CRA~NXO~MANT>KBULAR FUNCTION
SEC’I,lN EI)I’ICR
GEORGE .4. ;‘AIII
The influence of anterior
movement
Mark 0. Brose, D.D.S., M.S.,* and Robert A. Tanquist,
Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Columbus,
A nterior restorations are often designed with empha-
sis on esthetics and on the longevity and handling
characteristics of the materials from which the restora-
tions are made. Although esthetics and choice of dental
materials are important, emphasis should be placed on
the functional relationship between the palatal surfaces
of the maxillary anterior teeth and the incisal edges of
the mandibular anterior teeth.
Successful treatment of patients needing extensive
restorative procedures requires an understanding of the
combined effect that anterior teeth and the temporoman-
dibular joints (TMJ) exert on mandibular movement.
To treat mandibular movement therapeutically, changes
that involve the structures affecting it must be made.
Although mandibular pathways cannot be altered con-
servatively, inhibited mandibular movement can be
released by changing the proprioceptive influences from
the posterior teeth and by coupling the anterior guidance
with the functional temporomandibular pathways. Ante-
rior guidance is a dynamic relationship observed in the
normal arrangement of the natural dentition.
Because separation of the posterior teeth by the
canines and incisors produces an immediate relaxation of
the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles, the potential
for excessive and lateral loading of the teeth and TM J is
eliminated. If the premolars and molars contact because
of a nonexistent or deficient anterior coupling, these
powerful closing muscles continue to contract during
function and parafunction.‘-4 This common observation
in patients with myofascial pain is the rationale for
therapeutic devices that change the occlusal scheme to
bring relief.5, 6
This article will (1) describe the relationship of
anterior guidance to TM J movement pathways, and (2)
recommend clinical guidelines and occlusal considera-
tions for enhanced functional harmony without compro-
mising the esthetics of the maxillary anterior teeth.
Presented at the Carl 0. Boucher Prosthodontic Conference, Colum-
bus, Ohio.
*Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Den-
tistry.
**Associate Professor, Department of Restorative and Prosthetic
Dentistry.
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
AND DYSFUNCTION
coupling on mandibular
D.D.S.**
Ohio
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Historically, anterior guidance was either overlooked
or ignored by early writers and researchers. Shaw’ and
Friel,’ writing for orthodontists in the 192Os,recognized
the esthetics and maximum shearing ability of the
blade-shaped anterior teeth that had a vertical and
horizontal overlap. They did not, however, relate this to
an incisal guide angle and its role in posterior disclusion.
Shaw’ noted that “an edge-to-edge relationship was
inefficient for shearing food.” An edge-to-edge relation-
ship also renders the anterior teeth ineffective as a
guiding and stabilizing influence for lateral and protru-
sive mandibular movements. Such a relationship also
prevents the anterior teeth from acting as discluders of
the posterior teeth. Disclusion is thought to protect the
posterior teeth from the lateral forces of direct tooth
contact in eccentric excursions.
Gradually, the concepts, methods, and articulators
used in complete denture construction were adapted for
the reconstruction of natural dentitions.‘-” The adapta-
tion was gradual, but progressive until it was realized
that these concepts needed modification before they could
be applied to the reconstruction of a natural dentition.
During the 1920s and 1930s the McCollum Gnatholog-
ical Study Group studied and defined the condylar
control of mandibular movement.‘2 In the early develop-
ment of their treatment philosophy, Mann and Pankey13
accepted the Monson l4 theory of a spherical basis for
human occlusion and combined this theory with Mey-
er’s15functionally generated path technique for develop-
ing occlusal form. Schuyler16 later realized that the
guidance created by the vertical-horizontal overlap of the
anterior teeth affected the shape and height of the
posterior cusps in complete denture construction. He did
not, however, recognize its importance in protecting
posterior teeth in a natural dentition. When Stuart
introduced his fully adjustable articulator and the man-
dibular movement recorder in the 195Os, anterior guid-
ance was identified and appreciated for its importance,
mostly as a result of Schuyler’s” work.
Although Schuyler is identified with the Pankey-
Mann group, whose treatment philosophy often con-
flicted with some gnathologists, the Pankey-Mann
group and the gnathologists agree that both the anterior
345

