QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

DESIGN

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 FOREWORD
FOREWORD

Research is done every day. In whatever image you create on it, it's a sure bet that
you're envisioning sources of information--articles, books, people, artworks. Yet a research
paper is more than the sum of your sources, more than a collection of different pieces of
information about a topic, and more than a review of the literature in a field.
A research paper analyzes a perspective or argues a point. Regardless of the type of
research paper you are writing, your finished research paper should present your own
thinking backed up by others' ideas and information.
Welcome and have fun as we will be dealing specifically with choosing appropriate
quantitative research design - a “next chapter” of your research learning.
From what you learned about Quantitative research; we will be moving on to learning
the two general types of quantitative research designs.
Begin by reading and understanding the Most Essential Learning Competency
and Learning Objectives. These will tell you what you should know and be able to do at the
end of the lesson.
May this learning kit give you all the motivation and encouragement to make
every moment meaningful, rewarding, memorable and exciting.
Happy learning!

OBJECTIV
ES
a. Familiarize with the definition, purpose and nature of the types of quantitative
research design
b. Identify the research designs in quantitative method

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 c. Select what research design can be applicable for a given research problem

Learning Competency
Chooses appropriate quantitative research design

WHAT HAPPENED? What is its

significance in
writing a
research paper?
What is research
design?

Image Source: https://depositphotos.com/stock-photos/cartoon-asking-questions.html?qview=271216514

How do help the child answer the questions?

Let’s do the opening activity! Give it a good try.

ACTIVITY: EXPERIMENTAL OR NON-

EXPERIMENTAL?
Directions: Identify what Quantitative Research Design is to be used in the following
research topics. Write E if it is an Experimental Research Design and N if it’s is Non-
Experimental Design. Use your activity notebook.

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 1. A college instructor is giving weekly quizzes to students in one section of his course
but no weekly quizzes to students in another section to see whether this has an effect
on their test performance.
2. Xavier is conducting a study on the effect of an online game on test scores. He has
two groups of subjects to whom he gives a pretest. Xavier then gives one group the
treatment (the online game) and gives the other group worksheets. He then gives each
group a posttest.
3. Mary's study primarily relies on observation, surveys, and case studies.
4. A chemist wishes to test the effect of four chemical agents on the tensile strength of a
particular type of cloth, measured in grams per denier (gpd). The raw cloth is
delivered in bolts, and one expects significant tensile strength variability between
bolts.
5. A principal wants to determine the relationship between a teacher’s personality and
his teaching performance.

Oh well, you have just accomplished the activity above. Great job! You gave
your best try.
Now, let’s try to widen and deepen our understanding on Experimental and Non-
Experimental Research Designs- the two types of Quantitative Research Designs so that we
will be able to choose appropriately what design to use in our study.
Let’s know them well!

WHAT I NEED TO
LEARN?
What is a research design?
“Research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures
for collection and analyzing the needed information.”
- William Zikmund

“Research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation

conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to control
variance.”
- Kerlinger

What is a Quantitative Research Design?

- It aims to determine the relationship between one thing (an independent
variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population. It
is either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or experimental
(subjects measured before and after a treatment)[ CITATION Luc18 \l 13321 ].

What are the Quantitative Research Designs?

Non-Experimental Experimental

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 - Descriptive - True Experimental
- Longitudinal - Quasi-Experimental
- Correlational

Let’s take it one by one!

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
 Non-experimental research is the type of research that does not
involve the manipulation of control or independent variable. In non-
experimental research, researchers measure variables as they
naturally occur without any further manipulation [ CITATION na20 \l
13321 ].

 This type of research is used when the researcher has no specific

research question about a causal relationship between 2 different
variables, and manipulation of the independent variable is
impossible. They are also used when:
- subjects cannot be randomly assigned to conditions.
- the research subject is about a causal relationship but the
independent variable cannot be manipulated.
- the research is broad and exploratory
- the research pertains to a non-causal relationship between
variables.
- limited information can be accessed about the research
subject.

What are the Non-Experimental Research Designs?

1. Descriptive Research Design

- A design used to describe a certain condition or phenomenon in a given sample
using quantifiable descriptions.
- It involves the use of frequency count, percentage, Likert scale, mean and
standard deviation in answering the research question.
Example: A teacher wants to determine the number of her students grouped
according to their sex, who are still non-readers.
A teacher wants to determine the general academic performance of her
students in mathematics.
2. Longitudinal Research Design
- In a longitudinal study, researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to
detect any changes that might occur over a period of time [ CITATION Tho20 \l
13321 ].

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 - Longitudinal studies are a type of correlational research in which researchers
observe and collect data on a number of variables without trying to influence those
variables.

Example: You decide to study how a particular weight-training program affects

athletic performance. You observe the same group over a period of
time.

Image Source: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/longitudinal-study/

3. Correlational Research Design

- A design used to seek significant relationship between identified variables.
Example: A teacher wants to find out if sex can be a predictor of performance in
English in his class.
A teacher wants to determine if belonging to a broken family has a
relationship to the students’ attitude towards attending classes.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
 Experimental research is the type of research that uses a scientific
approach towards manipulating one or more controlled variables of
the research subject(s) and measuring the effect of this manipulation
on the subject. It is known for the fact that it allows the manipulation
of controlled variables.

