Baghdad University

College of Medicine
Ophthalmology Department
Objectives
At the end of this session the students will
be able to:
 Define visual field, scotoma and perimetry
 Describe static and kinetic perimetry with
examples
 Describe types of scotoma with examples
 Identify the visual field drawing
 Describe common visual field defects and
their causes
 Definitions
An island of vision in
 Visual Field
a sea of darkness
 Scotoma

Scotoma is an area of partial or complete loss of vision surrounded

by a normal visual field.
Visual Field
 Central visual field (macular)  central
30°.
 Peripheral visual field (extramacular) 
out of central 30°.

VISUAL PATHWAY
Confrontation test
Confrontation test
PERIMETRY
 Kinetic perimetry
 Static perimetry
Kinetic perimeter
 Simple confrontation
 Goldmann ‘s perimeter
Goldmann
Static perimeter
 Automated perimeter

Visual field monitoring in glaucoma

Respect the horizontal

Nervous disease respect the vertical

humphrey
Gold mann
Assessment of peripheral visual field by:
1- Confrontation visual field.
2- Goldmann visual field.
3- Automated and computer-assisted
perimeters.
Assessment of central visual field by:
1- Goldmann visual field.
2- Automated perimeter.
3- Tangent screens.
4- Amsler grid.
Goldmann
 left eye

humphrey

OS (oculus sinister) means the

left eye and OD (oculus dextrus)
means the right eye
Amsler Grid
 Scotoma
Complete loss of
Absolute vision
Relative Partial loss of
vision

Positive Appears as a dark spot in the visual field

Negative The patient is unaware of its

prescence

absolute and negative scotoma: e.g. blind spot and it is also a physiological scotoma
Relative scotoma: usually many types of scotoma start as relative
Positive e.g. optic neuritis
Types of VF defects
Central
 Central scotoma
 Centrocaecal Central to blind spot
 Paracentral
 Arcuate scotoma
 Altitudinal field defect
 Enlargement of blind spot
 Types of VF defect
 Peripheral
 Bitemporal hemianopia
After chiasmal Homonymous hemianopia

 Binasal hemianopia
 Constriction of the peripheral field
(tunneled vision)
 Optic nerve lesion left
Some fiber are cross to
oppisiste site so cause
scotoma

Temporal
Right
optic
radiation

Pariatal optic
radiation Left

Cerebral
cortex lesion
 Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

retinal venous occlusions

retinitis pigmentosa
Optokinetic reflex