Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals, 18-22 September, 2006, Sevastopol, Ukraine pp.

159-164

PHOTONIC BEAMFORMING
IN ULTRA-WIDEBAND PHASED ANTENNA
ARRAYS: PRESENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES
Bratchikov A. N.
Moscow Aviation Institute (State University of Aerospace Technology)
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Faculty
Russia 125993 GSP-3 Moscow, A-80, Volokolamskoye Sh., 4.
E-mail: alexbrat@aha.ru

Abstract
This paper reflects the state-of-the-art of new and rapidly growing field, dealing
with beamforming in ultra-wideband (UWB) phased antenna arrays (PAA) based on
photonic technology [1]-[2]. Principal attention is focused on active phased antenna
arrays radiating/receiving ultra-wideband and ultra-short radio- and video-pulses of
∼1 ns time duration [3], named in the paper RP PAA and VP PAA, correspondingly.
For both RP PAA and VP PAA the critical problems of insertion losses and thermal
stability are characterized. Estimations made for insertion losses and thermal stability of
true time delays in RP PAA and VP PAA fiber-optic beamforming systems confirm the
practicability of photonic beamforming in UWB RP PAA and UWB VP PAA.

Keywords: Phased antenna arrays, ultra-short radio- and video-pulses, fiber-optic

beamforming networks.

each PAA channel, or forms progressive time delay in-

1. INTRODUCTION
Photonic technology in active PAA provides 1-D or 2-D,
continuous or discrete PAA beamforming in real time
domain with single or multiple beams and squint-free
beam steering (without fluctuations of beam direction for
different frequencies) [4]. Photonic beamformer provides
active PAA operation in both transmit and receive mode
within UWB instantaneous bandwidth expanding from
several units to several hundreds GHz in both continuous
wave and pulsed mode of operation including radia-
tion/receiving the UWB ultra short radio-and video-
pulses of time duration about 1 ns and less [5], shown in
Fig. 1 with appropriate spectra.
Principal feature of photonic beamformer configura-
tions is the replacement of traditional phase shifters by
controllable time delay lines. This eliminates PAA band-
crements of pulses triggering the semiconductor solid-
state oscillators and having increments with given time
delay errors. First mode is usually used in RP APAA [7],
whereas the second one being more simple is realized in
VP APAA [8]. In the latter case two simplifications are
possible, namely, direct triggering of solid-state oscilla-
tors by optical pulses [9], and optical switching of pas-
sive microstrip lines transmitting triggering pulses from
appropriate digital driver [10].
Principal photonic beamformer configurations are
categorized in Fig. 2. Conventional classic beamforming
t, ns
t, ns 0 1

width restrictions due to frequency response of PAA aper- 0 1

ture [6] while PAA bandwidth exclusively depends only b)
a)
on bandwidth of controllable time delay lines. So it is very
attractive to use fiber-optic controllable time delay lines
because compared with conventional coaxial and metal
waveguide transmission lines fiber itself exhibits wide
bandwidth (10…100 GHz ⋅km), small per unit length f
f
losses (0.1…0.5 dB/km), mechanical flexibility, insensi- fm in f0 fm ax
0 f
f
tivity to EM interference and does not connect electrically f max

transmitter and receiver. c) d)

And at the same time photonic beamformer can oper-
Fig. 1. UWB radio- (a) and video- (b) pulses with
ate either with progressive time delay increments of ul-
tra-short radio- or video pulses, radiating/receiving in time duration about ∼1 ns and spectra of
pulse trains (c), (d), respectively.

