Friday, September 11, 2020

4:00 PM
Losses in Induction Motor

There are two types of losses occur in 3 phase induction motor

Constant losses

Constant losses are those losses which are considered to remain constant
over normal working range of induction motor. The fixed losses can be
easily obtained by performing no-load test on the three phase induction
motor. These losses are further classified as-

1. Iron or core losses,

2. Mechanical and Brush friction losses.

1. Iron or Core Loss -

Iron or core losses are further divided into hysteresis and eddy current. Eddy
current losses are minimized by using lamination on core. Since by laminating
the core, area decreases and hence resistance increases, which results in
decrease in eddy currents. Hysteresis losses are minimized by using high
grade silicon steel. The core losses depend upon frequency of the supply
voltage. The frequency of stator is always supply frequency, f and the
frequency of rotor is slip times the supply frequency, (sf) which is always less
than the stator frequency. For stator frequency of 50 Hz, rotor frequency is
about 1.5 Hz because under normal running condition slip is of the order of 3
%. Hence the rotor core loss is very small as compared to stator core loss and
is usually neglected in running conditions.

2. Mechanical and Brush Friction Losses-

 Mechanical losses occur at the bearing and brush friction loss occurs in
wound rotor induction motor. These losses are zero at start and with increase
in speed these losses increases. In 3 phase induction motor the speed usually
remains constant. Hence these losses almost remains constant.

Variable losses

These losses are also called copper losses. These losses occur due to current
flowing in stator and rotor windings. As the load changes, the current flowing
in rotor and stator winding also changes and hence these losses also changes.
Therefore these losses are called variable losses. The copper losses are
obtained by performing blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor.
The main function of induction motor is to convert an electrical into
mechanical power. During this conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy the power flows through different stages.

Friday, September 11, 2020

10:19 PM
Testing of Induction Motor

No Load Test of an Induction Motor

No Load Test is an indirect method used for determining the efficiency and
also to determine the circuit parameters of the equivalent circuit of the three-
 phase induction motors. The open circuit test performed on the transformer.
No load test is same as the open circuit test performed on the transformer.
In this method the motor is uncoupled from its load and the rated voltage at
the rated frequency is applied to the stator to run the motor without the load.
With the help of the two wattmeters the input power of the motor is
measured. The circuit diagram of the No load test is shown below.

An ammeter measures the no-load current, and a voltmeter gives the normal
rated supply voltage. The I2R losses on the primary side is neglected as they
vary with the square of the current as we know that the no load current is 20-
30% of the full load current,
As the motor is running at no load, the total input power is equal to the
constant iron loss, friction and windage losses of the motor.

Since, the power factor of the induction motor under no load condition is
generally less than 0.5, thus the Wattmeter reading of one of the Wattmeter
will show the negative reading. Therefore, it is necessary to reverse the
direction of the current coil terminals to take the readings.
In the case of the transformer, no load test the constant R0 and X0 can be
calculated from the readings of the test.
If,
 Vinl is the input line voltage
 Pinl is the total three-phase input power at the no load
 I0 is the input line current
 Vip is the input phase voltage
Therefore,

Friday, September 11, 2020

11:05 PM
Block rotor test
The Blocked Rotor Test of an induction motor is similar to the short circuit
test of a transformer. In this test, the shaft of the motor is locked so that it
cannot move and the rotor winding is short circuited. In the slip ring motor,
the rotor winding is short circuited through the slip rings. In case of the cage
motors, the rotor bars are permanently short circuited. It is also known
as Locked Rotor Test.
The circuit diagram of the blocked rotor test is shown below.
 A reduced voltage at the reduced frequency is applied to the stator through a
three phase Autotransformer so that full load rated current flows in the
stator. The following three readings are obtained from the blocked rotor test.
They are as follows:-
 Total power input on the short circuit Psc = algebraic sum of the two
wattmeter readings.
The power input on the locked rotor test is equal to the sum of copper losses
of the stator and the rotor for all the three phases. The core and the
mechanical losses are negligible as the reduced voltage is applied to the stator
and, as a result, the rotation of the rotor is not allowed.
 Reading of the ammeter

 Reading of the voltmeter

Where cosϕ is the power factor of the short circuit.

The equivalent resistance of the motor referred to the stator side is given by
the equation shown below.
The equivalent impedance of the motor referred to the stator side is given by
the equation shown below.

The equivalent reactance of the motor referred to the stator side is given by
the equation shown below.

The blocked rotor test is performed under the normal operating conditions
when the rotor current and the frequency are on the same conditions.
Generally, the slip of the induction motor varies between 2 to 4 percent, and
the resulting rotor frequency is in the range of 1 to 2 hertz for the stator
frequency of 50 hertz at the normal conditions.
This test should be performed at the reduced frequency. In order to obtain
the accurate results, the Blocked Rotor Test is performed at a frequency 25
percent or less than the rated frequency. The leakage reactances at the rated
frequency are obtained by considering that the reactance is proportional to
the frequency.