Fig. 1. Incisal guide angle is greater than angle of
condylar path. Incisors will provide molar separation
during eccentric movements.
and condylar guidances control mandibular move-
ment.‘8,‘9
As the various occlusion treatment philosophies have
matured, they have become similar in their treatment
alterations of the anterior teeth. Each treatment philoso-
phy expects to achieve physiologic and biologic equaliza-
tion of stressesimparted by functional and parafunction-
al movements. Whichever occlusal restorative philoso-
phy is followed, the angle and directions of anterior
guidance must be steeper than the anatomic condylar
guide angles and directions to provide the desired
separation of the posterior teeth during excursive move-
ments (Figs. 1 and 2). Unless group function or bilateral
balance is arbitrarily desired, posterior separation must
be observed and evaluated when restorations are being
planned, before they are inserted, and when they are
adjusted.
Anterior guidance is the dentist-variable determinant
for influencing mandibular excursions (Fig. 3). By
knowing the effects of anterior tooth form on mandibular
movement, the dentist can control the contour of the
palatal surface of restorations for maxillary anterior
teeth. Mandibular movements are affected by the inter-
relationships of (1) TM J anatomy, (2) immediate and
progressive side shift, (3) habitual neuromuscular func-
tion patterns, (4) horizontal and vertical overlap of the
anterior teeth, and (5) the postural position of the head.
Only the relationship of the anterior teeth is operator-
controlled. Habitual neuromuscular function might be
reprogrammed.”
The coupling of the anterior guidance and the TMJ
346
BROSE AND TANQUIST
Fig. 2. Incisal guide angle is less than angle of condylar
path. An “anterior open bite“ relationship results dur-
ing protrusion (inset). Note the 30-degree dotted line
that mandibular incisors would follow if molars and
condyle paths did not dictate otherwise.
affects the occlusal form of each posterior tooth. Ideally,
in a normal skeletal relationship, the height and slope
angles of the cusps of the posterior teeth should be
harmonious with the condylar and anterior guidances.
Where such harmony does not exist, the teeth can be
reshaped to a more desirable contour by adjusting or
restoring them to eliminate trauma and lessen the
harmful effects of parafunction.
COMPARISON OF REHABILITATIVE
TREATMENT PHILOSOPHIES
The two dominant occlusion groups, Pankey-Mann
and gnathology, differ in the sequencing of procedures
leading to the establishment of the anterior control. The
early Pankey-Mann philosophy developed the anterior
guidance arbitrarily as the initial step in the restorative
procedure. It then used this arbitrary guidance to serve
as the anterior vertical stop and as the individually
customized inclination for developing the functionally
generated posterior occlusion.‘3a’4 The posterior occlu-
sion was then harmonious with the anterior teeth in all
excursions. Working-side group function was estab-
lished, with disclusion on the balancing side and in
protrusion to minimize stress on any one tooth.lR An area
of centric relation (“long” centric) occlusion was cre-
ated.
This technique produced a sliding contact on the
anterior teeth that continued from the centric relation
occlusion position to full protrusive position. More than
50 years ago, House” observed the effects of a bilaterally
balanced natural occlusion on the stomatognathic sys-
MARCH 1987 VOLUME 57 NUMBER 3
INFLUENCE OF ANTERIOR COUPLING

Fig. 3. Anterior coupling can be shown by observing a

sagittal view of Posselt’s envelope of motion. Anterior
guidance is tooth contacting portion of envelope of
motion. AG, Anterior guidance; EE, edge-to-edge posi-
tion; IP, intercuspal position; BP, retruded contact posi-
tion; Y, rest postural position; and h, habitual (closing)
path.