1-4244-0513-0/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE

 Bratchikov A. N.
Transmit-receive APAA with photonic beamforming
Radio pulse APAA Video pulse APAA
(RP APAA) (VP APAA)
RP APAA with optical VP APAA with optical
true time delay control true time delay control
of UWB radio pulses of UWB video pulses
RP APAA with hybrid VP APAA with optical
coherent optical Fourier control the delays of video
processor of UWB pulses triggering solid-state
radio pulses oscillators
Fig. 2. Classification of UWB transmit-receive
APAA with photonic beamformers.
strategy in RP PAA and VP PAA with controllable true
time delays is realized by fiber-optic delay lines
(FODEL) based on: 1) single mode optical fibers (OF)
with low [11]-[12] and high [13] dispersion, and 2) fiber
Bragg gratings (FBG) [14]-[15] as fiber counterpart of
discrete microwave commutation phase shifters.
In photonic beamformers on the basis of hybrid co-
herent optical Fourier processors [16]-[17] traditional
concept of beamforming is replaced by holographic
principles. The latter automatically provides given am-
plitude and phase/delay distributions on APAA aper-
ture avoiding the necessity of direct computation these
values for each antenna element in real time domain.
2. RADIO PULSE APAA WITH PHOTONIC
TRUE TIME DELAY CONTROL BY
FODELS
This section is focused on controllable binary FOD-
ELs (BIFODELs) with low [11]-[12] and high [13]
dispersion , and also on fiber Bragg gratings (FBG)
[14]- [15]. Utilizing these components, the optical
TTD beamformer may be designed as prism structure
with low [18]-[21] and high dispersion [22]-[25] OF
or as matrix structure [26]-[28].
2.1. PHOTONIC BEAMFORMER WITH
CONTROLLABLE LOW DISPERSION
BIFODELS
The key element of switched FODL beamformer is the
programmable binary fiber-optic delay (BIFODEL)
line architecture [11]-[12] as shown in Fig. 3. It may be
seen that optical carrier with microwave modulation
passes through N FODELs, whose lengths correspond
to delays increasing as 2i ΔT , i = 0,1,..., N − 1 . The
required FODELs are addressed by N optical switches
2 × 2 controlled with binary control signals.
Versions of BIFODEL beamformer for two dimen-
sional APAA in both transmit and receive modes de-
scribed in [11]-[12].
160 Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals, 18-22 September, 2006, Sevastopol, Ukraine
Fiber- optic (2N -1 )Δ T Optical
delay lines switch
2 x2
4ΔT
2ΔT
Microwave LD ΔT PD Microwave
input output
b0 b1 b2 b N -1
Binary digit control word
Fig. 3. Programmable binary fiber-optic delay
(BIFODEL) line architecture [11]-[12].
2.2. PHOTONIC BEAMFORMER WITH HIGH
DISPERSION FIBER PRISM
Compared with BIFODEL architecture which utilizes
the negligible dispersion single mode fibers, fiber prism
version of optical TTD beamformer takes advantage of
optical fibers with high dispersion [13] coefficient
D ≈ − (70...100) ps/km·nm. The latter means, that
modulated optical signal with spectral line width 1 nm
acquires the 70-100 ps delay at the output of fiber 1 km
long, and this delay has quasi linear wavelength de-
pendence. To feed individual APAA modules or subar-
rays, a dispersion prism beamformer was proposed
[22], comprising a parallel battery of identical disper-
sive FODELs, each containing an independently tun-
able semiconductor laser diode. In [23] the concept of
dispersion fiber prism was spread on the two dimen-
sional APAA, working in transmit and receive modes.
2.3 FIBER BRAGG GRATING PRISM
BEAMFORMER
The phase FBG [14] is the length of special, ultraviolet
sensitive fiber with written by ultraviolet light into the core
longitudinal dependence of refractive index in the form of
phase- and amplitude-modulated periodical structure:
{ (
δn (z ) = n0 (z ) 1 + δn0 (z ) cos ⎡⎢ 2πz Λ + φ (z )⎤⎥ , (1)
⎣ ⎦ ) }
where Λ is grating period, n 0 (z ) is the average non-
modulated refractive index and δφ (z ) , δn 0 (z ) are
the amplitude of phase and amplitude modulations,
respectively. The incident microwave-modulated opti-
cal carrier with wavelength λi , passing through the
periodical index of refraction structure reflects back
from appropriate place accordingly with Bragg reflec-
tion low, producing total delay of 2τ (λi ) for both
optical carrier with wavelength λi and microwave
modulation, as shown in Fig. 4. The areas δn1 (z ) ,
δn2 (z ) , ..., δnN (z ) with different, but uniform δφ (z )
are 1-5 mm long each, but the total length and corre-
sponding delay 2τ (λN ) of FBG Fig. 4,a with uniform
δφ (z ) is practically unlimited, whereas the length of
chirped grating Fig. 4,b, restricted by technology of
phase mask manufacturing, is now about 40 cm [14].
The FBG also demonstrate excellent thermal stability
 Photonic Beamforming in Ultra-Wideband Phased Antenna Arrays: Present State and Perspectives

