: FACTORISATION 5.1 FACTORS When an algebraic expression can be written as the product of two or more expressions, then each of these expressions is called a factor of the given expression. For example, x? - 3x + 2 = (x ~ 1) (x - 2), therefore, (x ~ 1) and (x ~ 2) are the factors of x2 - 3x + 2. We already know the process of finding the product of two or more algebraic expressions, and now we shall learn the reverse process. The process of finding two or more expressions (factors) whose product is the given expression is called factorisation. However, in this book, we shall deal only with some special types of expressions. 5.2 FACTORISING BY TAKING OUT COMMON FACTORS If the different terms of a given polynomial have common factors, then the given polynomial can be factorised by the following procedure : () Find the H.C. of all the terms of the given polynomial. (ii) Divide each term of the given polynomial by H.C.F. Enclose the quotient within the brackets and keep the common factor outside the bracket. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLI "ANY AVICHAL (ili) 6xy? + 9x2y = 2Ixy (iv) 14x Solution. (i) H.C.F. of 24x3 and 32x? is 8x2, rDivideleaiie bees E 24x — 32x? = Bx?(3x - 4). Set outaidotihe brace (ii) H.C. of 15ab? and 210b is 3ab. 15ab? — 21a7b = 3ab (5b — 7a). ee s* UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - IX ARG.ny = Say Qy + 3x -7). 10x2y and 8xy? is 2xy. 2g) + 6 ( 20 ( Solution. (i) H.C. of the expressions 3x (y + 2z) and 5a(y + 2z) ; a is y + 22. Divide each term by y + 22 and | Bx (y + 22) + Saly + 22) = (y + 22) (Bx + 5a), | Keepy +2 outside the bracket, (ii) H.CF. of the expressions 10(p — 29), 6 (p - 29)? and 20(p - 24) is 2(p - 29) 10(p — 24) + 6 (p — 24) - 20(p - 29) ; = 2(p - 29) [5(p — 24) + 3p — 29) - 10). 3 2 i) 08 = 180°b3 + 750507. | (i Salat + 9) + 6007 + ¥". Gd) 14 (a — 3b) - 21p (@ - 36). 5.3 FACTORISING BY GROUPING OF TERMS When the grouping of terms of the given polynomial gives rise to common factor, then the given polynomial can be factorised by the following procedure : (Arrange the terms of the given polynomial in groups in such a way that each group has a common factor. (ii) Factorise each group. (iii) Take out the factor which is common to each group. FACTORISATION Bissore (ii) 4x2 = 10xy = 6xz + 15yz = (4x2 - 10xy) - (6xz - 15yz) = 2x (2x — 5y) - 3z(2x - 5y) 4Y AVICHAL PUBLISHING COMPANY: Ree erect) e212) = (x + 2) +1). (i) 1+ p+pq+ pq = (+p) + (pa + a) = 1(1 + p) + pq + p) = (1 +p) (1 + pq). Solution. (i) x3 + 2x2? +x+2 Solution. (i) Since