tern. He found that this constant contact of the tooth

surfaces in all excursions demonstrated more rapid wear.
This finding was supported by observations of Stallard
Fig. 4. Edge-to-edge contact of anterior teeth provides
and Stuart2’ that this occlusal wear produced interfer- separation of posterior teeth equal to vertical overlap of
ences that further contributed to parafunctional activity.’ anterior teeth. Central incisors alone, A, or four maxil-
Electromyographic studies have since confirmed and lary incisors, B, can provide vertical stop in this posi-
aided understanding of this phenomenon.2 tion.
The Pankey-Mann group has modified many of its
principles through the years as it has followed up its
patients and refined treatment procedures. Changes
include a significant shortening of the previously recom-
mended “long centric” relation occlusion.22
Early gnathologic rehabilitations incorporated a bal-
anced occlusion. As gnathologists observed the effects of
balanced occlusion on posterior tooth surface wear and
on the neuromuscular bruxing response, they also recog-
nized the need for modifications. As the gnathologic
treatment philosophy matured, an anterior guidance
steeper than the condylar guidance was determined to be
necessary to eliminate all but vertical forces from the
posterior teeth.23,24
The gnathologists prefer to record condylar border Fig. 5. Arcs formed during hinge opening are greater
movements by using precise instrumentation. As the anteriorly than posteriorly. Note that for any given
occlusal scheme is developed, disclusion from centric amount of anterior guidance, a proportionately lesser
amount of posterior separation is produced.
relation occlusion is provided in the lateral and protru-
sive excursions by anterior coupling. A precise occlusal
contactz4 is developed on the posterior teeth with a
0.0005-inch freedom of contact between the anterior posterior teeth is to support the vertical occlusal forces
teeth.25,26If possible, a canine-only disclusion is recom- and maintain the vertical dimension of occlusion. This is
mended with the incisors and posterior cusps clearing in termed a “mutually protected” occlusion in which the
all lateral excursions. The incisors provide disclusion in various segments of the arches guard each other from
protrusive movement with the canines and posterior receiving forces they are not designed to with-
teeth clearing (Fig. 4). The prime function of the stand.20s” 27

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY 347

 BROSE AND TANQUIST

ANGLE CLASS II

Fig. 7. With large horizontal overlaps of anterior teeth,

Fig. 6. Absence of vertical overlap of anterior
teeth
eliminates molar separation during excursive move-
ments. Flat cusps and shallow fossae will minimize
interferences during excursions.
a complex restorative problem necessitates short, flat
cusps for excursive freedom before lift-off. Anterior
coupling is not possible without orthodontic or surgical
intervention.

Table I. First molar cusp heights at various incisal edge measurements

Incisal edge
Incisal edge horizontal overlap (mm)
vertical overlap
(mm deep) 1 2 3 4 5 6 (extreme)

(4.30) 6 3.80 3.4 3.00 2.70 2.40 2.15

(3.60) 5 3.13 2.70 2.16 2.00 1.80 1.60
(2.90) 4 2.41 1.80 1.65 1.45 1.24 1.07
(2.14) 3 1.70 1.33 1.07 0.70 0.61 0.46
(1.40) 2 1.00 0.70 0.50 0.40 0.32 0.30
(0.70) 1 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.07

Numeric values shown in this table are the maximum molar cusp heights possible at various amounts of vertical and horizontal overlap. Values in
parentheses are derived from Woelfel’s measurementG8 showing the 0.7: 1 ratio between molar and incisal openings with no allowance for
side-shift.