δ n (z ) δ n (z )

z z

Cladding
Cladding
δ n 2 (z )
δn 1 (z ) Core
Core
λ1 λ2 λ3 λN
λ1 λ2

a) b)
Fig. 4. Multiwavelength reflections of microwave modulated optical carriers in the fiber Bragg gratings (FBG)
with uniform (a) and chirped (b) δφ (z ) and uniform dependence of refractive index amplitude
δn 0 (z ) , producing microwave delay 2τ (λi ) with given increment.
PD LNA
Microwave Binary digit
input control words
Multiwavelength λN N
optical source

MPDM
λi i

λ Electro-optical WDM Discrete

λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4 λ 5 λm light modulator Demultiplexer λ1 1 beamsteering

Fig. 5. Block diagram of linear transmit mode APAA with multiwavelength programmable dispersion matrix
(MPDM).

of 2τ (λi ) [15]. The general idea of FBG prism-like dispersion of the MPDM can vary from 0 to
beamformer for APAA application is illustrated in [21]. (2n − 1)D0 ps/nm in increments of D0 ps/nm. In con-
Different modifications of APAA with FBG beam- trast to the conventional switched FODELs, the
former in the form of laboratory experimental set ups MPDM creates wavelength-dependent relative time
described in [18]-[21], [33]-[34]. delays among various wavelength channels.
Using the multiwavelength laser source, radiating m
2.4. DISPERSION MATRIX BEAMFORMER equally spaced wavelengths λ1, λ2 ,..., λm , and wave-
The BIFODEL concept Fig. 3 is generalized in [26]-[28] length-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical coupler, the
by introducing high dispersion delay units instead of low correspondence may be established between the appro-
dispersion ones. The multiwavelength programmable priate λi and linear transmit antenna array radiator as
dispersion matrix (MPDM) with n-bit resolution contains shown in Fig. 5. The 2-D APAA control in transmit
n dispersion elements with exponentially increasing dis- mode is performed in [18] by combining MPDM and
persion D0 , 2D0 , ..., 2n −1 D0 (ps/nm) and (n + 1) opti- BIFODEL beamformers. Block diagrams of linear
cal switches 2 × 2 to program the total delay. APAA control in receive mode is described in [27].
The dispersive elements can be made of any wave-
length-dependent time-delay components, mentioned 2.5. FIBER BRAGG GRATING BEAMFORMER
above. By programming the optical switches, the total WITH PULSED EXCITATION
Optical beamforming network (BFN) in Fig. 6, pro-
λ
N
λ
3
λ
2
λ
1
Optical vides appropriate time delays of optical pulses in each
EOM
θ
contr
LD circulator
transmit RP APAA channel realizing beamforming and
FBG
λ λ λ ...λ beamsteering [14]. Laser diode radiates optical pulse
Gated nL/c nL/c nL/c 1 2 3 N

Microwave δτ
1
δτ
2
δτ
2 train with different optical frequency in each pulse. The
input
λ
1
λ
2
λ
N
number of pulses in each train equals to number of RP
L L L APAA elements or subarrays. Microwave or millimeter
wave signal is imposed on each laser pulse as a result
PD
nL/c of UWB pulse modulation. Discrete FBG or linearly
Microwave
Switch
chirped FBG is used as time delay control component.
AMP
Gating And depending on optical wavelength this FBG reflects
Pulse
optical pulses from appropriate cross-sectional planes
1 2 3 N
located at different distances from the input plane of
FBG. Each reflection plane corresponds to given time
θ
delay δτi of optical pulse with wavelength λi and im-
posed microwave/millimeter wave signal.
Fig. 6. Fiber Bragg grating beamformer with pulsed When first optical pulse of the train enters the pho-
excitation. todetector (PD) of the N-th RP APAA channel, optical

Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals, 18-22 September, 2006, Sevastopol, Ukraine 161
 Bratchikov A. N.
pulses at the inputs of all the rest of PD have progres-
sive delays with given decrement. At this point of
time all electronic gates opens due to opening elec-
tronic pulse with τ = nL / c = T , resulting in radia-
tion of pulse train in the form of pulsed
electromagnetic waves with given time delay decre-
ment along given direction. Operational principle de-
scribed here for linear transmit RP APAA spreaded on
receive 2D mode is described in [36].
3. BEAMFORMERS ON THE BASIS OF
HYBRID OPTOELECTRONIC
PROCESSORS
To provide APAA control, hybrid optoelectronic
processors change the total strategy of beamforming,
avoiding the necessity of microwave radiation delay
or phase shift evaluation for every array radiator in
real time domain and taking the advantages of holo-
graphic principles of optical beamforming.
3.1. TRANSMIT ANTENNA ARRAY
BEAMFORMER WITH COHERENT FOURIER
PROCESSOR
This concept being generated in [16] continues to at-
tract the researchers [12], [35] as very promising
APAA beamformer. In the linear transmit mode
APPA beam position and shape are controlled by op-
tical coherent Fourier processor whereas the FO links
with remote heterodyning are used for antenna signal
distribution, as shown in Fig. 7. Beamforming and
beamsteering uses the analogy in electromagnetic
field transform, providing by thin optical lens and free
space: both perform the Fourier transform of electric
field spatial distribution. Fourier processor in Fig. 7
realizes the following transform principle:
{ ⎣ }
E (ωx , ωy , t ) = F F−1 ⎡⎢E (ωx , ωy , t )⎤⎥ ,
⎦
(2)
where E (ωx , ωy , t ) is complex optic field in the proces-
sor’s π -plane; F{...} is operator of direct Fourier
transform, realizing by free space; F−1 {...} is operator
of reverse Fourier transform, realized by thin lens;
ωκ = ω1κ f - spatial frequencies; f is the lens focal
length, κ = x , y and ω1 is one of the frequencies of
the two wavelength optical source, while the second
one is ω2 = ω1 + Ω , Ω - microwave or millimeter
wave frequency of APAA radiation. In the π -plane the
cross section and position of far field is determined in
the optic form of transparent pixels of spatial light
modulator as shown in inset of Fig. 7. Then in the plane
Π the corresponding Fourier - conjugated optical ap-
erture electric field distribution F−1 ⎡⎢E (ωx , ωy , t )⎤⎥ oc-
⎣ ⎦
curs, that excites the input fiber facets of fiber bundle.
Each fiber provides one-to-one correspondence be-
tween little portion of continuous optic field distribu-
tion in the plane Π and corresponding APAA module.
162 Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals, 18-22 September, 2006, Sevastopol, Ukraine
Fourier processor
Far field Spatial Fourier lens
PD LNA
N
control light modulator
П - plane
Fiber
bundl
Principal channel
PD LNA
1
Optical models of APAA far field cross section
y
in -plane
y APAA
Two
x x Quasi continuous and / or discrete
wavelength
light source
Light
modulator
beamsteering with one or several
independent pencil beams or with
arbitrary shaped far field
Reference channel
Data input
Fig. 7. Transmit antenna array beamformer with
coherent Fourier processor.
Photodetectors transform optical distribution into mi-
crowave one at beat frequency Ω = ω2 − ω1 , the latter
accordingly with (2) forms necessary shape and posi-
tion of far field, given before in optic form in the π -
plane. New ideas [28] of hybrid processor beamformers
are also discussed in the paper.
4. VIDEO PULSE APAA WITH PHOTONIC
BEAMFORMING NETWORKS
In general, all ideas and configurations considered
above for RP APAA could be directly used for genera-
tion of ultra short video pulses of electromagnetic en-
ergy [38] with progressive time delays being necessary
to feed UWB VP APAA elements or subarrays [37].
