleep is spent in the REM sleep which
remains consistent throughout life.
- MIDDLE ADULTS
-During adulthood, the total time spent sleeping at night begins to decline. The
amount of stage 4 begins to fall, continuing throughout the older age. Sleep
disturbances are common.
-Insomnia is particularly common because of changes and stresses of middle age
(36-55 years old). Sleep disturbances can be caused by anxiety, depression , or
certain physical ailments.
- OLDER ADULTS
-An older adult has no more stage 4 of sleep. An older adult awakens more often
during the night, and the total wake time increases. The total time asleep for naps
seems to increase as they age.
-By the age of 75 , there is a increase amount of time spent in bed, both when nap
time in included and excluded. The need for increased rest occurs earlier in the
need for increased of sleep.
-The changes in an older person’s sleep pattern are due to changes in the central
nervous system that affects the regulation of sleep. An older adult’s chronic illness
may also affect the quality of sleep.
>> SLEEP DISORDERS
Insomnia
- associated with a wide range of both cognitive impairments and health risks
- often associated with worry, guilt, or stress
- Can lead to addiction to sleeping medications
Parasomnias (including Somnambulism …sleepwalking)
- “waking” behaviors (walking, eating, having sex) that occur when the person is
in Stage 4 sleep
- Linked to improper paralysis – motor activity synchrony
SLEEP DISORDERS
Sleep disorders are conditions that affect our sleep. According to American
Psychiatric Association, it involves problems with the quality, timing, and amount of
sleep, which cause problems with functioning and distress during the daytime.
INSOMNIA
 It is when you have problems in falling or staying asleep. According to WebMD
the condition can be short-term (acute) or can last a long time (chronic). It may
also come and go.
Primary Insomnia- sleep problems aren’t linked to any other health condition
or problem.
Secondary insomnia- have trouble sleeping because of a health condition.
APNEA
 Having difficulties during the night and feeling exhaustion during the day. A
sleeping person repeatedly stops breathing until blood oxygen is so low it
awakens the person just long enough to draw a breath.
NARCOLEPSY
 According to Sleep Foundation Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by
excessive sleepiness, sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and in some cases episodes
of cataplexy (partial or total loss of muscle control, often triggered by a strong
emotion.
PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENT DISORDER
>> The Meaning of Dreams
 It is characterized by involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the
arms (Edinger,1992). When PLMD was first described in the 1950s, it was called Freud: Symbolic and Disguised Dreams
nocturnal myoclonus. Nocturnal means night and myoclonus is a rapid,
- royal road to the unconscious
contraction of a group of muscles similar to that seen in seizures.
- arises from unfulfilled needs
NIGHT TERRORS - important in understanding unconscious motivation

 According to Stanford’s children’s health a night terror is waking up from sleep Hobson: Transparent and Unedited Dreams
with behaviors such as screaming, kicking, panic, or mumbling. It is different
- Dreams are meaningful, undisguised, and rich in conflictual impulses.
from a nightmare which is simply an unpleasant dream.
Crick and Mitchison: Meaningless Dreams
SLEEP TALKING
- dreams have little or no meaning
 According to Sleep Foundation Sleep talking, formally known as somniloquy, is
- important to reduce fantasy and obsession in the waking state.
a sleep disorder defined as talking during sleep without being aware of it. It is
- Serves for preparing the brain for optimal functioning in the waking state.
completely normal and harmless.
Cartwright: Dreams as Information Processing
SLEEPWALKING
- exhibits consistent patterns from night to night and within a single night
 According to Sleep Foundation Sleepwalking, formally known as
- linked to the dreamer's affective state. Affective states trigger a network of
somnambulism, is a behavior disorder that happens during deep sleep and
memories, thus over the course of a night, the content of different dreams will
performing other complex behaviors while asleep. It also runs in the family.
reflect a common theme.
- dreams can play an important role in alleviating the mood.

>> DREAMING Kramer: The Meaning of NIGHTMARES

Many people believed that dreams conceal hidden symbols or messages - Dreams involve more than just assimilating information.
- Involves process of accommodation.
Hobson's Activation/ Synthesis Theory - In dreams, we attempt to come to terms with experience.
 Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in
1977.
 Activation is provided by the brainstem, while synthesis is provided by the
forebrain.

Dreams as Hallucinations
Dreams as delusions
Distortion in Time, Space and Person
Intensification of Emotion
Failure of Memory