FACTORS AFFECTING OCCLUSAL TOOTH
FORM
Vertical and horizontal overlap
In the natural dentition, the cusps decrease gradually
in height and size from the canines to the third molarP
(Fig. 5). To produce a harmonious articulation, posteri-
or cusp heights can be modified only by appropriately
changing the vertical and horizontal overlap of the
anterior teeth and/or the vertical dimension of occlu-
sion.29 Assuming an acceptable vertical dimension of
occlusion, the only alterable factor of the envelope of
motion is the border movement dictated by the palatal
contours and incisal edges of the maxillary incisors when
contacted by the mandibular incisal edges30(Fig. 3).
Many writers agree that the ability to alter the incisal
guidance makes the anterior control the most important
factor in developing occ1usion.8~I62“3 “5 3’
Horizontal and vertical overlap relationships of the
anterior teeth play a significant role in the posterior
functional relationships of cusps and fossae. If horizontal
overlap, at a predetermined vertical overlap, is little or
none, the posterior cusps may be longer and the fossae
deeper because the lift-off is immediate. As the horizon-
tal overlap increases, the posterior cusps must become
shorter and the fossae more shallow to prevent interfer-
ence in eccentric movements.
The amount of vertical overlap of the anterior teeth
also affects the posterior cusp length and fossa depth-
the greater the amount of vertical overlap, the longer the
cusps and the deeper the fossae may be. Woelfel et a1.32
measured 25 natural dentitions and found that 1 mm of
hinge axis opening in the first molar region requires 1.4
mm of incisal opening. Conversely, the absence of
vertical overlap of anterior teeth requires short cusps and

348 MARCH 1987 VOLUME 57 NUMBER 3

INFLUENCE OF ANTERIOR COUPLING

Fig. 8. Bulbous crowns show overcontoured, convex lingual surface on A, maxillary

incisor crowns and B, canine crown.

Table II. Effects of immediate side-shift

Maxillary anterior Maxillary/mandibular posterior occlusal
Immediate side-shift palatal cavitv morphologv

Little (1 mm or less) Minimum May have steepercusps;deeper fossae

Average (1-2 mm) Average anatomic form Average anatomic form
Great (2 mm plus) Maximum Must have flatter cusps; shallower and wider fossae

Table indicates the effect that the amount of immediate side-shift has on maxillary anterior palatal and posterior occlusal tooth form. An
inverse anterior-posterior tooth form relationship exists according to the amount of side-shift present.

shallow fossae to prevent eccentric contacts of posterior
teeth because no anterior lift is provided by the anterior
teeth during excursive movements (Fig. 6). Further
complexities are introduced when there is a combination
of steep vertical overlap with considerable horizontal
overlap as in retrognathic relationships (Fig. 7 and
Table I).
Eminentia
When properly coupled with the anterior teeth, the
slopes of the eminentia have a definite effect on cusp
height and fossa depth of posterior teeth and on the
palatal inclines of the anterior teeth. Steep angles of the
eminentia permit longer cusps and deeper fossae of the
posterior teeth and a shallower concavity of the palatal
surfaces of the anterior teeth because the eminentiae
provide for rapid separation in molar regions upon
mandibular movement. Flatter angles of the eminentiae
require shorter cusps and shallower fossae of the poste-
rior teeth and a deeper concavity of the palatal surface3
of the maxillary anterior teeth. With flatter eminentiae
angles, the separation in the molar region is slower and
the excursive movements are directed more forward or
horizontally for each millimeter of opening.24a25
Immediate side-shift
When the mandible moves laterally without tooth
contact, it follows a path influenced by the down and
forward excursion of the orbiting (balancing) condyle
and the composite rotation and complex outward move-
ment of the working condyle. This excursive path is
unique to each individual, exhibiting an immediate
and/or progressive side-shift. This side-shift cannot be
observed clinically but can be recorded and visualized in
a pantographic tracing or in a stereographic analog
recording. Immediate side-shift is thought to be the most
important factor in determining posterior fossa depth
and width and the contour of the palatal concavities of
the maxillary anterior teeth.24,33,34Immediate side-shift
requires that the fossae be wide enough to permit the

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY 349

 BROSE AND TANQUIST

Fig. 11. Interferences (A) and adjusted contours (B)

with head tipped 30 degrees forward.

Fig. 12. Shaded areas are those most commonly

adjusted when perfecting occlusal scheme into a cou-
pled relationship without interferences.