xy and pq have nothing in common, we do not group the terms in pairs in order in which the given expression is written. Hence we interchange =pq and -px 2 xy — pq + gy ~ px = (xy — px) + (ay - pa) =xy-p)+qy-p) = Y-P&+) (i) ab G2 + 2) + xy(@ +B) = abx? + aby? + aay + xy = (abx? + «Pxy) + (aby? + Pxy) = ax(bx + ay) + by (ay + bx) (bx + ay) (ax + by) Solution. (i) a(a + b - c) - be = @ + ab —ac - be (a? + ab) - (ac + bc) = a(a + b) — c(a + b) = (a +b) (@-c). @) a2 + 2+ Ixta=PP+ab+x+a = (ax3 + a®x?) + (x + a) = axX(x + a) + U(x + a) = (x +a) (ax? +1). Solution. (i) ax + by + bx + az + ay + bz % = (ax + ay + az) + (bx + by + bz) Heads “+ UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - IX2 3 a@e+ytz)+b@+y+2) : Qe +y+D +d. a-1= (x3- x) + (ax -a) + (x-1) = @(x-1) + a(x-1) + 1-1) = (-1) (2 +a+1). ~ Solution. (i) p(x - y)? — qy + qx + 3x - 3y = p(x -—y)? + (qx - gy) + (Gx - 3y) = plx-yP + q(x-y) + 30-9) = («-y) [pP@-y) +4 +3) (ii) ax - (ax + by)? + ax + aby + by = (ax + x) + (aby + by) ~ (ax + by)® = ax(1 +a) + by(@ + 1) — (ax + by? + a) (ax + by) = (ax + by? x + by) [1 + a - (ax + by)] (ax + by) (1 + a - ax — by). Solution. (i) a°x + a(x - y) — aly + 2) -2 = ax + ax — ay — ay 02-2 3 (Wx + ax) — (ay + ay) - (az + z) = @x(a + 1) — ay(a + 1) - 2(a + 1) = (a+ 1) @x -ay-2). (if) (x2 = 2x)? - 5(x2 - 2x) — y(x? = 2x) + 5y = ((x2 = 2x)? = 5(x? - 2x)) - (y(x? - 2x) - 5y) = (x2 = 2x) (x2 - 2x — 5) - y(x? - 2x - 5) = (x? - 2x - 5) (2 - 2x - y). USRERNENEE Aaa Solution. a? + b? — 2(ab - ac + bc) = (a2 + b — 2ab) - 2(-ac + bc) = (a - b)? - 2-0) @- b) = (a -b) ((@- b) + 2c] = (ab) (a—b + 20). 05.4 DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES We shall use the identity a? - b? = (a + b) (a - b). pes Ce S 2 eR Solution. (i) 4x? - 169y? = (2x)? - (13y)? = (2x + 13y) (2x - 13y). (ii) 1-(-o? = (1?-(b- cP =(1+ b=) (1- =e) =(1+b-c) (1-b +0). (iii) x2 — 2y + xy — 4 = (x? - 4) + (ay - 2y) = (x + 2) (x - 2) + y & - 2) = ( - 2) (x42 +) = (x-2)(@@+y+2). (iv) a (a-3) - b(b- 3) = @-3a-B + 3b = @ - P) - 3a + 3b = (a-b) @+b)-3(a-b) (a-b) (a+b-3). 4y (4? - 1) 4y [(2y)? - (17) = 4y(2y + 1) Qy- 1). eae: s+ UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - Ix APC Solution. (i) 16y2 — day + y°) 3x)? ~ (2a - y?P = (8x + 2a-y) (8x - 2a-y) = (3x — y + 2a) (3x + y — 2a). +3 = (x3 - 3x2) + (-x + 3) = x(x — 3) - 1 (x - 3) = (x - 3) (?- 1) = (= 3)? — 1) = (x- 3) @@ +1) (x= 0). 2 Fs : 2 e 5 "Solution. (i) 3x5 48x = 3x (x - 16) = 3x [(x2)? - (4)?] = 3x (x2 + 4) (x? - 4) = 3x (x? + 4) (x + 2) (x - 2). (ii) 2 (ab + cd) — a - b2 + c2 + d? = 2ab + 2cd - a? - b+ c? + d? = (c2 + 2cd + d2) - (a? - 2ab + b?) = (c + d)?