IV.

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P{rt -A 2 Marks
1 .Whrt is Vacuum concrcte?$ovlftg 2?14
Only about half of the water Bddcd in concrete go€s iDto chemical combination
and the remaining water is us€d to makc concrete workable. After laying concretc,
water which was making concreting workable is extracted by a special method
known as "vacuunr rnethod",

2.What arc the equiprt|ents.used in vscuum concretotfu%"a17

The equipnent etsenrially consjsts of:-
I
i. vacuum pump
ii. water separator and
iii- filtering mat

3 what is Qunite? [Dn, -"t" * s rlx"r z-'r'11

i Gunite can be defined as mortar conveyed through :a hosg and
pneumatically projected ar a high velocity on to a surface.

4. What Are ihe trvo types of proceis in Shotcrete? oft 2.r,

a Wet mix process
b
I
Dry nrix process

W z'ttz -
5 whrt arc thcst{ges in dry mlx procels in shotcrete? + \n zay)
i In this Proccss. lhc cotrcrctc is ltixed with water ss for ordirary conirete before
conveying througl] rhe delivery pipeline to the nozzle, at which point it is jettcdby
conrpressed air, onto thc rvork in thc same way as that if mix process,
ii 'lhc rver process has b0en generally desircd in favour.of the dry mix process,
owing to lhe groalrr succcss ofthe lattcr,

6 Whnt is sho(cretcf f o1 rrrl'J;

Shotcrete is a rccenl dcvclopment on the sirnilar principle ofguniting for achicving
gr ciilcr tllickless,witll srnall coarse aggregate.
 7. What rre lh€ preliminary investigatioos before demolitiorl ofa stiucture?
The demolition contmctor should have ample experience of the type of work ro be
offer€d;
> Fully comprehensive insuance against all risks must be maintained at all rimes:
! An experienced supervisor should be continuously in charge of the work;
> Thc contract price should include ail safelr precautions included in the relevant
building regulations;
}' The compldtion date should be realjstic, avoiding and nEed to take risks to
achieve the date.
!

Write about prdtective clothing given before demolition.

I i

Buildings where chemicals have been stored or where asbeslos, lead pdint, dust or
fumes may be present will require specialized protective clothing, :

9. Give a brief rotd on shoring and underpinning in demolition.

I
The demoliriOn cont&ctor has a iegal obligation lo show technical &rp"t"n""
when carrying out the work. When removing sections of rhe building which iould have
leave other parts unsife, adequate temporary supports and shoring etc. must bi provided.

10. What are the major factor! in selecting a demolition procedure?

Major's factors to be considered in selecling un uppropriut. ,..Lique include
> Safery ofpersonnel and public
> Working methods
> Legisiation applicable
> Insutance cover

1'1 .Give the categories of demolition tech n iq ues.

[*t* ,. * +-'9
Demolition techniques may be categorized as:-
Piecemeal demolition, using hand-lreld lools or machines.
to reduce the height ol.
the building or structrrre graduallyi

Deliberate conlrolled collapse- denlolirion to be conrplctcd ar ground

Ievei.

t
 1

I
12. Write short notes on demolitio[ by hand.
Den)olilion of buildings o. by hand-held lools such as electric or
"t*"rur"
pneumatic breakers, sometimes as a preliminary to using
other methods, should be
carried out, where practicable, in the rcve$e order to the original
constluctioD sequence.
Lifting appliqnces may be necessary to hold larger structural members iuring cuning
and
tbr lowering levered slructrtral mcmbers and other debris ,

13. In what cases demolition try machine can be done?

Simnle roaf shlctures supported on wall plates should normoll!
bc dernolished to
lhc le!el ot wall plites by hand. but if this nray involve unsafe workin!, then
demoiition
i
totall) by madhine may be apfropriate.

14. Write shoit notes on bxllioE machine.

Balling machines genemlly comprise a drag-line type crawler chassis fitted with a
lanice crane iib. The demolilion ball, with a steel anri-spin device, is suspended liom the
lifting rope and swung by the drag rope.

15. How are explosives used for demolition of a structure? $or loc:.,r,tJ
Ifexplosives are to be used for demolition, the planning and execution, include pre-
rveakening, shoutd be under lhe control of a person competent in these techniques.
For
large demolition. the competent person is likely to be an experienced explosive engineer;
for smaller work. a shot-lirer nray be sufficient.
I

16 Whnt is a hydroulic pusher arn? I .

:

Articulated, hydraulically,powercd pusher-amr,machines are normally mounted oD

a lracked or wheeled chassis, and have a toorhed plare or. hook for applying for applying
a
horizontal force to a lvall. The machine should sland on a fiflr level base and apply force
b),a controlled rnov€ntent ofthc pusher arm.
 17. What is pre-rverkening?
Buildings and structures normally have strloural elemenls designed to carry safely the
loading likely to be imposed during their life.
As a preliminary to a deliberate cottlolled collapse, afler loads such as fumishings, planr
and machinery have been removed, thb demolition conhactor may be able to weaken some

stmctural elements and remove thosF new redundant. This preweakening is essentially a
planned exercise and must be
ireceded by an analysis of its possible effects on the
structure until it collapses, to ensure that the structuml integrity of the building
i
is not
jeopardized accidentally. Insufficient infrirmation and plaming
rclating to lhe structure
may result in dangerous and unsafe work.

18. What is deliberate collapse?

The deliberate collapse of the whole or part of a buililing or sructure requires
panicularly high slandards of planning, supervisions and execurior, and careful
consideration of its effect on other parts of the structure or on adjacent buildings or
structures. A surou[ding clear area and exclusion zone are required to protect
bolh
pemonnel and property from the fall ofthe structure itselfand debris u,hich
may be
thown up by the impact.

19. How can you deyelop a demolition strate$/?

The strategy *ill need to lake into account the method ofconstruction used for the
original building and its proximity to other buildings. suuctures and the general public.
These factors, togeth;r with localion, the cost and availabiliry oftipping
and disposal and
the desirability and eionomr'cs ofreuse, musr be taken into account
in rhe developmenl of
arl appropriate strategy for the demolition ofa structure.

20. What xre nibblers?

Nibblers use a rotating action to snap briftle malerials such as concrete or masonq,.
In either case, material should be removed f'ro the top ol\valls or coluntns in courses
not
greater than 600mm in depth, steel reinforcement should be cul separatElv
as necessarJ.