Fig. 9. Overcontoured lingual surface of maxillary CLINICAL APPLICATION

anterior crowns cause A, wear facets in opposing teeth Treatment planning
and B, severe reduction of incisal edges of mandibular Following a complete patient examination, treatment
anterior teeth.
planning should include incorporation or refinement of
anterior coupling. An occlusal restoration or alteration of
EFFECT OF POSTURAL POSITION ON THE
existing occlusion is specific to each individual. Occlu-
HABITUAL CLOSING PATH OF THE MANDIBLE sion should include (1) a stable centric relation-centric
A h /n
occlusion closure, (2) a vertical dimension of occlu-
sion in harmony with rest position, (3) anterior disclu-
sion, and (4) consideration for existing side-shift. Selec-
tion of the occlusal scheme should be consistent with a
patient’s needs. Whether for mutually protected occlu-
sion or for group function, however, the scheme must
assure that the treatment produces no interferences with
anterior guidance and that a harmonious occlusion
30°FOAWAHD results.
Extensive occlusal rehabilitation and development of
IJPRIQHT
anterior coupling must be carefully planned on an
Fig. 10. Effect of posture on mandibular physiologic appropriately set adjustable articulator with properly
rest position (0). mounted casts. A customized incisal guide table as
described by McHorris36a 37 is. used to reproduce and
transfer the diagnostically determined anterior guidance
cusps functioning in them to move laterally before they to working casts. Modification of acrylic resin provision-
are lifted out. It also requires that the posterior ridge and al restorations and interim metal castings have been used
groove directions provide an escape pathway without successfully by Schweitzer38x39and others.29 Another
interferences.35 The greater the extent of the immediate method uses composite additions modified to accommo-
side-shift, the more palatal concavity must be provided in date excursive movements.
the anterior teeth to permit their harmonious functioning
without “locking in” the posterior occlusion (Table II). Treatment outcome
Existing side-shift is a nonalterable occlusal determinant Most anterior restorations require adjustment when
with each patient, the extent of its effect depending upon the restoration is fitted to the prepared tooth. These
the food bolus and the masticatory effort required to adjustments may be needed because of (1) articulators
reduce it.3’,3 that do not simulate an accurate closing hinge arc, (2)

350 MARCH 1987 VOLUME 57 NUMBER 3

INFLUENCE OF ANTERIOR COUPLING
Fig. 13. Eccentric positions shown are protrusive, A; right quartering, B; and right
lateral, C. Note that more incisors are in contact in quartering position.
arbitrary hinge axis mountings, (3) absence of face-bow
transfer procedures, (4) underpreparation of teeth
resulting in premature contact at maximum intercuspa-
tion, (5) the covering of the palatal surface of the metal
casting with excessive porcelain, (6) cast-positioning
error that resulted in a greater anterior error because of
its greater distance from the hinge axis (Fig. 5), and (7)
the common practice of overbuilding restorations
because it is easier to reduce than add restorative
material when inserting the restorations (Fig. 8).
Excessive steepness of restored maxillary anterior
palatal surfaces or distortions in the contour of maxillary
palatal marginal ridges and fossae may interfere with
the functional side-shift pathway and lock the occlusion
in one or more eccentric position2’ (Fig. 8). Heavy wear
of the opposing teeth may also result4’ (Fig. 9).
An immediate side-shift will require a specific modi-
fication in the contour of the palatal incline of the
maxillary canine. This modification prevents trauma
from a heavy contact during chewing action near the
centric relation-centric occlusion. When performing an
equilibration or an insertion adjustment for a restora-
tion, the heavy contact resulting from immediate side-
shift can be detected by evaluating fremitus at centric
relation-centric occlusion and at the beginning of the
lateral or lateral-protrusive excursion4’
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
Clinical adjustment of anterior guidance
The functioning surface of the concavity of the maxil-
lary incisors nearest to maximum intercuspation can be
evaluated and adjusted intraorally by using the method
described by Moh1.42 His observation recognizes the
effects of postural position on the habitual path of
closure of the mandible42z”” (Fig. 10). When the head is
tipped backward, physiologic rest position and the
unguided path of closure approach the hinge-axis border
path of closure. 30.44This phenomenon is commonly used
when recording centric jaw relation. As the head is
progressively tipped forward, the physiologic rest posi-
tion migrates forward and the unguided path of closure
of the mandibular incisors approaches, and they may rub
against, the palatal surfaces of the maxillary anterior
teeth, which is an interference near maximum intercus-
pation. The closing path found with the head inclined 30
degrees forward can be used in adjusting the palatal
contours of the maxillary incisors. Adjustment is made
until the mandible closes on the habitual closing path
into maximum intercuspation without anterior interfer-
ences6(Fig. 11). This provides the freedom that Daw-
sonz2described as “long centric.” Lundeen4’ referred to it
as the “area of horizontal freedom between maximum
intercuspation and anterior lift-off.” StuartI described
the collective palatal surfaces of the maxillary anterior
351