- (a- bP = (a+ 328) @rd-2-2) =(c+d+a-b)(c+d-a+b). (i) G-) -y) + Ary = 1-2 + yr ey = xy? + 1+ Qxy - x? - y? + 2xy = (xy? + 2xy + 1) - (x? - 2xy + y*) = (ay + 1)?- (x- 9)? = (wyei+x-y)(yr1-¥-9) Boel = (xy +x-yt1) (y-xt+y+D- (iv) att yt - 11 x2y? = (xt + y' - 2 7y?) - 9? pee 7) — (Gay? = (x2 — y2 + Sry) (x? - y? - 3xy). Py ed = x8 + 4x? 4 4 — 49? (Adding and subtracting 4x7) = (+ 2)? — (2x = (x2 + 2 + 2x) (2? + 2 - 2x) = (2 + 2x + 2) (x? - 2x +2).9 § Z e g = 3 $ 5 z 5 g Ss 3 2 AVICHAL PUBLISHING COMPANY AVICHAL (ii) tert = At 2241-22 \ ul = (@+1?-2# , = (x 41+2)@2+1-x) s = G2 ee Lee (ii) he AP + yt = xt + 2+ y'- xy — (Adding and subtracting = (2 + PP — (ey? = (x2 +? + xy) (x2 +? — xy). Solution. (x? + y?- 2)? — 4x2y? = (x? + y? - 27)? - (2xy)? y xy) = (x? + y?— 2? + Dry) (x2 + y? — 2— 2ey) = (P+ 2xy+ P-2) (F-2y+y*-2) = [+ y? - 2) [Ge - y? - 27) = (x+y +2)(x+y-z)(x-y+2)(@@-y-2). Solution. (x2 - 4x + 9) (x2 + 4x - 9) = (x2 -4x=9) (x2 +4x-9) [Expressing as (a ~ b) (a + b)] = (x7)? - (4x - 9). Solution. () Given x + 1 = 4-2 : (<3 - (BY = 4 5+2= = a a at ea (i) axt4 5-2-7 2-8 => pe sae, ” But x>l—ox-iso ee "UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - IX APC3 COMPANY. z = SHING CON 5.5 TRINOMIALS When a trinomial is of the form ax? + bx + c, split b (the coefficient of x) into is ac, then factorise by grouping method. 7 and 3.4 = 12, x24 7x +12 = x2 + 3x + 4x + 12 x (x + 3) + 4 (x + 3) = (x +3) +4). (ii) Since -6+1=-5 and (- 6).1=-6, ‘ x? -6x+x-6 x (x-6) +1 (x -6) (= 6) «+0. (iii) Since 12 + 2 = 14 and 12.2 = 24, 3x2 + 14x + 8 = 3x2 + 12x + 2x + 8 3x (x + 4) + 2(x + 4) (x + 4) (Bx + 2). Re “+ UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - IX x2 - 5x - Avi 4 two parts such that the algebraic sum of these two parts is b and their product APC=(x- Solution. (i) Since -9 +4 : 3x? — Sxy — 12y? (i) 2x3 + Sxty — 12xy? éy (iif) 8(a - 2b)? — 20 + 40-1 and (-21).3 = -63, -y + 8y - 63y? (1 = 2ly) + 3y (1 = 21y) (1 = 21y) (1 + 3y). 2x2 - 10x - 42 = 742 x2 - 14x + 4x - 42 = 7 V2 x(x - ¥2) + 4x - 42) 2 2 3 = Nd WHOM ANVENOO ONS! V2) (72x + 4). = -5 and (-9).4 = -36, = 3x2 - Oxy + Axy — 12y = 3x (x - 3y) + 4y (x - 3y) = (x - 3y) Gx + 4y). = x (2x2 + 5xy - 12y?) = x(2x? + Bxy - 3xy — 12y?) [+ 8 + 3) = 5 and 8.(-3) = -24] x [2x (x + 4y) - 3y (x + 4y)] x (x + 4y) (2x - 3y). 