Alternative approach of VP APAA BFN directed on
excitation solid-state semiconductor video pulse oscilla-
tors [39] is connected with generation optical or video
pulses for triggering these oscillators. Practicability and
competitive ability of fiber BFN producing video pulses
with given time delay decrements depends upon two
principal circumstances: first, fiber BFN of concern in-
sert in the antenna channel additional losses, which
should be compensated by additional amplification, and
second, temperature difference between different an-
tenna channels affects the stability of time delays.
4.1. INSERTION LOSS PROBLEM
IN FIBER-OPTIC VP BFN
Optical fiber with losses of transmitted RF power about
0.2–0.5 dB/km successfully competes with coax cables,
metallic and dielectric waveguides with losses
(500…1000) dB/km, 20 dB/km, and 0.5 dB/km, respec-
tively. However in short fiber links several hundreds
meters long principal losses are due to modulation and
photodetection processes. As estimated in [41] the worst
possible RF signal insertion loss in fiber links with direct
LD modulation and direct photodetection is about
αDM = −15... − 35 dB, whereas in fiber link with ex-
ternal laser modulation in electro-optical modulator
(EOM) this value is much less, that is,
αBM = −35... − 60 dB. Total losses also strongly de-
pends upon mismatch of coax and input LD impedances
during modulation and symmetric mismatch of output
PD and coax impedances during photodetection. Optimal
input/output matching in short fiber link including com-
 Photonic Beamforming in Ultra-Wideband Phased Antenna Arrays: Present State and Perspectives
posed heterojunction lasers [42] provide partial and even
full compensation of insertion losses.
Present day technologies of electronic [43] and op-
tical amplification [44] also provide wide possibilities
for insertion loss compensation and further increase
BFN output power levels up to those required by VP
APAA Finally, modified fiber-optic structural con-
figurations [45] provide now not only insertion loss
compensation but additional intrinsic amplification
about 10 dB even without pre-PD optical or post-PD
electronic amplification.
4.2. THERMAL INSTABILITY OF TIME DELAYS
IN FIBER-OPTIC VP BFN
The problem of thermal instability of time delays
(TSTD) appears if it is necessary to distribute optical
ultra short pulses or triggering video pulses (not neces-
sarily ultra short pulses) among UWB antenna elements
or solid state semiconductor video pulse oscillators
arranged on VP APAA apertures, or subarrays and if
minimum value of parasitic time delays is restricted by:
Δtn ≈ n Δln / c ≤ 0,1τu , (3)
where Δtn allowable time delay of pulses, c / n light
velocity in fiber core with refraction index n ≈ 1, 5 and
τu is time width of optical ultra short pulses or trigger-
ing video pulses. Temperature difference ΔT °C be-
tween adjacent channels l m long each causes parasitic
time delay:
Δtn = (n / c) ⋅ l ⋅ K ΔT l ⋅ ΔT °C = l ⋅ K ΔT t ⋅ ΔT °C (4)
where K ΔT l = dl / ldT is thermal instability factor of
fiber relative lengthening, а K ΔT t = (n / c)K ΔT l is ther-
mal instability factor of relative time delay in fiber:
K ΔT l ~ (5 ⋅ 10−7...3 ⋅ 10−5 ) 1/ °C ,
K ΔT t ~ (2, 5 ⋅ 10−16...1, 5 ⋅ 10−14 ) c / °C ⋅ m .
Hence the order of magnitude for parasitic time delay
Δtn when ΔT = 10°C Δln = 100 m is estimated
to be as: Δtn ~ (2, 5 ⋅ 10−12...1, 5 ⋅ 10−10 ) c =
= 2, 5 ps...0,15 ns , and satisfies allowable equation
(3) for τu = 1 ns . If temperature gradient is more
than 10°С in fiber links of more than 100 m long and,
than (3) could be satisfied using phase stabilized fiber
link considered in [40].
5. CONCLUSION
Present day fiber-optic and optoelectronic technology
find wide practical application for beamforming and
beam steering of RP and VP APAA operating with
UWB radio- and video pulses of ∼1 ns time duration.
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