Fig. 14. Left quartering test position is used, A, to verify anterior guidance in
unrestored dentition, B, to determine relative lengths of incisors and canine when
adjusting a new restoration, and C, to compare relative lengths of restored incisors to an
existing unrestored canine.
teeth as “one large fossa in which the six mandibular
anterior teeth function as a (single) large cusp.” The
contours are determined by the condylar pathways and
the teeth must move eccentrically in harmony with the
TMJ.
Anterior guidance can be altered clinically once neu-
romuscular relaxation has been assured9 (Fig. 12).
Incisal-edge alterations must permit the mandible to
glide smoothly from a median protrusive position,
through quartering, to a full lateral excursive position
without posterior tooth interferences46 (Figs. 13 and 14).
“Quartering” is an edge-to-edge position the mandibu-
lar anterior teeth assume when the mandible is halfway
between straight protrusive (Fig. 13, B) and extreme
lateral excursion (Fig 13, C).* Although interferences in
quartering should be removed, disparate anterior tooth
lengths are not necessarily interferences unless one or
more teeth are traumatized. The horizontal concave
palatal contour may also need reshaping if mandibular
side-shift is extensive.“,” The correct contours avoid the
application of pathologic stresses to one or more of the
opposing anterior teeth during function and parafunc-
tion (Fig. 3).
*Tanner H: Personal communication, Postgraduate lectures,
sity of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., 1963-64.
352
BROSE AND TANQUIST
In straight protrusive excursion, ideally, the mandible
is supported by the TM Js and an even contact between
the six contacting incisors. In right and left lateral
excursions, the mandible is supported by the TM Js and
one pair of opposing canines (Fig. 13, C). On the
horizontal arc between these positions the contacts
progressively change from the six contacting incisors to
the two opposing central and two opposing lateral
incisors, and finally to the canines only (Fig. 13).
Adjustment of the incisal edges in the natural or restored
dentition to this series of contacts will relate condylar
guidance and posterior tooth separation to anterior tooth
length and esthetics.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The need for and use of anterior coupling in occlusal
rehabilitation has been discussed. The anterior teeth can
often be coupled to the posterior controls by modifying
contours with selective grinding, full or partial coverage
restorations, or composite. When anterior guidance is
provided, the anterior teeth should harmonize with the
TMJs so that the posterior teeth will disclude in
excursive mandibular movements. Significant function-
al, esthetic, and phonetic alterations that change the
Univer- anterior guidance must be carefully planned because the
anterior guidance affects all excursive tooth contacts.
MARCH 1987 VOLUME 57 NUMBER 3
INFLUESCE OF ANTERIOR COUPLING

Anterior coupling, as described, is often an overlooked 22.
entity in restorative dentistry. Evidence of its role in
23.
separating the posterior teeth, reducing parafunctional
activity, and harmonizing the temporomandibular com- 24.
plex has been presented.
25.
We arc grateful to Drs. Ralph H. Rosenblum and Julian B.
Woelfel, The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, for their 26.
editing assistance and encouragement. We also thank Mrs. Amy Boye
and Mr. Ralph Ulhrich, Visual Aids Department, College of Dentist- 27.
ry, and his. Mitzi Presser, Biomedical Communications Division,
School of .\llied Medical Professions, The Ohio State University, for
their assistance in producing the drawings and photographs. 28.
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