8(a - 2b)? - 2(a — 2b) -1 = 8r2-2x-1 where x=a~-2b = 8x2-4x4+2x-1 [: -4+2=-2 and (- 4).2 = -8] 4x(2x-1) +1 (2x-1) =(2x-1) 4@x+1) = (2. a-2b - 1) (4. a-2b + 1) [replacing back the value of x] (2a - 4b - 1) (4a - 8b + 1). —— 1(iv) 9x2 — (x2 - 4)? = x)? - (x? - 4)? re . = Gx + ed) Gr ea) ee a . = (x2 + 3x — 4) (4 + 3x - x2) os = (x2 + 4x —x- 4) (4 + 4x — x x2) = [x (x+4)-1@+4)] 40 4+x)-x (+ 9)] =(@+4)(@-D)G+H@-y. Solution. Let x2 ~ 3x = y, then (x2 = 3x)? - 8x? - 3x) - 20 = y? - By - 20 = y— 10y + 2y - 20 = yly — 10) + 2y - 10) =(y-10) y+2) = (a2 — 3x ~ 10) (x2 - 3x + 2) = (x2 = 5x + 2x — 10) (x2 - 2x - x + 2) = [x(x — 5) + 2(x — 5)] [a(x - 2) - 1 - 2)] (= 5) (x +2) (x-2) @-D). Solution. 5 - (3x2 - 2x) (6 - 3x? + 2x) = 5 — (3x2 - 2x) (6 - 3x7-2x) = 5 - y (6 - y) where y = 3x2 - 2x 5-6y+y2=5-S5y-y+y? =5(1-y)-y(-y)=(1-y) G-y) = (1 - 3x2 + 2x) (5 - 3x2 + 2x) = (1 + 3x — x — 3x2) (5 + 5x - 3x - 3x?) = [1(1 + 3x) - x (1 + 3x)] [5 (1 + x) - 3x (1 + )] 0 (1 + 3x) (1 - x) (1 + x) (5 - 3x). sates St v w Solution. (i) Since -17 + 3 = -14 and (-17) .3 = -51, xt = 14x2y2 — Sy? = x4 - 17x44? + 3x2y? — B1y4 = 202 = 17,2) + 3y°(2 - 179) = (x2 — 179) (2 + 34) = (x? - (VI7 y)?) (2? + 3?) =(x— VI7y) & + VI7y) (2 + 3). (ii) (2 + x)? + 4@2 + x) - 12 = ¥? + 4y - 12 where y = x? + x = y? + by — 2y-12 = yy + 6) - 2y + 6) = (y+ 6) y-2) 2 3 2 = ot et 6) ea ae) oo =} UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - IX APC= (x2 + x + 6) (2 + 2x -x-2) = (x? + x + 6) [x(x + 2) - 1x + 2)] . = (2 +x +6) (x +2) (x- 0. compare x? + x + 6 with ax? + bx + c. Here a = 1,b =1 and c= 6. = 2-4.1. 6 =~23, which is not a perfect square. Pre 0 26 cant be lactorioed. (See remark) Hence (x? + x)? + 4(x2 + x) ~ 12 = (x? + x + 6) (x + 2) (w- 1).5.6 SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF TWO CUBES We shall use the following identities : a} + b3 = (a + b) (a? - ab + b?), a — B3 = (a - b) (a? + ab + b?). Example 1. Resolve the following into factors : (i) a8 +125y~ ii) Lhe (iii) 27x4 ~ 8x. Solution. (i) 8x3 + 125y3 = (2x)3 + (5y)? = (2x + 5y) [(2x)? - 2x.5y + (5y)?] = (2x + 5y) (4x? - 10xy + 25y?). . 343 Ne (i) 2723 - 23 = (3x3 - ( q = (3-2) [exe +3. F+(9) | a x = (3x-2) (927+ 3 +21). g (iit) 27x4 — 8x = x(27x3 - 8) = x[(Bx)? - (2)3] x (3x — 2) (x)? + 3x.2 + (2))] = x(3x — 2) (9x? + 6x + 4). Example 2. Factorise the followi (i) 64 — a3b3 2ab- 4a° — Solution. (i) 64-0303 + 8 - 2ab = [(4)° - (ab)3] + 2(4 - ab) = (4 - ab) (16 + 4.ab + ab?) + 2 (4 - ab) = (4 = ab) (16 + dab + ab? + 2) 8 = (4 — ab) (18 + 4ab + a2b2). (ii) 64a — 6 = (803)? — (08)? = (803 + B3) (8a - b?) = [(2a)5 + 3] [(2a) — b9] = (2a + b) (4a? - 2a.b + b2) (20 — b) (4a? + 2a.b + B2) = (2a + b) (2a ~ b) (4a? — 