 Experimental research is usually undertaken when the goal of the

research is to trace cause-and-effect relationships between defined
variables. However, the type of experimental research chosen has a
significant influence on the results of the experiment.

 Experimental research does not compare variables while non-

experimental research does. It compares 2 variables and describes
the relationship between them.

What are the Experimental Research Designs?

1. True Experimental Research Design

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 - True experimental research designs are always prospective in nature. A true
experiment can effectively argue a proven cause-and-effect relationship. They are
the most effective at demonstrating efficacy of a new intervention or treatment.
- It has three characteristics: randomization, manipulation and control.
Example: Sarah is a researcher at a children's psychiatric center. Her office has just
been asked to conduct a pilot study on a new prescription medication used
to treat anxiety called Drug X. Sarah wants to figure out if Drug X causes
a reduction in anxiety like the drug company claims.

The absence of ONE characteristic then

makes the research
quasi-experimental.

2. Quasi-experimental Research Design

- It is similar to experimental research in that there is manipulation of an
independent variable. It differs from experimental research because either there is
no control group, no random selection, no random assignment, and/or no active
manipulation [ CITATION na201 \l 13321 ].
Example: To perform an educational experiment, a class might be arbitrarily divided
by alphabetical selection or by seating arrangement. The division is often
convenient and, especially in an educational situation, causes as little
disruption as possible.
After this selection, the experiment proceeds in a very similar way to any
other experiment, with a variable being compared between different
groups, or over a period of time.

ACTIVITY: IDENTIFYING RESEARCH

DESIGNS
Directions: Read each study below and decide what appropriate quantitative research design
you are going to use whether EXPERIMENTAL or NON-EXPERIMENTAL. Write your
answer on your activity notebook.

1. The effect of hitting the drumstick on the drum

2. The correlation between how hard the drum is hit and the loudness of the sound that comes
out
3. A researcher measuring the impulsivity of a large sample of drivers and looks at the
statistical relationship between this variable and the number of traffic tickets the drivers
have received
4. A researcher conducting detailed interviews with to unmarried teenage fathers to learn
about how they feel and what they think about their role as fathers and summarizes their
feelings in a written narrative
5. A researcher studying on how accurate are people’s first impressions

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 WHAT I LEARNED?

ACTIVITY 1: SORTING
Directions: Choose by writing on the blank the kind of quantitative research design
(under Column B) that is well suited to the given title (under Column A). Use your
activity notebook for your answers.
Column A Column B
_________________1. Effects of Aspirin on Reducing a. Correlational
the Cholesterol Level of Obese b. Descriptive
People c. Experimental
_________________2. Effects of Instragram on the d.Quasi-experimental
Visual Literacy of Learners e. Longitudinal
_________________3. Relationship Between Milk
Consumption and Incidence of
Osteoporosis
_________________4. The Features of Narcissistic Post
On Facebook
_________________5. Effects of Attitude Dissimilarity
and Time on Social integration :
A longitudinal Panel Study

ACTIVITY 2: EXPLAINING
Directions: Explain your understanding about the quantitative research designs by
answering the questions on the given lines. Use your activity notebooks as
your answer sheet.
1. Compare and contrast the two basic types of experimental research designs.

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 2. How do you know a researcher is using a longitudinal research design?
3. Which is better between experimental or non-experimental research designs? Justify
your answer.
4. How do you know when one is doing a true experimental or quasi-experimental
research design?
5. Do you know somebody who has already done an experimental or non-experimental
research? Describe this person and how he/she carried out his/her research work.

ANSWER KEYS
WHAT HAPPENED? WHAT I NEED TO LEARN? WHAT I
LEARNED?
Activity 1: Experimental Activity: Identifying Activity 1: Sorting Titles
or Non- Research Designs 1. Experimental/Quasi-
Experimental? 1. Experimental Experimental
1. E 2. Non-Experimental 2. Descriptive
2. E 3. Non-Experimental 3. Correlational
3. N 4. Non-Experimental 4. Descriptive
4. E 5. Non-Experimental 5. Longitudinal
5. N
Activity 2: Explaining
Concepts
Answers may vary

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References
Lucero, Joeffrey A. 2018. "Slideshare." Slideshare.net. August 26. Accessed September 1, 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net/mayamangjeff/quantitative-research-design-111589152.

n.a. 2020. formplus. January 24. Accessed September 1 2020, 2020.

https://www.formpl.us/blog/experimental-non-experimental-research.

—. 2020. Iowa State University - University Library. August 24. Accessed September 1, 2020.
https://instr.iastate.libguides.com/c.php?g=49332&p=318076.

Thomas, Lauren. 2020. Scribbr. May 8. Accessed Sptember 1, 2020.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/longitudinal-study/.

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

JENNITH C. CABAJON
MAPEH Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
ROQUIZA JANE M. TALADUA
NAME OF WRITER

NAME OF ILLUSTRATOR/Lay-out Artist

Illustrator/Lay-out Artist

_________________________________

BETA QA TEAM
Name
Name

ALPHA QA TEAM

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 Name
Name
DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information
and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

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