2ab + b%) (4a? + 2ab + b2). Re + UNDERSTANDING ICSE. MATHEMATICS - IX APC1aNd TWHOINY abi = ala’ — b8) = a((a3)? - (9?) = ala? + b) (a3 — b) oe = ala + b) (q? - ab +b) (a - b) (a? + ab + b°). ii) 276 + y? — Bx - y)? = BH + WP - AO - WP = (B(x + y) — 2x — y)) [BG + y))? + 3x + y).2@ - y) + Ax - WPI = (x + Sy) [9(x? + 2xy + y?) + (x? - y*) + 4G? - 2ry + PI] g = (x + 5y) (1927 + Oxy + 7y?) 2 Solution. (i) x3p? - 8y3p? — 4x°q? + 32y3q? = p? (x = (x3 — 8y*) (p? - 49°) = [x3 - (2y)9] [p? - (2971 = (x= 2y) (2? + 2xy + 4y?) (p + 29) (p - 24). (ii) x3 + 3x2y + Buy? + 2y> = (x9 + 3x7y + Sry? + y9) + ¥? (Note this step) =(x+y)3+¥3 = p> + y3, where p=x+y =@+y)-wty) : = (y+) [e+y2-@+ypy+y = (x + 2y) (x2 + 2xy + y2—xy-y2 + y?) = (e+ 2y) (2 + xy +) oy Solution. (i) x2 + 3x2 + 3x - 7 = (x? + 3x2 + 3x + 1)-8 (Note this step) (oer) —(2)° a = {(x + 1) — 2} ((x + 1)? + Ax + 1) + 27} =(x-1) t+ 2x+14+2x+2+4) = (x= 1) (2 + 4x +7). (ii) x3 — Bx? + Bx + 7 = (x9 - 3x2 + 3x - 1) +8 (Note this step) = (x3 - 3x2 + 3x -1) +8 = (x - 1) + 2? = (x - 1) + 2} (x - 1) - 2-1) + 2} = (x +1) @2-2x+1-2x+2+4) = (x + 1) (@? - 4x +7). ét = 26y - 27 where y = > 5 = p-2Wy+y-27 _ Solution. x6 - 26x° -=yy-27)+1y-2) =Y-2y+) = @-27) (+1) = 2 - GP bP +1) = (x-3) G+ 3x +9) (x +1) G?-x+ 1), z : ae SR Exercise 5.5. ie Factorise the following (1 to 13) : 1 @8e+y¥ (ii) 6433 — 125y3. 2 () 64x +1 (ii) 7a? + 566°. ) 2 aoe 3. sat (ii) 8x" ay @2+x8 (if) 32x4 - 500x. 5. (i) 27x8y) - 8 (ii) 27(x + y) + 8(2x - y). (i) Given expression = [3(x + y) + 2(2x - y)] [9x + y?? — 3(x + y).2(2x — y) + 42x - yi). 6 (e+ P+a+b (i) -B-a +b. 7 ()x3+x+2 (i) a - a - 120. fo Hint | @x8+x42=634+D+(r+0 (ii) a3 - a ~ 120 = (a3 ~ 125) -(@-5). ‘ 8. (i) x9 + 6x2 + 12x + 16 (i) a — 302 + Sab? - 20, 9. (i) 2a? + 166? - 5a - 10b (i) a ~ 42002. 10. (i) a - 66 (i) x6 - 1. 11. (i) 64x* - 729y° @x-$, 12, (#) 250 (a - by +2 (ii) 32023? - 8b2x? ~ da®y? + by’, B. (vty (i) x6 - 72-8. : ea == UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - IX APCoa ; __ Factorize the following (1 to 12) : 1, (i) 15 2x - 3) - 10(2x - 3) 2. (i) 2a?x - bx + 2a? -b 3. @G-Y)z+Y-2)x 4 () b(c- dP + ald - 0) + 3c - 3d 5. (i) x(x + 2) - yly + 2) 6 (i) 9x2 + 12x + 4 ~ 16y* 7. (i) 2x? ~ 59xy + 40y? () ey - xy - 72 (i) (Ga - 2b)? + 3(3a - 2b) - 10 CHAPTER TEST (ii) a (b - c) (b + 0) - dc - b). (ii) p? - (a + 2b) p + 2ab, (ii) Sat - 5a3 + 30a? - 30a. (i) B- x -xytx+y-1 (ii) alxt - atx, (ii) x4 + 3x2 + 4. (ii) 4xy — 44x2y + 112 xy. Gi) 9x8y + 4137y + 20xy (ii) (x? - 3x) (x? - 3x + 7) + 10 where y = x? - 3x (+5) (y+2.